Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2)

Cecil R. Reynolds, Ph.D.Distinguished Research Scientist and Professor

Texas A & M University

R.W. Kamphaus, Ph.D.Distinguished Research Professor and Department Head

University of Georgia

Acknowledgements and Disclosure• Cecil R. Reynolds, BASC 2 senior author, Rob Altmann and Mark Daniel of

AGS• Co-researchers Andy Horne, Carl Huberty, and Michele Lease of UGA, Jean

Baker of Michigan State, Christine DiStefano of Louisiana State University, Linda Mayes of Yale Child Study Center, Patrick Schniederjan of Grand

Junction CO, David Pineda of Universidad de Antioquia

• Student research team members Anne Winsor, Ellen Rowe, Jennifer Thorpe, Cheryl Hendry, Amanda Dix, Erin Dowdy, Anna Kroncke, Sangwon Kim, Chris Stokes, Meghan VanDeventer

• Alumni research team members Drs. Nancy Lett, Shayne Abelkop, Martha Petoskey and Ann Heather Cody

• Some BASC Research was supported in part by grant number R306F60158 from the At-Risk Institute of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement of the United States Department of Education, to R. W. Kamphaus, J. A. Baker, & A. M. Horne.

• R. Kamphaus is co-author of the BASC 2 with a significant financial interest in the product

Categorical Diagnosis

• Presence of marker symptoms or deviant signs defines the syndrome (e.g. schizotypal affect) as espoused originally by Kreapelin

• Syndromes are mutually exclusive (e.g. mental retardation, autism, versus pervasive developmental disorder) but potentially comorbid (e.g. ADHD and Tourettes)

• Diagnosis is dichotomous; that is one either has the disorder or not and subsyndromal psychopathology is not considered (Cantwell, D. P. (1996). Classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 3-12.)

• Severity of symptoms in categorical systems is not measured. In other words criteria do not exist to define “severe” ADHD.

• Differential diagnosis of syndromes (e.g. ADHD, CD, and ODD) remains controversial

Dimensional Diagnosis• Measures “latent traits” or “latent constructs” made up of

multiple indicators (i.e. items) or behaviors (Kamphaus, 2001; Kamphaus & Frick, 2002)

• Traits are distributed dimensionally in the population thus making it possible to assess “severity” or amount of the latent trait possessed. Positive or adaptive traits are of relatively greater interest

• Norm referencing to a population is used to define deviance. “Subsyndromal” as well as “hypersyndromal” cases can be identified for both clinical and research purposes (Scahill et al., 1999)

• Measures are well suited for assessing response to treatment or intervention because of known reliability and validity (e.g. effectiveness of medications)

Phenomenology of TRS-C Type 3 Disruptive Behavior Problems (8%) (Kamphaus, R. W.,

Huberty, C. J., Distefano, C., & Petoskey, M. D. (1997). A typology of teacher rated child behavior for a national U. S. sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 253-263.)

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T-Score

AggressionHyperactivity

ConductAnxietyDepression

Somatization

AttentionLearningAtypicalityWithdrawalAdaptabilityLeadershipSocial SkillsStudy Skills

Multi-Dimensional-Multi-Method • SDH: SDH: Structured Developmental History (Some changes)

• SOS: SOS: Student Observation System (No Changes, BASC POP)

• TRS: TRS: Teacher Rating Scales (Some changes)

• PRS: PRS: Parent Rating Scales (Some changes)

• SRP: SRP: Self-Report of Personality (Some changes)

• SRP-Col: Self-Report of Personality College (New)

• SRP-I: Self-Report of Personality Interview (New; ages 6-7,

Available in 2005)

• CPRF: Child-Parent Relationship Form (New)

Additional Components

• Spanish-Language SRP, SDH, and PRS forms• BASC Spanish version for Spain and Latin

America now available• Spanish and English language administration CDs• Parent Feedback Forms• BASC Portable Observation Program• www.psychologicalforum.com

Changes - The Bottom Line

• BASC/BASC-2 correlations are in the 80s and 90s for the TRS

• BASC/BASC-2 correlations are in the 70s and 80s for the PRS

• BASC/BASC-2 correlations are in the 60s and 70s for the SRP

BASC-2 Item TotalsBASC–2 BASC

TRS

P 100 109

C 139 148

A 139 138

PRS

P 134 131

C 160 138

A 150 126

SRP

C 139 152

A 176 186

Col 185

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales• Activities of Daily

Living (PRS only)• Adaptability (new to A)• Aggression• Anxiety• Attention Problems• Atypicality• Conduct Problems

(C, A)• Depression

• Functional Communication• Hyperactivity• Leadership (C, A)• Learning Problems

(TRS–C, A)• Social Skills• Somatization• Study Skills (TRS–C, A)• Withdrawal

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales• Activities of Daily Living (PRS only) (MR PRS = 34-36;

Motor PRS 36-38)

– Acts in a safe manner.– Needs to be reminded to brush teeth.– Organizes chores or other tasks well.

• Adaptability (new to A) (Bipolar TRS = 36, PRS = 30-36)

– Adjusts well to changes in family plans.– Recovers quickly after a setback.

• Aggression– Hits other children.– Seeks revenge on others.(recognition of concept of relational

aggression)

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales

• Anxiety (Somatization still key symptom of anxiety in childhood)

– Is nervous.– Worries about making mistakes.

