BELGIUM 2024 Olympics

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. IN 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................1

2

3. BA 2. BACKGROUND................................................................2

4. BE 3. BELGIUM: An Insight..................................................3

3.1 POLITICS.................................................................... 4

3.2 LEGAL...........................................................................5

3.3 ECOMOMICS..............................................................7

3.4 ENVIRONMENT.......................................................8

3.5 TECHNOLOGY..........................................................9

3.6 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ASPECTS....................10

3.6.1 GENDER EQUALITY.......................................12

3.6.2 ATTITUDES, LIFESTYLE, VALUES...........13

3.6.3 ATTITUDE TO ADVERTISING................... 14

3.6.4 TREATMENT OF IMMIGRANTS................16

5. 4. BELGIUM: 2024 Host City.....................................18

6. 5. CONCLUSION................................................................22

5.

7. RE 6. REFERENCES...............................................................23

4.6.5 LGBT

7. R LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.............................................4

Figure 2.............................................4

Figure 3.............................................8

Figure 4...........................................12

Figure 5...........................................12

Figure 6...........................................14

Figure 7...........................................15

Figure 8...........................................16

Figure 9...........................................19

Figure 10........................................19

Figure 11........................................23

i

1. INTRODUCTION

The Olympic Games is an international sporting event that sees athletes from all around the world come

together to compete in summer and winter sports. The Olympic Games are held every four years since the

first Games in 1896, in Athens, and are held different geographical locations every year.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the superior authority watching over the Olympic Games, its

athletes, their representing countries and the Games spectators while also “promoting the Olympic values”

(Olympic Org, 2014).

With this information in mind, Belgium’s capital of Brussels has been chosen to be the possible host of the

2024 Olympic Games. Belgium, which is located between France and Germany, is known for its people,

culture and beautiful settings. It is believed that this country will be able to host one of the world’s most

anticipated sporting events.

1

2. BACKGROUND

Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres, making in one of the smallest countries in the EU.

The capital and largest city of Belgium is Brussels.

Belgium is home to more than 11 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries

in the world, in comparison to its size. Its neighbours, France and Germany, each have over populations

over 50 million.

More than half of the 11 million people speak Dutch, known as Flemish in Belgium. The rest speak

French and a small amount speaks German. Roman Catholicism is considered to be Belgium’s major

religion, but there is also a protestant minority.

Belgium is renowned for its beer, chocolate and waffles. There are over 800 kinds of beers made in

Belgium, and the average Belgian person drinks around 150 litres of beer per year. Belgium produces

220,000 tonnes of chocolate per year and Brussels international airport is the world’s biggest selling

point for chocolate. There are 3 main types of Belgian waffles- Liege waffles; which are the most

popular, Brussels’ waffles; which are quite large and normally eaten with strawberries, and ice cream

and galettes; which are most commonly eaten with breakfast.

2

2

3. BELGIUM: AN INSIGHT

The following section provides a comprehensive

understanding of the entirety of Belgium, including

politics, law, economy, environment, technology and

most importantly, social and cultural aspects.

This insight aims to present information that details

the personality of Belgium, in order to understand the

type of host city it may become in 2024 for the Summer

Olympics.

3

3.1 POLITICS Currently, the King of Belgium is King Phillippe, ascending the throne on 21 July,

2013, and Head of State. Charles Michel recently became Prime Minister on the

11th October 2014.

According the Belgian Federal Government (2013), the Belgian Dynasty began in

1831, when Belgium was given a Constitution, organizing the state as a

constitutional parliamentary monarchy.

This is a beneficial step forward for Belgium, as the country has evolved into a

democratic nation, with three main forms of government- the federal and regional

governments, as well as the community councils.

It is evident that through their political structure and reformations, that Belgium

seeks to be a country representative of its people. The opportunity to come

together to host the 2024 Olympic Games will only further bring together the

country politically.

