beyond magazine
DESCRIPTION
Eyad, Amira, Mostafa, MaramTRANSCRIPT
[1]
DECEMBER
ABOUT USWe are students at AUC and we feel very passionate about space. We are not only discovering who we are in the world, but who we are in our universe.
AIM and MISSIONThis magazine is for space fans in college like us who want to understand more about our address in the universe.
CONTACTFor any questions or concerns, contact us at this e-mail:
Eyad KamarMostafa Talal
Maram AlShahawyAmira Abaza
BEYO
ND20
12
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It is this fascina+ng transforma+on that shows just
how grand and awesome the galaxies truly are.
While skep+cs will doubt as to how changes in stars
can be measured by man if they occur during millions
of years, it is the result of technological improvement
and study that we have come to know this much
about it.
BEYONDDecember 2012
#1 SPACE MAGAZINE FOR TEENS
A STAR’S LIFEStars can actually “die” and change form!
A white dwarf star is a star that consists of as much
ma@er as the sun but in a size reminiscent of the
Earth. Their composi+on is mainly carbon and oxygen.
All stars less massive than nearly 8 +mes the mass of
the sun will in +me become white dwarfs. An
explana+on of the process of how white dwarf stars
are formed is found on the White Dwarf Research
Founda+on Website: "Normal stars fuse hydrogen into
helium un+l the hydrogen deep in the center begins to
run out. For very massive stars this may take only a
million years -‐ but for stars like the Sun the hydrogen
lasts for 10,000 million years. When enough helium is
produced from fusion, it begins to sink to the middle
of the star and release some heat in the process. This
messes up the internal balance of the star, and it
begins to bloat into a red giant. If the star is massive
enough, it may eventually get hot enough in the
center to fuse the helium into carbon and oxygen. The
star then enjoys another rela+vely stable period,
though much shorter this +me. The carbon and
oxygen, in their turn, sink to the middle. If the star
isn't massive enough to reach the temperature
needed to burn carbon and oxygen into heavier
elements, then these elements will simply collect in
the center un+l the helium fuel runs out. In the end,
you have a carbon/oxygen white dwarf star".
Eyad KamarMostafa Talal
Maram AlShahawyAmira Abaza
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Moons of the Solar System (in order from top to bottom)
1) Mars’ Moon: Phobos- the larger moon of Mars. Its name is a reference to the greek god of fear. It was discovered in 1877.
Jupiter’s moons: Europa and Ganymede2) Europa- sixth closest moon of Jupiter,
and was discovered in 1610 by Galileo. It is made mainly of silicate rock and has an iron core. Its atmosphere contains oxygen and the planet itself is thought to contain water!
3) Ganymede- largest moon of the Solar System, with a diameter of approximately 5268 KM. It, alongside the rest of Jupiter's moons, was discovered by Galileo thereby earning them the name of the Galilean Moons
4) Saturn’s moon: Titan- Titan is the second largest moon of the Solar System after Ganymede and is the only moon known to have both a dense atmosphere and clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid. Its atmosphere is composed mostly of Nitrogen. Its surface is comparable to Earth's surface due to the presence of dunes, rivers and lakes and has season weather patterns.
Earth's Moon (Bottom right): It is the only natural satellite of the
Earth and is ranked fifth largest in the
Solar System. It was the sight of the
first human landing on a celestial body
other than the Earth. The moon's
gravitational pull with the Earth results
in the phenomena of ocean tides.
MOONS
Our Solar system has 240 known moons!
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The Big Blue MarbleThe only planet known to support life,
Earth is constantly changing, shi7ing, and exposing new secrets for humans to marvel at. The ques>on that everyone might think of at some >me is how did it come to existence?
There are several theories of how the Earth came to existence:
1. The “Big Bang” theory: MaFer suddenly exploded and formed perfectly func>oning planets
2. 2. “Intelligent Design” theory includes the people who believe that the universe was formed by a higher being, or at least didn't occur by accident. They believe that God has created Earth with a purpose of making us worship him and then moving to the a7er-‐life.
Did you Know?Even though Earth’s gravitational pull is stronger than the moon, the moon’s gravity affects Earth a lot. It is what causes tides in our oceans!