• Attention Problems (sub-clinical problems may cause impairment; Scahill, L., Schwab-Stone, M., Merikangas, K. R., Leckman, J. F., Zhang, H., & Kasl, S. (1999). Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 38, 976-984.) (ADHD TRS = 60-61, PRS = 64)

– Listens to directions.– Pays attention.

• Atypicality (preschool imaginary friends persist into early elementary school with 27% in preschool and 31% at ages 6 and 7, Taylor, M. (2004) Developmental Psychology, 40) (ASD TRS = 66-71, PRS = 75-76)

– Sees things that are not there.– Acts strangely.

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales

• Conduct Problems– Lies to get out of trouble.– Deceives others.

• Depression (clinical sample PRS = 76-80, TRS = 65)

– Is sad.– Seems lonely.

• Functional Communication (MR TRS = 32-39, PRS = 29-31; Speech-Lang 41-38; Motor PRS 36-38; Hearing PRS 42-46)

– Is unclear when presenting ideas.– Responds appropriately when asked a question.– Is able to describe feelings accurately.

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales

• Hyperactivity (ADHD TRS = 61, PRS = 64-66; evidence of cross-cultural validity in Pineda, D.A., Aguirre, D.C., Garcia, M.A., Lopera, F.J., Palacio, L.G., & Kamphaus, R.W. (in press). Validation of Two Rating Scales for ADHD Diagnosis in Colombian Children. Pediatric Neurology.)

– Cannot wait to take turn.– Acts out of control.

• Leadership (C, A) (group collaboration assessed)

– Gives good suggestions for solving problems.– Is good at getting people to work together.

• Learning Problems (TRS–C, A) (LD TRS = 61-62) – Had reading problems.– Has trouble keeping up in class.

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Scales• Social Skills

– Compliments others.– Offers help to other children.

• Somatization – Has stomach problems.– Complains of being sick when nothing is wrong.

• Study Skills (TRS–C, A)– Reads assigned chapters.– Tries to do well in school.

• Withdrawal (ASD PRS = 72-73, TRS = 66-71)

– Avoids other children.– Quickly joins group activities.

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Composite Scales

• Externalizing Problems– Hyperactivity– Aggression– Conduct Problems (C/A only)

• Internalizing Problems– Anxiety– Depression– Somatization

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Composite Scales

• Adaptive Skills– Adaptability– Social Skills– Functional Communication– Leadership (C and A only)– Study Skills (TRS-C/A only)– Activities of Daily Living (PRS only)

• School Problems (TRS–C, A)– Attention Problems– Learning Problems

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Composite Scales

• Behavioral Symptoms Index (BSI)– Hyperactivity– Aggression– Depression– Attention Problems– Atypicality– Withdrawal

BASC–2 TRS and PRS Validity Indexes

• F Index

• Consistency Index

• Number of Omitted/Unscoreable Items

• Patterned Responses

BASC-2 Software• ASSIST

• Unlimited use – Basic scoring and reporting

– Fast, efficient item entry with optional verification

– Multi-rater report comparisons

– Windows 98 SE +and MAC OSX compatible

– Scannable version available for Windows

– Network compatible

BASC-2 Software• ASSIST Plus

– Unlimited use– Advanced scoring and reporting

• DSM-IV diagnostic criteria• Content scales• Extended narrative

– Multi-rater report comparisons– Fast, efficient item entry with optional verification– Windows 98 SE + and MAC OSX compatible– Scannable version available for Windows– Network compatible

Terry – Mild mental retardation, ADHD combined type, clinical depression

• 10 year old third grader diagnosed with MR in grade 1

• Full Scale IQ = 66, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite = 61

• Diagnosed as ADHD in first grade as well• Ritalin has not worked as well for the past two

months as she has become more emotional• Her mother reports “I think she needs more nerve

medicine”

Terry’s depression and school stress

• Recent trouble getting to sleep and staying asleep• Recent crying spell at school in the lunch room• Refusing to go to school and is bullied by others• She reports, “Most of them pick on me and laugh about it.” When

asked why teased she said, ”I’m too slow, and I can’t do my work.”• She said that the same boy pushes her onto the same girl’s desk every

day. The girl gets angry at her and Terry feels bad the remainder of the day.

• Terry says that the teasing makes her so angry that she cries• Her mother cannot manage her at home. She is disobedient and

refused to help around the house. Her mother is very stressed and says, “I can’t take it any more.”

Terry - Maternal RatingsHyperactivity 73Aggression 71Conduct Problems 79Anxiety 61Depression 88Somatization 56Atypicality 93Withdrawal 73Attention Problems 68Social Skills 17Leadership 21Adaptability 22

Terry - Teacher RatingsHyperactivity 75

Aggression 72

Conduct Problems 51

Anxiety 95

Depression 100

Somatization 98

Atypicality 87

Learning Problems 74

Withdrawal 77

Attention Problems 73

Adabtability 25

Social Skills 42

Leadership 44

Study Skills 36

Under-diagnosis of ADHD in Children with MR

• Pearson and Annan (1994) concluded,“Findings suggest that chronological age should be taken into consideration when behavior ratings are used to assess cognitively delayed children for ADHD. However, the results do not support guidelines stating that mental age must be used to determine which norms should be applied when such children are evaluated clinically.” (p. 395)

• The use of mental age as a consideration in making the ADHD diagnosis for children with mental retardation may result in the denial of somatic and behavioral treatments that are known to have demonstrated efficacy (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2002).