4 Figure 2- Charles Michel, Belgium Prime Minister (SCMP, 2014)

Figure 1- King Philippe & Queen Mathilde (Vanen, 2013)

Belgium’s judicial system was established after becoming

“independent of the Netherlands in 1830” (University of Oxford,

2014). Like Australia, Belgium’s legal system is made up of three

branches of government- the judiciary, executive and legislative

components.

A growth in the legal system can be displayed since Belgium last

hosted the Olympic Games in 1920, as an Administrative Court and a

Constitutional Court have since been established (in 1948 and 1980

respectively).

This legal system demonstrates the democratic nature of Belgium-

the country can be viewed as ‘just’ and ‘fair’, as there is no single

power.

3.2 LAW

In terms of crime itself, “Belgium is a relatively safe country with fairly

low rates of crime, and Brussels is considered safer than large cities in

neighbouring countries” (Expatica, 2012). However, although major

crime is relatively low, Belgium is prone to low-level street crime.

“Muggings, purse snatchings, and pocket picking occur frequently,

particularly in major cities” (OSAC, 2013). This may be the biggest legal

concern in terms of hosting the 2024 Olympic Games, and security

implementations will need to be considered.

5

O dear Belgium, O holy land of our fathers –

Our soul and our hearts are devoted to you!

With blood to spill for you, O fatherland!

We swear with one cry- you shall live!

So gladly bloom in beauty full,

Into what freedom has taught you to be,

And evermore shall sing your sons:

The Kind, and Law, and Liberty!

Faithful to the word that you may speak boldly,

For King, for Freedom and for Law!

To Law, and Kind and Freedom, hail!

The King, and Law, and Liberty!

- Belgian National Anthem, Trilingual Version (English Translation)

3.3 ECONOMICS

Belgium has a well-developed economy, mainly built on its strength in the industrial and service sectors, but

also “based on its geographic position at the crossroads of Western Europe, its highly skilled and educated

workforce, and its participation in the EU” (Encyclopaedia of the Nations, 2014). The service sector dominates

the Belgian economy, “service sector jobs now account for 73 percent of the nation's employment”

(Encyclopaedia of the Nations, 2014).

Within Belgium, there are regional differences with the economy. “In the former industrial and agricultural

areas of the countryside, unemployment rates tend to be higher. However, in the newer urban centres (where

the service economy is dominant), unemployment rates are lower” (Encyclopaedia of the Nations, 2014).

Although Belgium’s national unemployment rates are lower than the EU average- wages are amongst the

highest in Europe.

From an economic viewpoint Belgium is an ideal location to host the 2024 Olympic Games. Its exceptional

service and transport sectors help to validate this. Belgium is also a culture that has a very high score on the

Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) index meaning that as a culture they try to avoid unknown situations “the

dimension (UAI) has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known:

should we try to control the future or just let it happen?”(Hofstede Centre, 2014).

This is highly advantageous as to counter act the uncertainty a precise amount of planning would go into all

aspects of hosting the games. On an economic level, Belgium’s highly developed and efficient motorways,

railway networks and airway would be greatly capable of handling the 500,000 expected tourists without a

problem. “Belgium has a developed a highly efficient and capable transportation infrastructure that includes

roads, ports, canals, airports and rail links” (Encyclopaedia of the Nations, 2014). The service sector being such

a dominate influence in the Belgium economy, with the majority of the nation’s employment within the service

sector makes Belgium an excellent selection for the 2024 Olympic games.

7

3.4 ENVIRONMENT Belgium is a very populated and civilized

country, so it is hard to believe that is would

have many environmental problems.

However, over the past decade, Belgium’s

experienced extreme problems with its “air,

water and land pollution” (Encyclopedia of

the Nations, 2014) causing health and safety

issues for Belgium’s people and any tourists

that venture to the country.

