CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

DESCRIPTION 5

UNIT CREDIT 6

TIME ALLOTMENT 6

EXPECTANCIES 7

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 8

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES AND MATERIALS 18

GRADING SYSTEM 19

LEARNING COMPETENCIES 20

SAMPLE LESSON PLANS 36

INTRODUCTIONThis Handbook aims to provide the general public – parents, students, researchers, and other stakeholders

– an overview of the Mathematics program at the secondary level. Those in education, however, may use it as a reference for implementing the 2002 secondary education curriculum, or as a source document to inform policy and guide practice.

For quick reference, the Handbook is outlined as follows:

• The description defi nes the focus and the emphasis of the learning area as well as the language of instruction used.

• The unit credit indicates the number of units assigned to a learning area computed on a 40-minute per unit credit basis and which shall be used to evaluate a student’s promotion to the next year level.

• The time allotment specifi es the number of minutes allocated to a learning area on a daily (or weekly, as the case may be) basis.

• The expectancies refer to the general competencies that the learners are expected to demonstrate at the end of each year level.

• The scope and sequence outlines the content, or the coverage of the learning area in terms of concepts or themes, as the case may be.

• The suggested strategies are those that are typically employed to develop the content, build skills, and integrate learning.

• The materials include those that have been approved for classroom use. The application of information and communication technology is encouraged, where available.

• The grading system specifi es how learning outcomes shall be evaluated and the aspects of student performance which shall be rated.

• The learning competencies are the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that the students are expected to develop or acquire during the teaching-learning situations.

• Lastly, sample lesson plans are provided to illustrate the mode of integration, where appropriate, the application of life skills and higher order thinking skills, the valuing process and the differentiated activities to address the learning needs of students.

The Handbook is designed as a practical guide and is not intended to structure the operationalization of the curriculum or impose restrictions on how the curriculum shall be implemented. Decisions on how best to teach and how learning outcomes can be achieved most successfully rest with the school principals and teachers. They know the direction they need to take and how best to get there.

DESCRIPTION The Science Program at the secondary level is designed to promote students’ awareness of the relevance of science in life and develop critical and creative thinking as well as skills in problem solving through the teaching of science in an outdoor environment and cooperative learning. More than the understanding of science concepts, emphasis is given on the application of these concepts to improve the environment and the quality of life.

In First Year, Integrated Science builds on elementary Science, and weaves together bits of earth science, biology, chemistry and physics which fl ow sequentially in a more unifi ed and meaningful pattern of study.

In Second Year, the learners focus on Biology, which deals with the living world of human and non-human Biology, which deals with the living world of human and non-human Biologyspecies, human interactions and relationships with the environment, and the problems we face relative to health, reproduction and heredity, food production, resource management and conservation.

In Third Year, the learners focus on Chemistry, which deals with the properties and chemical behavior of matter, Chemistry, which deals with the properties and chemical behavior of matter, Chemistryatomic structure, chemical changes, and technology affecting the environment and society.

UNIT CREDITScience in all year levels shall be given 1.5 units each.

TIME ALLOTMENT

Science offerings in all year levels are allotted 60 minutes (1 hour) daily.

EXPECTANCIESThe learner is expected to apply scientifi c knowledge, skills and values in identifying and solving problems of the environment, its conservation and in evolving better ways and means of doing things in daily living.

CHEMISTRYAt the end of the Third Year Science Program, the learner should be able to demonstrate understanding of the science concepts in chemistry; develop skills to know the structure, composition, properties and classifi cation of matter and to explain different chemical processes/reactions, changes in matter/energy and its applications to daily life and a discriminating appreciation of technology.

BIOLOGYAt the end of the Second Year Science Program, the learner should be able to explain the interrelationship

between the different biological processes; demonstrate scientifi c skill with competence and confi dence; initiate activities in the preservation and conservation of the environment.

INTEGRATED SCIENCEAt the end of the First Year Science Program, the learner should be able to demonstrate understanding of

basic science concepts, skills and attitudes needed to explore biology, chemistry, physics and earth science with an integrative understanding and application of these scientifi c disciplines .