BASC–2 SRP Changes

• Mixed item format (T/F and MC)

• Age range expansion– College-form edition– Interview format for ages 6–7 (available 2005)

• New scales

Response Format Change: Sample Relations with Parents Item Loadings

Item TF Item

MC

Item

I like to be close to my parents. .46 .56

My mother and father like my friends. .31 .71

My parents are proud of me. .37 .83

Response Format Change: Sample Depression Item Loadings

Item TF Item

MC

Item

I feel like my life is getting worse and worse.

.56 .62

I think that nothing about me is right. .44 .72

I feel like I just don’t care anymore. .65 .27

Response Format Change: Sample Anxiety Item Loadings

Item TF Item

MC

Item

I worry about something bad happening to me.

.61 .38

I worry when I go to bed at night. .50 .79

I worry most of the day. .70 .68

BASC–2 SRP Scales

• Alcohol Abuse (COL)• Anxiety • Attention Problems (ADHD SRP-C =

58, SRP-A = 57) (Bipolar SRP-A = 61)

• Attitude to School (C, A)• Attitude to Teachers (C, A)• Atypicality• Depression (Depression SRP-A = 55)

• Hyperactivity (ADHD SRP-C = 57, SRP-A = 56) (Bipolar SRP-A = 59)

• Interpersonal Relations (ASD SRP-C = 45, SRP-A = 41) (Bipolar SRP=-A = 44)

• Locus of Control• Relations with Parents (Bipolar

SRP-A = 43)

• School Maladjustment (COL)• Self-Esteem (Depression SRP-A = 43)

• Self-Reliance (Bipolar SRP-A = 43)

• Sensation Seeking (A)• Sense of Inadequacy• Social Stress (ASD SRP-C = 55, SRP-

A = 57)

• Somatization (A) (Depression SRP-A = 56)

BASC–2 SRP Composite Scales• School Problems (Formerly School Maladjustment;

C, A)– Attitude to School (C, A)– Attitude to Teachers (C, A)– Sensation Seeking (A)

BASC–2 SRP Composite Scales• Internalizing Problems (Formerly Clinical Maladjustment; cluster

found in US population by Kamphaus, DiStefano, & Lease, 2003, A Self-Report Typology of Behavioral Adjustment for Young Children. Psychological Assessment, 15, 17-28)

– Atypicality– Locus of Control– Social Stress– Anxiety– Depression– Sense of Inadequacy– Somatization (A, COL)

BASC–2 SRP Composite Scales• Inattention/Hyperactivity Composite

– Attention Problems– Hyperactivity

• Personal Adjustment– Relations with Parents– Interpersonal Relations– Self-Esteem– Self-Reliance

BASC–2 SRP Composite Scales• Emotional Symptoms Index (ESI)

– Social Stress– Anxiety– Depression– Sense of Inadequacy– Self-Esteem– Self-Reliance (replaces Interpersonal Relations)

BASC–2 SRP Validity Indexes• F Index

• L Index (new to C level)

• V Index

• Consistency Index (new)

• Number of Omitted/Unscoreable Items

• Patterned Responding

Maleco – False Positive

• Third grade boy referred for suspected ADHD with an abrupt onset of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and conduct problems at the beginning of second grade. He has been cited for hitting others, setting another child’s hair ablaze, running away from school, teacher defiance, cursing, and anger outbursts. He is about to be suspended from school unless his behavior improves significantly. His teachers hope that medication will improve his behavior.

Maleco - History

• He is an only child who moved across country to a new school at the beginning of second grade. Up until this time he was raised by his maternal grandparents. His development was normal until the beginning of second grade and he is considered to be an intelligent child by all. He was described by his first grade teacher as exceedingly well behaved, high achieving, obedient, and curious. He has been acting out at home with anger outbursts, crying spells, setting a garage on fire, and tearing up shrubs in his mother’s yard. His mother does not think that he has any serious problems such as ADHD and is concerned about placing him on stimulant medication. He is currently receiving play therapy to help him control his behavior and emotions better.

Maleco – Cognitive Results

• Composite intelligence test score of 118

• Academic achievement test scores ranging from a low of 116 in mathematics computation to a high of 128 in reading comprehension

• Grades have been all As and Bs but are beginning to suffer due to refusal to complete work at school

Maleco – Mother’s RatingsHyperactivity 56 Aggression 51 Conduct Problems 58 Anxiety 61 Depression 49 Somatization 56 Atypicality 44 Withdrawal 50 Attention Problems 60 Social Skills 55 Leadership 49 Adaptability 45

Maleco - Teacher RatingsHyperactivity 71 Aggression 78 Conduct Problems

70

Anxiety 51 Depression 49 Somatization 55 Atypicality 60 Learning Problems

44

Withdrawal 45

Maleco – Self Report• Scale T-Score• Anxiety 66• Depression 75• Sense of Inadequacy 78• Social Stress 73• Atypicality 71• Locus of Control 59• Attitude to School 68• Attitude to Teachers 75• Relations with Parents 51• Interpersonal Relations 35• Self-Esteem 46• Self-Reliance 36

Maleco – Critical Items

• Life is getting worse and worse• Sometimes voice tell me to do bad things• No one understands me• I cannot stop myself from doing bad things• I cannot control my thoughts• Nobody ever listens to me• Other kids hate to be with me• I am always in trouble at home• Sometimes I want to hurt myself• I give up easily• Nothing goes my way

Assessment forDiagnosis and Classification

(Kamphaus, R. W., & Frick, P. J. (2002). Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Personality and Behavior. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.)