The Belgium government has been working

towards improving the environmental issues

the country is experiencing, ensuring that the

corporate social responsibility of Belgium, as

Bracic (2014) stated, allows Belgium’s people

and others from society to see that Belgium’s

people and environment matter. Through this

and the use of “corporate image advertising”

(Sheehan, 2014, p.235) Belgium is able to

allow other countries to see that they care

about what is thought about them and how

they are perceived, creating a reason to

promote the positive changes happening in

Belgium.

.

The capital of Belgium, Brussels, is

therefore implementing procedures such

as the pollution peak intervention plan. To

better improve the quality of Belgium’s

water, air and land pollution. By providing

citizens with information on when there

are road congestions, water issues and

waste management solutions.

Although Belgium has environmental

issues, the country is working hard to

improve its carbon footprint. Therefore

the opportunity to host the 2024 Olympic

Games would allow Belgium the chance to

regain itself as a country that cares about

the environment and what happens to the

earth and its people.

8

Figure 3- Environmental Pollution (Sinpetru, 2013)

3.5TECHNOLOGY

The research in technologies is focused on bio-chemistry, medicine, statistics and astronomy (Science in

Belgium, 2009). The innovation and research is promoted within through funding schemes for foster

efforts from young innovative students (OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook, 2013, pg.

250).

Belgium ranks high in fields associated to bio and Nano technology (OECD Science, Technology and

Industry Outlook, 2012, pg. 251) sending many of their scientists abroad to lead research in these fields.

But also within the nation the quality of life and high scientific standards attracts many international

students to attend their universities (Science in Belgium, 2009).

9

3.6 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ASPECTS 1. Power Distance

Belgium is an ideal venue to host the 2024

Olympic Games. The country is very power

driven, with the federal government of

Belgium wanting acceptance towards

individuals within the country and for there

to be power held between citizens. Belgium

is portrayed as a place where everyone is

able to express opinions and thoughts to the

higher power, knowing that generally

speaking what the community wants

effectively becomes accomplished. This

power distance Belgium displays, which

Bracic (2014) stated is seen in Hofstede’s

Model on Cultural Dimensions brings

forward the knowledge that people are

accepted, respected and valued within the

Belgium community.

2. Individualism versus Collectivism

Belgium also has a low collectivism score. A

country with a low collectivism score is

known for having “strong group cohesion,

large amounts of loyalty and respect for

members of society” (Mind Tools, 2014)

characteristics of the Belgium culture and

greatly seen within the Olympic Games.

Collectivism is seen though the

individualism versus collectivism step

within the Hofstede Model of Cultural

Dimensions. Whereas a high individualism

score sees that a country and its people have

a “respect for privacy, high values on

people’s need for time and freedom and also

an expectation for rewards for hard work”

(Mind Tools, 2014).

The Hofstede’s Model on Cultural Dimensions

was developed by Geert Hofstede and is a

study on culture that looks at “5 dimensions

of theory” (Bracic, 2014.

The theory, which is regarded as Hofstede’s

“most notable” (Bracic, 2014)

accomplishment is used throughout the world

to determine how different cultures are

formed, develop and work with each other.

10

4. Uncertainty avoidance

This is a nation that takes pride in their

appearance with cleanliness being held with

national pride (Belgium, 2014). It is seen that

Belgium ranks high on Hofstede’s cultural

dimension of uncertainty avoidance according

to The Hofstede Centre (2014).

So within society planning is preferred and in

business values such as punctuality display

respect (Belgium, 2014).

3. Masculinity vs Femininity

If a culture values a masculine society it

indicates that they will be driven by

competition, achievement and success.

A feminine society means that the cultural

values are that quality of life and caring for

others are more desirable values.

So the difference for what motivates people

within a culture is wanting to stand out

(masculine) or being part of a larger group

(feminine).

Belgium places within the middle of this

dimension. “Belgians strive towards

reaching a compromise” (Hofstede Centre,

2014). Therefore, a win-lose negotiating

style that is typical of Anglo countries is not

very effective in Belgium,

5. Long Term vs Short Term Orientation

Long term orientation refers to the

development of virtues orientated towards

future rewards, whilst short term

orientation are those virtues related to the

past and present (such as tradition),

according to Bracic (2014) via Hofstede

(2001).