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

First Year: Integrated Science

I. Introduction1. Local superstitions, beliefs and practices/ways related to science and technology2. Scientifi c values in decision making and problem-solving3. Desirable qualities of scientists4. Contributions of outstanding Filipino and foreign scientists

II. Scientifi c Method1. Steps in the scientifi c method

1.1 Defi nition of problem, hypothesis, experimental design, variables, observation, conclusion, theory and law

1.2 Independent/dependent variables1.3 Experimental/control groups

2. Precision and accuracy in data gathering2.1 Qualitative and quantitative observations2.2 Measurement in scientifi c investigations2.3 Laboratory apparatus and equipment, their uses and precautionary measures2.4 Measuring instruments2.5 Signifi cant fi gures in four fundamental operations2.6 Scientifi c notations2.7 Conversion of units2.8 Masses and volumes of solids/liquids/gases2.9 Density of solids/liquids/gases

3. Analysis of Data3.1 Making inferences3.2 Presentation of a set of Data3.3 Data Interpretation

III. Matter and Its Properties1. Natural phenomena in terms of properties of matter2. Properties, classifi cation and composition of matter

2.1 Substances and mixtures2.2 Matter in the environment2.3 Law of Conservation of Mass2.4 Atoms and molecules

3. Physical and chemical changes

3.1 Examples of physical and chemical changes used in daily life3.2 Energy involved in changes that matter undergoes

IV. Living Things and Their Environment1. Highly organized structure of living organisms

1.1 Important characteristics of living organisms1.2 Cell as fundamental unit of structure of living organism1.3 Basic parts of a typical plant cell and animal cell and their functions

2. Interactions between living and non-living things2.1 Ecological system2.2 Food Chain and Food Web2.3 Flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem

3. Interrelationships among organisms and between organisms and their environment3.1 Effect of population size/density on food, space and relationship among organisms

4. Maintenance/Restoration of the integrity/balance of an ecosystem4.1 Importance of natural resources4.2 Conservation of soil, forest, wildlife

V. Changes in the Environment1. Resources of the earth

1.1 Raw materials from land, air and water1.2 Processes on how raw materials become fi nished products

2. Hydrosphere2.1 Density currents and upward movements of nutrients2.2 River formation and its effects on the environment2.3 Evidences of natural pollution in bodies of water

3. Atmosphere3.1 Weather and Climate3.2 Weather changes and periodic patterns3.3 Monsoon winds3.4 Weather prediction

4. Precautionary measures in cases of typhoon, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions5. Lithosphere

5.1 Theories of continental drift, sea fl oor spreading and plate tectonics5.2 Formation of mountains5.3 Geological structure5.4 Rock formation5.5 Types of rocks5.6 Weathering5.7 Soil transfer

VI. The Earth and Its Neighbors1. Physical features of planet earth2. Effects of earth’s motion

2.1 Different motions of the earth2.2 Day and night, seasonal changes

3. Moon-earth system3.1 Tides and Eclipses

4. Other members of the Solar system4.1 Composition of the solar system4.2 Size, distance and characteristics of the planets of the solar system4.3 Comets and meteors

5. Beyond the Solar system5.1 Star map and constellations5.2 Characteristics of stars and other heavenly bodies5.3 Birth and death of a star5.4 Star clusters, galaxies and other celestial formation

VII. Force, Work and Energy1. Interaction of matter

1.1 Conceptual meaning of force1.2 Contact and non-contact forces1.3 Gravitational, magnetic, electric and nuclear forces1.4 Effects of forces in matter1.5 Work and its operational defi nition1.6 Work done in different situations1.7 Different kinds of simple machines and their uses1.8 Work done using simple machines

2. Energy, its forms and transformation2.1 Different forms of energy2.2 Transformations of energy

3. Energy resources3.1 Sources of energy in the Philippines3.2 Conventional and non conventional sources of energy

4. Understanding energy problems4.1 Current energy problems4.2 Solutions to energy problems4.3 Local resources4.4 Energy technology