• Assess core constructs/symptoms (DSM IV) and severity (rating scales)

• Assess age of onset (history), developmental course (history), and multiple contexts (history, observations, and rating scales)

• Rule out alternative causes (history and rating scales)

• Rule in comorbidities (history, DSM IV, IDEA, and rating scales)

History SDH• Age and rapidity of symptom onset (e.g. ADHD, Pandas - pediatric

autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection caused OCD; ocfoundation.org; differentiates ADHD from low birth weight, Johnson-Cramer, N.L., 1999. Assessment of school-aged children with comorbidity of attention deficit disorder and low birth weight classifications, Dissertation Abstracts Internationl, Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59, 7A, 2344)

• Developmental course (e.g. Episodic reading problems)

• Assessment of etiology (e.g. Depression associated with Interferon therapy for cancer)

• Solution focused intervention design or asking “when, or under what conditions does she or he behave well” (e.g. Prozac related relapse or Cheryl’s head banging)

• Assessment of risk and resilience factors (e.g. family resemblance for depression, peer substance use or abuse, recreational strengths such as music or sports)

• Available in Spanish

Principles for Interpretation• All raters possess evidence of validity

– Parent/Teacher predictive validity (Verhulst, F. C., Koot, H. M., & Van der Ende, J. (1994). Differential predictive value of parents’ and teachers’ reports of children’s problem behaviors: a longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 531-546.)

– Teachers accurately assess effects of medication (Conners,1956)

– SRP possesses concurrent validity with peer ratings (Kamphaus, R. W., DiStefano, C. A., & Lease, A. M. (2003). A Self-Report Typology of Behavioral Adjustment for Young Children. Psychological Assessment, 15, 17-28)

• Simple interpretation schemes work as well as complex schemes (Piacentini, 1991)

SRP-C Type 9, Internalizing yoked ratings (7.4% of 8-11 year olds, 47%f; low self-confidence, uncooperative, too sensitive, anxious/shy,

unhappy/sad, disruptive, loses things, seems odd, unlikeable, unpopular, fewer friends)

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Anx Rel Par AttSchl

AttTeach

Atyp Dep Inter S of I LocCon

Se Est Se Rel SocStre

Agg Att Hyper

SRP-C

PRS-C

TRS-C

Interpretation Step 1: Validity

Congruence of findingsLie indexF index Omitted itemsPatterned respondingConsistency indexReading proficiency

Interpretation Step 2: ClassificationAdaptive Scales Clinical Scales T-score Range

Very High Clinically Significant

70 and above

High At-Risk 60 – 69

Average Average 41 – 59

At-Risk Low 31 – 40

Clinically Significant

Very Low 30 and Below

Interpretation Step 3. Ratings

• Identify all scales with T scores in the at-risk range

• Confirm or disconfirm the importance of each with available evidence

• Collect additional evidence as needed• Draw conclusions regarding classification,

diagnosis, and intervention

Impairment and Diagnosis – Guidelines

• 70+ Functional impairment in multiple settings, Often diagnosable condition

• 60-69 Functional impairment in one or more settings, sometimes diagnosable condition

• 45-59 No functional impairment or condition

• <45 Notable lack of symptomatology

Report Writing SRP• ATTITUDE TO SCHOOL Indicates negative

attitudes toward school; child may display or report:

• Bad feelings about school• Boredom in school• ATTITUDE TO TEACHERS Indicates negative

attitudes toward teachers; child may report:• Not being cared about• Being treated unfairly• SENSATION SEEKING• (ages 12 – 21 only) Indicates a relatively high

level of sensation seeking; child may report:• Getting into fights• Taking risks• ATYPICALITY Indicates an above-average

number of unusual behaviors or thought; child may report:

• Lacking thought control• Hearing strange voices

• LOCUS OF CONTROL Indicates a below-average sense of control; child may report:

• Being controlled by parents• Bad things happening• SOCIAL STRESS Indicates a relatively high

number of stressful feelings in social situations; child may report:

• Being lonely• Feeling out of place• ANXIETY Indicates a relatively high number

of anxious feelings; child may report: • Being nervous• Worrying• DEPRESSION Indicates a relatively high

number of depressed feelings; child may report:

• Not caring about things• Not feeling understood

Report Writing SRP (cont’d)• SENSE OF INADEQUACY Indicates a

relatively high number of feeling of inadequacy; child may display or report:

• Quitting easily• Sense of failure• SOMATIZATION (ages 12 – 21 only)Indicates

a relatively high number of health worries or complains; child may excessively complain of:

• Headaches• Stomachaches• ATTENTION PROBLEMS Indicates

problematic levels of paying attention; child may report:

• Having a short attention span• Forgetting things• HYPERACTIVITY Indicates problematic

levels of activity: child may report:• Having trouble sitting still• Being too noisy

• RELATIONS WITH PARENTS Indicates problematic relationship with parents; child may display or report:

• Lack of trust• Not being close with parents• INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS Indicates

relatively poor interpersonal relations; child may display or report:

• Not being liked• Not being respected• SELF-ESTEEM Indicates below-average

levels of self-esteem; child may display or report:

• Concerns about looks• Wanting to be someone else• SELF-RELIANCE Indicates below-average

levels of self-reliance; child may display or report:

• Lack of dependability• Difficulty making decisions

TRS/PRS Report Writing

• HYPERACTIVITY Indicates problematic levels of activity; child may display or engage in:

Bothering other children Rushing through things• AGGRESSION Indicates problematic

levels of aggression; child may display or engage in:

Threats Hitting others• CONDUCT PROBLEMS• (ages 6 – 21 only) Indicates a

problematic levels of conduct problems; child may engage in:

Lies Breaks rules

• ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Indicates below average daily living skills that may include:

• Needs help dressing• Acts safely• ANXIETY Indicates problematic levels of

anxiety; child may display: Nervousness Worry• DEPRESSION Indicates problematic levels of

depression; child may display or complain of:

SadnessBeing overwhelmed• SOMATIZATION Indicates problematic

levels of somatization; child may display or complain of:

HeadachesGeneral pain

TRS/PRS Report Writing (cont’d)• ATTENTION PROBLEMS Indicates

problematic levels of paying attention; child may display:

Trouble listeningBeing distracted• LEARNING PROBLEMS (ages 6 – 21 only)

Indicates problems with learning in areas that may include:

Reading/mathOrganization skills• ATYPICALITY Indicates problematic levels of

unusual behavior or thoughts; child may display or engage in:

Strange behaviorBabbling• WITHDRAWAL Indicates problematic

levels of withdrawal; child may display or report:

Trouble making friendsAvoidance of others

• ADAPTABILITY Indicates below-average adaptability; that may include:

Difficulty switching tasksDifficulty adjusting to change• SOCIAL SKILLS Indicates below-average social

skills that may include:Does not complement othersUnwillingness to volunteer• LEADERSHIP Indicates below-average leadership

that may include:IndecisivenessMakes poor suggestions• STUDY SKILLS (ages 6 – 21 only) Indicates

below-average study skills that may include:Incomplete homeworkPoor study habits• FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION Indicates

below-average communication skills that may include:

Unclear communicationCannot describe own feelings

Assessment for Intervention

• Define target behaviors via history, interviews, rating scales, and observations

• Establish baseline behavioral adjustment using rating scales and/or observations

• Assess intervention/treatment effectiveness with minimum of three (3) rating scales and/or observations

• Adjust intervention/treatment based on findings

Student Observation System (SOS)

• Both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are observed• Multiple methods are used including, A) clinician rating, B)

time sampling, and C) qualitative recording of classroom functional contingencies

• A generous time interval is allocated for recording the results of each time sampling interval (27 seconds)

• Operational definitions of behaviors and time sampling categories are included in the BASC manual

• Inter-rater reliabilities for the time sampling portion are high which lends confidence that independent observers are likely to observe the same trends in child’s classroom behavior (Lett, N. J., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1997). Differential validity of the BASC Student Observation System and the BASC Teacher Rating Scale. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 1-14)

SOS• Part A - Treatment/IEP Planning; frequency,

range, and disruptiveness of classroom behavior• Part B - Treatment/Program evaluation of

effectiveness (track change with ADHD Monitor software)

• Part C - Functional analysis of antecedents, behavior, and consequences (e.g. teacher position)

SOS Scales• Adaptive Scales• Response to teacher

• Work on school subjects

• Peer interaction

• Transition movement

• Behavior Problem Scales

• Inappropriate movement• Inattention• Inappropriate vocalization• Somatization• Repetitive motor movements• Aggression• Self-injurious behavior• Inappropriate sexual

behavior• Bowel/bladder problems

Using Part B

• There is typically no need to select target behaviors to observe (Tallent, 1999)

• Schedule the observation period at a time of day and, in a class, where problems are known to be of teacher or parent concern so that problem behaviors can be observed. In addition, the examiner may want to also observe in a class where problems are not present

• Use an observer who is either already familiar to the school, or introduced to the teacher ahead of time

• Develop a timing mechanism (BASC POP recommended)

SOS Part B Scoring• Response to Teacher/Lesson This category describes the student’s appropriate

academic behaviors involving the teacher or class. This category does not include working on school subjects (see Category 3)

• Peer Interaction This category assesses positive or appropriate interactions with other students

• Work on School Subjects This category includes appropriate academic behaviors that the student engages in alone, without interacting with others

• Transition Movement This category is for appropriate and nondisruptive behaviors of children while moving from one activity or place to another. Most are out-of-seat behaviors and may be infrequent during a classroom observation period.

• Inappropriate Movement This category is intended for inappropriate motor behaviors that are unrelated to classroom work

• Inattention This category includes inattentive behaviors that are not disruptive• Inappropriate Vocalization This category includes disruptive vocal behaviors.

Only vocal behavior should be checked.

SOS Part B Scoring (cont’d)

• Somatization This category includes behaviors regardless of inferred reason (e.g., a student may be sleeping because of medication, boredom, or poor achievement motivation).

• Repetitive Motor Movement This category includes repetitive behaviors (both disruptive and non-disruptive) that appear to have no external reward. Generally, the behaviors should be of 15-second duration or longer to be checked, and may be more likely to be checked on Part A than on Part B because of their repetitive nature. They may, however, be checked during either part.

• Aggression This category includes harmful behaviors directed at another student, the teacher, or property. The student must attempt to hurt another or destroy property for the behavior to be checked in this category. Aggressive play would not be included here.

• Self-Injurious Behavior This category includes severe behaviors that attempt to injure one’s self. There behaviors should not be confused with self-stimulatory behaviors. This category is intended to capture behaviors of children with severe disabilities who are being served in special classes in schools and institutions.