According to the Hofstede Centre (2014).

Belgium received a particularly high score of

82 in pragmatism. This means that they a

nation who are able to adapt to traditions

with ease, and pursue achieving results.

11

3.6.1 Attitude to Advertising

Within Belgium people have a higher acceptance attitude towards

“humorous and erotic” (De Pelsmacker, P 2014), advertisements

than advertisements promoting brands, it was also found men find

these advertisements more interesting and appealing. As Bracic

(2014) stated this saw advertising stereotypes particularly in

reference to how men and women are perceived, while also

displaying Belgium’s openness to sexual and erotic advertising.

Advertising to children is taken extremely seriously within Belgium,

ensuring that advertisers are unable to advertise any products

“within a five-minute time span surrounding children’s programs”

(Nathalie Dens et al, 2014). This has been effective in seeing that

children do not use the “pester power” (Bracic N, 2014) to annoy

parents into purchasing products seen on the television, causing

parents to purchase these products to satisfy their children.

The attitudes held by the people of Belgium towards advertising,

allow organizers of the Olympics to see that promoting the 2024

Olympic Games would see that men, women and children would be

aware of events that were taking place.

12

Figures 4 & 5- Two Dutch advertisements used in Belgium. The left ad (Collin, 2008) was

banned, whilst the right ad (Collienne, 2011) was not.

3.6.2 Gender Equality

Gender equality can be defined as the

“measurable equal representation of women

and men. Gender equality does not imply

that women and men are the same, but that

they have equal value and should be

accorded equal treatment” (IPPF, 2013).

In Belgium, like many other countries, there

is a gap between the unity of females and

males. However, according to WikiGender

(2014), Belgium has actively put into

operation particular legal initiatives to

promote gender equality and opportunities

since the 1980s.

In most countries, women tend to have a

higher unemployment rate than men.

This was true for Belgium in 2002,

according to the European Commission

(EUROPA) (2012), when the

unemployment rate was 7.8% for females,

and 6.3% for males. However, in 2011, the

female and male unemployment rates

were recorded as equal, both being 7.2%.

Although the level unemployment rate

between genders, “the average female

employee earned 8.6% less than the

average male employee” (EUROPA, 2012)

in 2010, which can be compared to the

9.5% gap in 2006.

The Kingdom of Belgium Foreign Affairs,

Foreign Trade and Development

Cooperation is aware of the need for

gender equality and women's

empowerment, claiming they regard

gender equality as “a transversal topic

and is determined to speed up the

progress in this domain....” (Belgian

Development Cooperation, 2013).

13

3.6.3 Treatment of Immigrants

Belgium attracts a diverse inflow of refugees, asylum seekers and

undocumented migrants. But its “detention practices have been the subject

of much debate at both the national and international levels” (Global

Detention Project, 2014). Belgium has been criticized on numerous

occasions for some of its controversial practises, which include the

detention of children and not providing the detainees with adequate

information about their legal rights.

Also, persons without legal residence in Belgium are exempt from the right

to social assistance. “Only rejected asylum seekers who are waiting for a

decision on their appeal to the State Council, Belgium’s highest

administrative court, have the right to food and housing assistance but not

monetary assistance” (Picum, 2014). Belgian authorities, more recently have

tried to rectify these issues by modifying both detention practises and the

legal framework governing detention.

14

Figure 6- Protest in front of immigration office, Brussels on 25 June, 2014 (Activestills, 2014)

3.6.4 Treatment of LGBT Community

Within Belgium same sex couples are able to “marry” (Angloinfo,

2014), with the country being one of the first to legalize same-

sex marriage and selecting “the worlds second openly gay

leader” (LGBT Nation, 2011). The treatment of LGBT members

in Belgium is quite different to other countries around the world

with couples also being able to start families through adoption

as stated on LGBT Nation (2014) and participate in LGBT events,

creating an environment where safety and acceptance is

present.