W/O GRAVITY
Our Beautiful Earth
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Felix BaumgartnerIt takes something truly
memorable and spectacular to stand out in our current era. Most of the things that were dreams in the past (internet, space travel, 3D movies, etc.) have come true. Therefore it was a splendid surprise when on October 14, 2012 a certain Mr. Felix Baumgartner smashed the world record for skydiving to capture the hearts and imagination of the world. Felix was born on April 20, 1969 in Salzburg, Austria. One of his passions as a boy was fantasizing about flying and skydiving, which planted the seeds for his future exploits. He began pursuing his dream of skydiving at the age of 16. Later on he joined the Austrian military's demonstration and competition team which allowed him to hone his skills and add showmanship to his jumps. During the 90s he decided to try something different than normal skydiving: BASE jumping which involves parachuting from a fixed object or landform, thereby allowing him to display skills different than those used in regular skydiving. He accomplished several feats and won awards such as the 1997 world champion title for BASE jumping in West Virginia, USA as well as the 2004 BASE jump into Marmet Cave in Velebit National Parc, Croatia. He has 2 accomplishments that stand out above the rest though, the first being particularly memorable as he became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a
specially made carbon fiber wing. This truly set him on the course for his defining accomplishment by setting the world record for skydiving 39 kilometers approximately, reaching an estimated speed of 1342 kmph, and setting a precedent as the first human to break the sound barrier without vehicular power. His performance truly inspired me, and it is hoped that it will lead to people to pursue their dreams more often.
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One of the most engrossing and beloved scientific and space discussion subjects is the possibility of life on Mars. This concept has infiltrated the popular consciousness of the public, inserted itself in pop culture and is a cornerstone of conversation. Almost annually, a movie, book or television show is released with Mars or Martians as a focal point or characteristic. Around the world, people believe optimistically that Martians are our distant cousins. Music is released with Mars-based lyrics and content, an example being David Bowie's single "Life on Mars?". However, people need to step up and do the research to properly form an opinion regarding Mars. An important component of life on Earth is water, which is obviously essential in metabolism. There are several conflicting reports regarding water on Mars, but the most common reasoning is that liquid water cannot exist on Mars in its current state due to its low atmospheric pressure and temperature. However, water ice exists which could lead to the possibility that water existed in ancient Mars, meaning
that there used to be life on Mars. However, this conundrum will require several decades of research and technological advancement until we reach the level needed to properly answer the question of life on Mars. The recent Curiosity Rover of 2012 is a step in the right direction and shows that NASA scientists are motivate to test their hypothesis about life on Mars. The Rover landed on Mars in August 5, 2012 and is currently collecting samples, taking videos and photographs and analyzing the planet to determine whether our hypothesis can be answered. This is an example of how to properly plan out your hypothesis and test it, we can only hope that the answer is found soon in the not too distant future.
LIFE ON MARSFact or Fiction?
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What is Pluto like?
Pluto is now a “dwarf planet” because it orbits the sun just like other planets, but it is smaller
VERRRRRY COLD!!!
PLUTO: WHY U NO PLANET?
It is probably covered with ice.
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Moon Conspiraciesf In the years since man first landed on
the moon, the world has been both amazed and unconvinced by this singular act of daring and imagina:on. People have commented on the pictures of the Apollo landing, with
opinions ranging from "this is one of humankind's greatest accomplishments" to "it's all fake and that's what they want you to
believe". The fact is, most conspiracy theories about the moon rest on one assump:on: that it was all staged and faked so that the US won
the Space Race against the Soviet Union without actually landing in the moon due to its expensive costs. These skep:cs apply basic cri:cal thinking: they do not blindly believe
without being shown empirical evidence and proof. However, there are several pieces of evidence and informa:on that prove that the
moon landing was real. Had the conspirators properly researched the subject and applied consistent scien:fic thinking, they would have
found out that there are moon rocks taken from the mission back to Earth. This represents
the most tangible evidence of the expedi:on, and according to an ar:cle on NASA Science Online "The Great Moon Hoax" by Dr. Tony Philips, 841 pounds of moon rock were brought
back to Earth. The composi:on of these rocks is unlike any rocks found on Earth, mainly due to the near absence of water trapped in their
crystal structure and absence of common Earth substances such as clay materials. This irrefutably proves that these Moon rocks come
from the moon, and that the moon landing was not staged, with video evidence further proof. This is an example of proper thinking; it is ok to doubt something, but it is not ok to be
oblivious to empirical evidence.