BASC + IDEA• Impaired relations = Social Stress, Interpersonal

Relations, Social Skills, Relations with Parents, Withdrawal, Atypicality

• Inability to learn = Learning Problems and any clinical scale elevations

• Inappropriate behavior = Atypicality, Withdrawal• Unhappiness/depression = Depression, Sense of

Inadequacy• Physical symptoms/complaints = Somatization

Optional Content Scales• Empirically based scales designed to identify

potential problems of particular interest that may warrant further exploration

• Developed for all levels of TRS/PRS; SRP-A and SRP-COL levels

• Available only on BASC-2 ASSIST Plus Software

Optional TRS/PRS Content Scales• Anger Control - The tendency to become irritated

and angry quickly and impulsively, coupled with an inability to regulate affect and control during such periods

• Bullying - The tendency to be intrusive, cruel, or threatening toward others, or to use force in order to be manipulative or to get want is wanted

Optional TRS/PRS Content Scales• Developmental Social Disorders - The tendency to

display behaviors characterized by deficits in social skills, communication, interests, and activities. Such behaviors may include self-stimulation, withdrawal, and inappropriate socializations

• Emotional Self-Control - The ability to regulate one’s affect and emotions in response to environmental changes

Optional TRS/PRS Content Scales• Executive Functioning - The ability to control behavior by

planning, anticipating, inhibiting, maintaining goal-directed activity, and reacting appropriately to environmental feedback in a purposeful, meaningful way

• Negative Emotionality - The tendency to view everyday interactions or events in an overly negative or aversive way and to react negatively to any changes in plans or routines

• Resiliency - The ability to access support systems, both internal and external, to alleviate stress and overcome adversity or difficult circumstances

Optional SRP-A/COL Content Scales

• Anger Control - The tendency to become irritated and angry quickly and impulsively, coupled with an inability to regulate affect and control during such periods

• Ego Strength - The expression of a strong sense of one’s identity and overall emotional competence, including feelings of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and perception of one’s social support network

Optional SRP-A/COL Content Scales

• Mania - The tendency to experience extended periods of heightened arousal, excessive activity (at times with an obsessive focus), and rapid idea generation without the presence of normal fatigue

• Test Anxiety - The tendency to experience irrational worry and fear of taking routine structured school tests of aptitude or academic skills regardless of the degree of preparation or study or confidence in one’s knowledge of the content to be covered

Morgan – Chronic depression and anxiety

Morgan is an 8th grade student referred for determination of ADHD and Learning Disabilities. Previous diagnoses included Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, for which she is on medication. Morgan’s current medications include Prozac and Respiradol for depression and Zantac for stomach pain. She is currently engaged in psychotherapy.

Concentration problems have been particularly evident since grade 7. Reportedly, Morgan requires absolute quiet to complete assignments and she has difficulty remaining on task. Morgan’s mother denied complaints of inattention and concentration problems when Morgan was in elementary school.

With regard to academic attainment, Morgan has evidenced academic difficulties since grade 2. In the past 1 1/2 years her marks have significantly decreased.

Morgan’s mother indicated that Morgan exhibits considerable oppositional defiant behavior with temper outbursts when denied a request. Morgan’s mother also noted that she is quite emotional with frequent crying outbursts.

Morgan’s BASC Results• Scale Parent Rating Teacher (English) Self-Report• Hyperactivity 52 55 48• Aggression 57 49• Conduct Problems 70 60• Anxiety 45 63 61• Depression 100 67 80• Sense of Inadequacy 72• Somatization 70 77 65• Social Stress 63• Atypicality 68 61 55• Locus of Control 73• Withdrawal 84• Attention Problems 79 70 67• Adaptability 40 50• ADL 51 55• FCom 55 49• Social Skills 38 38• Leadership 34 33• Attitude to School 71• Attitude to Teachers 74• Sensation Seeking 60• Relations with Parents 30• Interpersonal Relations 54• Self-Esteem 26• Self-Reliance 32

Development of the BASC–2

• Items selected based on:– Standardized item loading in SEM analyses– Item-total correlation– Item bias statistics (5 items removed)– Construct relevance

• Approximately 1/3 new items on TRS/PRS forms

Item Development SampleForm Items Sample Size

TRS-P 185 1,023

TRS-C 252 2,010

TRS-A 248 1,536

PRS-P 243 1,368

PRS-C 306 2,231

PRS-A 284 1,886

SRP-C 198 2,033

SRP-A 256 3,180

SRP-COL 270 705

BASC–2 Standardization Sample

• General normative sample was be stratified by:– Sex by race/ethnicity– Sex by region– Sex by mother’s education level

TRS General Norm Sample

Form AgesFemale Male Total

N % N % N

TRS

2–3 200 50 200 50 400

4–5 325 50 325 50 650

6–7 300 50 300 50 600

8–11 600 50 600 50 1,200

12–14 400 50 400 50 800

15–18 500 50 500 50 1,000

PRS General Norm Sample

Form AgesFemale Male Total

N % N % N

PRS

2–3 250 50 250 50 500

4–5 350 50 350 50 700

6–7 300 50 300 50 600

8–11 600 50 600 50 1,200

12–14 400 50 400 50 800

15–18 500 50 500 50 1,000

SRP General Norm Sample

Form AgesFemale Male Total

N % N % N

SRP

8–11 750 50 750 50 1,500

12–14 450 50 450 50 900

15–18 500 50 500 50 1,000

Clinical Norm Samples Offered• Conditions

– All Clinical Conditions (Ages 4-18), Combined, Female, Male

– Learning Disability (Ages 6-18) , Combined, Female, Male– ADHD (Ages 6-18) , Combined, Female, Male