The treatment of LGBT members of society within Belgium sees

there be very little, if not any discrimination, allowing members of

other countries and the 2024 Olympic Game committee to see that

people are accepted and respected in Belgium no matter their

sexual orientation or preference.

15

Figure 7- Gay Pride Campaign, Brussels (Riker, 2014)

3.6.5 Attitudes, Lifestyle & Values

Although the people of Belgium are not one

homogenous group so there is difficulty

when assessing their national identity,

although as a whole the Belgians are seen as

a welcoming people. Within society they are

seen to be hard working but enjoy a

balanced personal life as people in Belgium

work 1 574 hours a year, less than the

Better life index average of 1 765 hours

(OECD, 2014).

Education is important in the Belgium

society which demonstrates the high values

they hold for taking care of their people

again reflecting their emphasis on

community. In education with the average

student receiving higher than the median

results according to the quality of life index

(OECD, 2014). Across Europe they are

known for their humorous nature and

cuisine and are ranked in the top 10 in

quality of life standards (OECD, 2014).

The country of Belgium is an egalitarian

society; they value community and the

coming together for sporting and cultural

events. They are a collective nation, placing

heavy importance of family and close ties

within their communities (Belgium, 2014).

The cultural history of Belgium has been

linguistically and politically challenging.

However, today the differences and

similarities to the larger continent of Europe

would enable a coming together of

nationalities within the nation of Belgium.

The idea that as a nation they have united

themselves regardless of their linguistic

difficulties promotes the fundamental idea

of unity behind the Olympic Games.

16

Figure 8- Female Sports Fan (Bureau, 2014)

4. BELGIUM: 2024 HOST CITY

The following section provides an analysis and

evaluation of Belgium as a potential host city for the

2024 Olympic Summer Games.

18

19

Belgium debuted in the Olympics in 1900 and hosted the 1920. To date they have won a total of 141 medals

with the top sports being archery, cycling and equestrian. There are a number of factors that must be taken

into consideration, when regarding Belgium as the 2024 Olympic host- including the country’s experience,

resources, cultural and lingual factors, as well as taking the environment into account.

Firstly, a considerable advantage for Belgium as host of the 2024 Olympic Games is that they’ve held the

Summer Olympic Games in the past. Therefore, existing infrastructure can be modified and renovated, as

opposed to resurrecting new stadiums and buildings. In this sense, costs can be cut and money saved.

Furthermore, Belgium holds a sense of general experience- organizers will know exactly what to expect

from looking back at the past, and what factors could be changed in regards to the particular nature of their

country (for example, which locations were too crowded, or what roads became too congested etc).

However, the 1920 Summer Olympics were held in Antwerp, following the completion of the First World

War (the 1916 Games were cancelled due to war). Belgium was awarded the pleasure of hosting the games

after they were taken off Hungary, for being an ally to Germany, according to the Australian Olympic

Committee (2014). In 2024, it is proposed that the Games be held in the capital, Brussels, due to it being the

biggest Belgian city, and also being the home to the biggest stadium in Belgium. King Baudouin Stadium

(refer to figure 10) has a capacity of 50, 024- this is a 20, 000 times greater than the next largest stadium.

This is advantageous as Belgium is given the opportunity to host more people, offering more tickets and

making a greater profit. The fact that English is spoken regularly in Brussels as opposed to Antwerp also

benefits tourists.

On the other hand, it is important to realise that in the 1920 Games, 2,626 athletes (Australian Olympic

Committee, 2014) competed, which can be compared to the 10,500 athletes in the London 2012 games. It is

known that Brussels’ population is dense in comparison to its size- therefore; will it be able to host the

2024 Games adequately? According to Visit Brussels’ (2014) 2013 Annual Tourism report, they are aware

of the new expanding, requirements of tourism, and are aiming to adapt its structure to enable “Brussels to

gain market shares from other European metropolises” (Visit Brussels, 2013).