Maecenas aliquam maecenas Sociis mauris in integer, a dolor netus non dui aliquet, sagittis felis sodales, dolor sociis mauris, vel eu libero cras. Interdum at. Eget habitasse elementum est, ipsum purus pede class. Sodales nulla ante auctor excepturi wisi, dolor eros condimentum dis, sodales lacus nunc, at. In orci ligula suscipit.
MAN ON MOON
July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind
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• The density of Saturn is extremely
low, so low in fact that if you put it
in water (in theory) it would float.
• The moon is moving increasingly
away from the Earth each year. It
is expected that it will take a long
time before the moon reaches
Venus
• Footprints on the moon will never
be removed due to the absence of
wind on the moon. The footsteps
of astronauts will remain for
millions of years to come.
• Sound cannot travel in outer
space due to space being a
vacuum, therefore if a person was
besides you and you shouted at
him no sound would be heard.
• The Sun and Moon's gravity
causes the phenomenon of high
and low tides, due to
the gravitational pull
towards the oceans.
• Pluto is no longer
considered a
planet, it is now a
dwarf planet
• Earth has 10 million species of life
• Mars has the largest mountain in
the solar system, Olympus Mons
• Mars is 95 percent carbon dioxide
• Mercury has no atmosphere
• To find out how much you would
weigh on Venus, multiply your
weight by 0.91
• On day on Venus is 234 Earth
days
•Jupiter has no solid surface you
could stand on, its all gas
• The red spot on Jupiter is a
massive storm
• Jupiter has rings but they are less
obvious than Saturn's
• Saturn's rings are made of ice,
rock, and dust bits (not solid)
• Uranus's blue color comes from
the methane it contains
SPACE FUN FACTSAsk the right questions
Astronomy
The study of space and the physical universe as a whole.
Observing the stars and planets for timekeeping and navigation. This is a science (can be tested).
ASTROLOGYTHE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF STARS AND HOW THE AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE NATURAL WORLD. THIS IS A NON-SCIENCE (CANNOT BE TESTED)!
Astronomy VS. Astrology
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Scientific Space Quotes
• "Astronomy compels the soul to
look upwards and leads us from
this world to another."
Plato (424BC-347BC)
• "All civilizations become either
spacefaring or extinct."
Carl Sagan (1934-1996)
• "In the beginning the Universe
was created. This has made a lot
of people very angry and been
widely regarded as a bad move."
Douglas Adams (1952-2001)
• "It's a good thing the guy in
charge of naming galaxies was
into chocolate bars and not
Chinese food. Otherwise, the
Milky Way might have been
named Moo Goo Gui Pan, and
who wants to have to learn about
that ?"
Paul Paternoster
• "Remember this: once the human
race is established on more than
one planet and especially, in more
than one solar system, there is no
way now imaginable to kill off the
human race."
Robert Heinlein(1907-1988)
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References"Felix
Baumgartner." Redbull.co.uk. Red Bull, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. <http://www.redbull.co.uk/cs/Satellite/en_UK/Profile/Felix-Baumgartner -021242964685433>.
De La Torre, Naomi. "Cosmic
Conversation: 7 Fun Facts
about Outer Space." She
Knows Daily Delights. N.p., 6
Mar. 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2012.
<http://
dailydelights.sheknows.com/
articles/823831/7-fun-facts-
about-outer -space>.
"Space Fun Facts." Squidoo.
N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2012.
"SpaceFacts." ScienceKids.N.p.,
n.d.Web.3Dec.2012.<http://
www.sciencekids.co.nz/s
ciencefacts/space.html>.
"Top 10 Cool Facts about
Space." Listverse. N.p., 13 Nov.
2007. Web. 3 Dec. 2012.
<http://listverse.com/2007/11/13/
top-10-cool-facts-about-space/>.