• Age ranges– 4-5– 6-11– 12-18

TRS Reliabilities: Median & Range

Level Alpha Test-Retest

P .86

(.75–.92)

.83(.72–.92)

C .88

(.78–.94)

.88

(.65–.92)A .87

(.80–.95)

.79

(.66–.91)

PRS Reliabilities: Median & Range

Level Alpha Test-Retest

P .81

(.70–.88)

.76

(.66–.88)C .85

(.73–.88)

.84

(.65–.87)A .85

(.72–.88)

.82

(.72–.87)

SRP Reliabilities: Median & Range

Level Alpha Test-Retest

C .80

(.72–.86)

.73

(.64–.82)A .80

(.67–.88)

.75

(.63–.84)

Effects of Child Sex and Culture

• Parent ratings are invariant in level across 12 countries with consistent patterns for age and child sex (e.g. China, Sweden, India, U.S. etc.; Crijnen, Achenbach, & Verhulst, 1999)

• Teacher and Parent ratings for BASC were invariant in level between Medellin, Colombia and U.S. with consistent patterns for age and child sex (Kamphaus & DiStefano, 2001)

• Cluster analyses across metropolitan, rural, and Medellin samples reveal a similar structure of behavioral adjustment (DiStefano, Kamphaus, Horne, & Winsor, 2003; Kamphaus, DiStefano & Lease, 2003; DiStefano & Kamphaus, 2001; Kamphaus, Huberty, DiStefano, & Petoskey, 1997).

Effects of Culture

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

PRSHyp

TRSHyp

PRSAtt

TRSATT

PRSCon

TRSCon

Colombian

White

African-Am

U.S. Hispa

Effects of Child Sex

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

PRSHyp

TRSHyp

PRS Att TRSATT

PRSCon

TRSCon

Girls

Boys

It’s as Easy as ABC (i.e., ASEBA, BASC-2, CRS-R): A Comparison

(2005, National Assoc of School Psychologists, Atlanta) Rob Altmann, MA

AGS Publishing

Cecil Reynolds, PhD

Texas A&M University

Sample for PRS StudiesPRS-P PRS-C PRS-A

CBCL CBCL CPRS-R CBCL CPRS-R

Sex

F, M29, 24 31,34 30, 30 35, 32 29, 26

Race

AA, H,

O, W

3, 7,

1, 42

13, 12,

2, 38

7, 5,

5, 43,

13, 6,

4, 44

11, 4,

3, 37

Region

NE, NC,

S, W

10, 16, 11, 16

2, 28,

16, 19

6, 28,

18, 8

15, 12,

20, 20

8, 14,

17, 16

Mother’s Ed.

<11, HS/GED,

1-3 yrs., 4+ yrs.

3, 25,

22, 15

3, 25,

22, 15

1, 19,

21, 19

3, 28,

21, 14

4, 19,

20, 12

PRS-P with CBCL 1 ½-5

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.Total Prob.

AnxietySomat.Atn. Prob.Aggression

BASC-2

CBCL

PRS-C with CBCL 6-18

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.Total Prob.

Anxiety

Depression

Somat.Atn. Prob.Aggression

Cond.Prob.

BASC-2

CBCL

PRS-A with CBCL 6-18

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.Total Prob.

Anxiety

Depression

Somat.Atn. Prob.Aggression

Cond.Prob.

BASC-2

CBCL

PRS-C with CPRS-R

40

45

50

55

60

Aggression/OppositionalAtn. Prob./Cog. Prob.-

Inatn.Hyperact.Anxiety/Atnxious-

Shy

Somatization/Psycosom.Hyp./DSM

Hyp. Atn.Prob./DSM

Inatn.

BASC-2

CPRS-R

PRS-A with CPRS-R

40

45

50

55

60

Aggression/OppositionalAtn. Prob./Cog. Prob.-

Inatn.Hyperact. Anxiety/

Anxious-ShySomatization/Psychosom.Hyp./DSM

Hyp. Atn.Prob./DSM

Inatn.

BASC-2

CPRS-R

TRS-P with TRF 1 -5

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.BSI/ TotalProb.

Anxiety/Anx. Dep.Somat.

Atn. Prob.Aggression

BASC-2

TRF

TRS-C with TRF 6-18

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.BSI/ TotalProb.

Anx./ Anx.Dep.

Dep./ With.

Dep. Somat.Atn. Prob.

AggressionCnd. Prb./Rule Brk.

BASC-2

TRF

TRS-A with TRF 6-18

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.BSI/ TotalProb.

Anx./ Anx.Dep.

Dep./ With.

Dep. Somat.Atn. Prob.AggressionCnd. Prb./Rule Brk.

BASC-2

TRF

TRS-C with CTRS-R

40

45

50

55

60

Aggress./Opposit.Atn. Prob./

Cog.Prob.-Inatt.Hyperact. Anxiety/Anx.-Shy Hyp./DSM

Hyp. Atn.Prob./DSM

Inatn.

BASC-2

CTRS-R

TRS-A with CTRS-R

40

45

50

55

60

Aggress./Opposit.Atn. Prob./Cog. Prob.-

Inatt.Hyperact. Anxiety/Anx.-Shy Hyp./DSM

Hyp. Atn.Prob./DSM

Inatn.