It is evident that whilst the size of Brussels may be smaller in past cities, they are fully ware and capable of

managing the 2024 Summer Olympic games whilst simultaneously boosting their tourism.

Figure 9- Schat Olypish Stadion, Antwerp 1928

(Bruggeman,2012)

Figure 10- King Baudouin Stadium (Fuego, 2013)

Secondly, Belgium is a central point in Europe, with

these differences and similarities to the larger

continent their linguistic differences would enable a

coming together of nationalities to unite the

Belgium people. Moreover, the majority of Belgians

are multilingual with many conducting themselves

in their second language every day. They are also

comfortable speaking in English, especially within

the city of Brussels. This allows convenience for

tourists particularly those wishing to communicate

with locals when attending the 2024 Olympics.

The multilingual nature of Belgium enables a

constant influx of tourists and holidaymakers to

comfortably enjoy their time in Belgium without a

language barrier. In applying this to the Olympics, it

demonstrates the ease in which tourists and

Olympic attendees would be able to adjust

themselves within the Belgian society.

20

Lastly, Belgium’s environmental problems are one of the major concerning factors concerning whether the country

should host the 2024 Olympic Games. As previously mentioned in 3.4 of this document, Belgium and its capital of

Brussels have struggled for the past few decades with an increase in air, land and water pollution resulting in many

concerns for people living and visiting the area. As Rickim02 (2011) stated in the video Global Issues in Belgium, the

main concern is the countries air pollution. This is a result from nuclear radiation and carbon dioxide from the

countries working industry and also from the range of pesticides that are used for the agriculture industry seen

within Belgium. Meanwhile water pollution is another major concern due to the increasing amounts of mercury and

phosphorus making its way into the rivers and water supplies, potentially effecting drinking water (RIckim02, 2011).

As knowledge of these environmental issues become more publically aware by the public, there is an increasing

concern for the health of Belgium’s people and anyone who wishes to travel there, which as a result leaves concerns

for the safety of Olympic athletes and also for the spectators which would go and visit Belgium to see the games

unfold.

However, as a result of these environmental and health issues that Belgium is experiencing, the Government of

Belgium have started implementing stricter and stronger legislation and procedures to help reduce the problems the

country faces with its land, air and water pollution. Along with the implementation of the pollution peak intervention

plan that Brussels is developing and implementing, the surrounding cities of Belgium are also being worked on to

improve air, land and water quality for all. With the use of environmental regimes, as Clifford Chance stated in the

Q&A on Environmental Law in Belgium, Belgium along with the many cities within the country with the use of

regimes like the “Environmental Permitting Regime which sees Belgium combine both preventing and controlling

waste and its management (Chance C, 2012).

With the use of these regimes and legislation for Belgium’s environmental issues, it is clear that Belgium and its

government is trying very hard to work towards creating an environment that is more environmentally friendly and

sustainable. The continued awareness that Belgium’s air, water and land need to be improved to allow for society to

continue living peacefully, allows the Olympic Committee to understand that Belgium is doing everything in its power

to improve. Presenting a country that is able to take action and wants to make a change for the better, showcasing

how Belgium’s capital of Brussels would be a great place for the 2020 Olympic Games to be held.

21

5. CONCLUSION

22

After researching the background of Belgium, and its capital of Brussels, an analysis has been made as to whether or not it will make the

ideal host city for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

An insight to Belgium has been obtained, and the political, legal, economical, social, environmental and technological factors have been

taken into consideration.

A careful evaluation suggests that there are benefits of Belgium having previous Olympic host history, a strong economy, tourism boosts,

a multicultural community and a continuously improving environment.

Therefore, it is strongly suggested that Belgium will be the ideal candidate to host the 2024 Summer Olympic Games.