BASC-2

CTRS-R

Development of PRS and SRP Spanish Forms

• Firm experienced in translating psychological tests completed initial translation

• Bilingual psychologists from across US reviewed the materials

• Additional rounds of changes made to develop standardization item sets

• Psychometric properties of Spanish items were evaluated prior to making final item selections

• Forms completed by Spanish speakers were included in the norming samples

A Comparative Study Using Parent Behavior Rating Scales, Spanish

Editions (2005, National Association of School Psychologists, Atlanta)

Rob Altmann, MA

AGS Publishing

Randy W. Kamphaus, PhD

University of Georgia

AGS Publishing gratefully acknowledges Yahaira Marquez for her assistance with this project.

Method• Participants: 83 parents from Puerto Rico and 167 parents from

the United States

• Measures:– Parent Rating Scales-Child (Ages 6-11)– Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (Ages 6-18)

• Procedure: Parents in Puerto Rico were asked to voluntarily complete a PRS-C form as part of a larger dissertation project; parents in the United States voluntarily completed the PRS-C form as part of the BASC-2 standardization project; all parents were paid a nominal amount for their participation

Table 1. Sample Characteristics

United States Puerto Rico

Sample Size 167 83

Median Age (Years) 9 9

Sex (Female, Male) 76, 91 41, 42

Race (Hispanic, White, Other) 167, 0, 0 62, 10, 3

Rater (Mother, Father, Other) 138, 27, 2 77, 3, 3

Rater Education (< HS, HS/GED, 1-3 yr. college*, 4+ yr. college)

122, 31,

5, 9

10, 30,

24, 17Note.* 1-4 yr. college for Puerto Rico sample.

Results

United States Puerto Rico

Composite PRS-C PRS-C CBCL 6-18

Externalizing Problems .90 .89 .88

Internalizing Problems .78 .82 .77

Adaptive Skills .91 .92 --

Behavioral Symptoms Index/Total Problems

.92 .91 .89

Table 2. Alpha Reliabilities

United States Puerto Rico

Scale PRS-C PRS-C CBCL 6-18

Hyperactivity/ADHD .74 .80 .78

Attention Problems .76 .82 .84

Aggression .79 .75 .89

Conduct Problems/Rule Breaking, Conduct Prob.

.76 .81 .50, .67

Oppositional Defiant Prob. -- -- .78

Anxiety/Anxiety-Dep., Anxiety Prob.

.61 .71 .72, .63

Depression/Affective Prob. .79 .74 .54

Table 2. Alpha Reliabilities (cont.)

United States Puerto Rico

Scale PRS-C PRS-C CBCL 6-18

Som./Som. Cmp., Som. Prb. .68 .75 .55, .61

Atypicality/Thought Problems .74 .75 .68

Withdrawal/Withdrawn-Dep. .65 .69 .58

Adaptability .67 .71 --

Social Skills/Social Problems .74 .82 .61

Leadership .75 .75 --

Activities of Daily Living .68 .70 --

Functional Communication .76 .79 --

Median (All Scales) .74 .75 .65

Table 2. Alpha Reliabilities (cont.)

CBCL 6-18

BASC-2 Ext. Prob. Int. Prob. Total Prob.

Ext. Prob. .72 .31 .63

Int. Prob. .30 .63 .48

Adt. Skills -.48 -.33 -.60

BSI .69 .52 .78

Table 3. PRS-C and CBCL 6-18 Correlations

40

45

50

55

60

Int. Prob.Ext. Prob.BSI/TotalProb.

Anxiety/ Anx.

Dep.

Depression/Wdl. Dep.Somat./Som. Comp.

Atn. Prob.Aggression/Agg. Beh.

Cond. Prob./Rule Brk.

BASC-2

CBCL

Figure 1. PRS-C and CBCL 6-18 Mean Score Comparisons

1- Traducción de los cuestionarios.

2- Revisión de la traducción.

3- Elaboración de 2 ítems nuevos para cada escala.

4- Revisión de los cuestionarios.

5- Aplicación del S2 y S3 a 170 sujetos de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos para comprobar la comprensión de los ítems.

6- Modificación de la redacción de algunos ítems.

7- Selección ítems en función de: índice de atracción, consistencia interna, correlación y saturación.

8 – Muestra total 1.900 aprox.

9 – Fiabilidad: Test – retest – 3 meses.

PROCESO DE ADAPTACIÓNPROCESO DE ADAPTACIÓN

Diferencias en función del sexo – T y P

-10 -5 0 5 10

Habilidades deestudio

Liderazgo

Habilidadessociales

Adaptabilidad

Somatización

Retraimiento

Ansiedad

Depresión

Atipicidad

Problemas deaprendizaje

Problemas deatención

Problemas deconducta

Hiperactividad

Agresividad

T3

T2

T1

T

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Mayor puntuaciónen varones

Mayor puntuaciónen mujeres

-10 -5 0 5 10

P

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Mayor puntuaciónen mujeres

Mayor puntuaciónen varones

BASC Contacts/Information

• psychologicalforum.com includes sample cases, research bibliography, and discussion centers for BASC users

• Randy Kamphaus, rkamp@uga.edu or Cecil Reynolds, crrh@earthlink.net

• AGS, 4201 Woodland Road, P.O. Box 99, Circle Pines, MN 55014-1796 1 800 328 2560 www.agsnet.com

• PSYCAN Corporation,12-120 West Beaver Creek Road, Richmond Hill, Ontario, L4B 1L2, 1 800 263 3558

• Reynolds, C.R. & Kamphaus, R.W. (2002). A clinician’s guide to the BASC. Guilford Publications, guilford.com

• TEA Ediciones, Madrid, Manual Moderno, Mexico City