7. REFERENCES Active Stills (2014), Asylum seekers march, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://972mag.com/photos-of-the-week-asylum-seekers-march-for-freedom-in-europe-and-israel/92561/>.

Angloinfo, 2014, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community in Belgium, viewed 20 October 2014,

<Brussels.angloinfo.com/information/family/lgbt>.

Angloinfo, 2014, Marriage, Civil Partnerships and Cohabitation in Belgium, viewed 20 October 2014,

<brussels.angloinfo.com/information/family/marriage-partnerships/>.

Australian Olympic Committee, 2014, Antwerp 1920, Australian Olympic Committee, viewed 31st October 2014, <

http://corporate.olympics.com.au/games/antwerp-1920>.

Bammens N, 2009, Judicial System of Belgium, International Association of Tax Judges, viewed 26th October 2014,

< http://www.iatj.net/congresses/Belgium.pdf>.

Belgian Federal Government, 2013, Belgium, a federal state, Belgium, viewed 26th October 2014,

<www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federale_staat/>.

Belgium, 2014, Belgium, Belgium, viewed 16 October 2014, <www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/2446905.pdf>.

Belgium, 2014, Belgium, OECD Better Life Index, viewed 29th October, 2014 <http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/belgium/>.

Belgium, Science in Belgium, 2009, belgium.be, viewed 30th October, 2014 <http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/science/>.

Bracic, N 2014, Lecture 5, ADV20001 Advertising Issues: Regulation, Ethics & Cultural Considerations, Learning Materials on Blackboard, Swinburne

University of Technology, 5 September, viewed 19 October 2014.

Bracic, N 2014, Lecture 11, ADV20001 Advertising Issues: Regulation, Ethics & Cultural Considerations, Learning Materials on Blackboard, Swinburne

University of Technology, 5 September, viewed 19 October 2014.

23

Bruggeman, R (2012), Schat Olympisch Stadion, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/citaat-uit-het-nieuws/schat-olympisch-stadion-na-84-jaar-geopend/>.

Bureau, M (2014), Beautiful World Cup Fan, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://au.eonline.com/news/558519/this-beautiful-world-cup-fan-got-a-modeling-gig-with-l-oreal-after-she-was-spotted-in-the-crowd>.

Chance C, 2012, Q&A on Environmental Law in Belgium, viewed 28 October 2014.

City of Brussels, 2014, Pollution Peaks, City of Brussels, viewed 27 October 2014, <www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/6357>.

Collienne, G (2011), Belgian advertisement for Kellog’s, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://filmic-light.blogspot.com.au/2011/07/belgian-cereal-ad.html>.

Collin, B (2008), Christians get knickers in twist over cereal advert, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://www.24oranges.nl/2008/05/29/christians-get-knickers-in-a-twist-over-cereal-ad/>.

Dens N, De Pelsmacker P, Eagle L, 2007, Parental Attitudes Towards Advertising to Children and Restrictive Mediation of Children’s Television viewing in

Belgium, Young Consumers, Vol. 8, No.1, pp 7-18, viewed 25 October 2014.

De Pelsmacker P, Geuens M, 1998, Reactions to Different Types of Ads in Belgium and Poland, International Marketing Review, Vol. 15, No.4, pp 227-290,

viewed 25 October 2014.

DFAT, 2014, Belgium Country Brief, Australian Government, viewed 26th October 2014, <http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/belgium/belgium_brief.html>.

Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2014, Belgium- Environment, viewed 15 October 2014,

<www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Belgium-ENVIRONMENT.html>.

Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2014, Belgium- Overview of Economy , viewed 18 October 2014,

<www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/Belgium-OVERVIEW-OF-ECONOMY.html>.

24

EUROPA, 2012, The current situation of gender equality in Belgium- Country Profile, EUROPA, viewed 26th October 2014,

<http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/epo_campaign/130911_epo_country_profile_belgium.pdf>.

Expatica, 2012, Crime and the legal system in Belgium, Expatica, viewed 26th October 2014,

<http://www.expatica.com/be/about/practicalities/Crime-and-the-legal-system-in-Belgium_106440.html>.

Fuego, J (2013), Stade Roi Baudouin, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at: <

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_Roi_Baudouin.JPG>.

Globaldetentionproject.org 2014, Global Detention Project: Belgium Profile, viewed 18 October 2014

<http://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/belgium/introduction.html>.

Hofstede Centre, 2014, Belgium, The Hofstede Centre, viewed 17 October 2014

<http://geert-hofstede.com/belgium.html>.

Hofstede Centre, 2014, Belgium Cultural Dimensions The Hofstede Centre,, viewed 30th October, 2014 <http://geert-hofstede.com/belgium.html>.

IPPF, 2013, What is gender equality? IPPF, viewed 26th October 2014, <http://www.ippf.org/our-work/what-we-do/gender/what-gender-equality>.

Kingdom of Belgium: Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, 2013, Gender: equal rights and opportunities for women and men,

Belgium.be, viewed 26th October 2014, <http://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/development_cooperation/topics/gender/>.

Kwintessential, Belgium - Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette, Kwintessential.co.uk, viewed 29th October, 2014

<http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/belgium-country-profile.html>.

LGBT Nation, 2011, Belgium selects world’s second openly gay leader, viewed 20 October 2014,

<www.lgbtnation.com.2011/12/belgium-selects-second-openly-gay-leader/>.

Malliet C, 2010, Research Guide toBelgian Law, GlobaLEx, viewed 26th October 2014, < http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Belgium1.htm>.

OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook, 2012, Science and innovations: Belgium.

Olympic Org, 2014, London 2012, Olympic Org, viewed 26th October 2014, < http://www.olympic.org/london-2012-summer-olympics>.

Olympic Org, 2014, The Organisation, Olympic Org, viewed 28 October 2014, < http://www.olympic.org/about-ioc-institution>.

25

26

Mind Tools, 2014, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, Mind Tools, viewed 28 October 2014, <http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm>.

Picum, 2014, PICUM - Basic Social Rights - Belgium, viewed 18 October 2014,

<http://picum.org/picum.org/uploads/file_/Basic%20Social%20Rights-%20Belgium.pdf>.

Riker, K (2014), Belgian Pride 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

<http://seasonsofpride.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Belgian-Pride-2014.jpg>.

Rickim02, 2011, Global Issues in Belgium, Slideshare, viewed 28 October 2014, < http://www.slideshare.net/Rickim02/global-issues-in-belgium>.

Sheehan, K 2014, Controversies in Contemporary Advertising, SAGE Publications, USA.

Sinpetru, L (2013), "Safe" Levels of Environmental Pollution Foster Significant Health Issues on the Long Run [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available

at: <http://news.softpedia.com/news/Safe-Levels-of-Environmental-Pollution-Foster-Significant-Health-Issues-on-the-Long-Run-379465.shtml#sgal_0>.

South China Morning Post (2014), Charles Michel, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1612216/charles-michel-becomes-belgian-prime-minister-age-38>.

University of Oxford, 2014, Belgian Law, Bodleian Libraries, viewed 26th October 2014,

<http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/content.php?pid=309908&sid=2537549>.

US Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security, 2013, Belgium 2013 Crime and Safety Report, OSAC, viewed 26th October 2014,

<https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13882>.

Vanen, G (2013), Belgium’s King Philippe and Queen Mathilde, 2014 [ONLINE]. [Accessed 27 October 14] Available at:

< http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20719302,00.html>.

Visit Brussels, 2014, Annual Report 2013, Visit Brussels, viewed 31st October 2014, <http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/BE_en/press_report/25885/annual-

report-visitbrussels-2013.do>.

WikiGender, 2014, Gender Equality in Belgium, WikiGender, viewed 26th October 2014,

<http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/Gender_Equality_in_Belgium>.

Wingfield, G. (2008). Belgium. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.