5. Importance of using energy wisely

Second Year: BIOLOGY

I. Introduction1. Nature of biology as a science of life

1.1 Unifying ideas in biology2. Biological concepts as applied in technology

2.1 Implications and responsibilities of any biotechnology3. Contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in Biology

3.1 Contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the fi eld of biology and biotechnology4. The compound microscope

4.1 Parts of the compound microscope4.2 Special tools in research and technology

II. Ecosystem1. Similarities and differences of ecosystems

1.1 Natural and man-made ecosystems1.2 Managed and unmanaged ecosystems

2. Man’s role in maintaining balance in nature2.1 Environmental issues2.2 Prevention of ecological problems

III. Cell Structure and Function1. The Cell- a highly organized structure

1.1 Parts of the cell1.2 Plant cells and animal cells1.3 Unicellular and multicellular organisms1.4 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

2. Discoveries on cellular structures and functions that have led to useful technologies2.1 Activities of cell organelles used to promote food production and health

3. Cellular exchange of materials with the environment3.1 Osmosis and diffusion3.2 Active and passive transport3.3 Phagocytosis and exocytosis

IV. Biodiversity1. Diverse forms of living things

1.1 Distinguishing characteristics of organisms1.2 Common viruses and their effects on host cells

2. Potential value of organisms2.1 Economic importance of organisms2.2 Conserving economically important organisms

V. Evolution1. Theories of evolution

1.1 Darwin’s theory of evolution1.2 Lamarck’s theory of evolution

2. Direct and indirect evidences of evolution2.1 Distinguishing direct from indirect evidence of evolution2.2 Indirect evidences of shared ancestry

3. Evolutionary pattern in plants, animals and human beings3.1 Factors affecting the pattern of evolution in some plants, animals and human beings3.2 Effects of some technologies on the evolution of organisms

VI. Life Energy1. Understanding how organisms obtain energy

1.1 Cell part involved in obtaining energy1.2 Energy location and function of chlorophyll pigments1.3 Requirements of photosynthesis1.4 Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis1.5 Characteristics of plants that make them effi cient producers1.6 Role of green plants as energy suppliers1.7 Scientifi c explanations behind farming practices

2. Understanding how organisms produce energy2.1 Cell part involved in producing energy2.2 Requirements of cellular respiration2.3 Stages of cellular respiration2.4 Interdependency of living things for important gases through oxygen-carbon dioxide

cycles

VII. Organ Systems1. Interaction of cells, tissues, organ systems in maintaining the life of an organism

1.1 Coordinated functions of cells, tissues, organ systems in maintaining the life of plants, animals and human beings

1.2 Necessity of an organized system for proper growth development and survival of the organism

1.3 Importance of the body systems in the overall functioning of the organism2. Anatomy and physiology of plants and animals

2.1 Parts and functions of the different organ systems

2.2 Requirements of plants for growth2.3 Absorption and transportation of materials and water in plants

3. Human anatomy and physiology3.1 Parts and functions of the different organ systems3.2 Parts of the different organs systems in the human body3.3 Functions of the different organ systems

4. Technologies that help defective organ systems function properly4.1 Identifying technologies that help scientifi c defective organ system function properly

VIII. Reproduction1. Importance of cell division

1.1 Cell cycle1.2 Explaining mitosis and meiosis1.3 Differentiating mitosis from meiosis

2. Cellular reproduction among plants, animals and human beings2.1 Sexual and asexual reproduction in a variety of organisms

3. Human Reproduction3.1 Parts and functions of the human reproductive system3.2 Stages of development of the fertilized embryo and fetus

4. Problems and issues related to fertility and population growth4.1 Analyzing some problems on fertility4.2 Ways of planning population growth

5. Ill effects of human sexually transmitted diseases5.1 Risks of contamination to various sexually transmitted diseases specially AIDS

IX. Genetics1. Chromosomal basis of inheritance and the role of DNA as a blue print of life

1.1 Explaining the chromosomal basis of inheritance1.2 Importance of DNA in the transmission of traits

2. Fundamental role of chromosomes and genes in hereditary variations2.1 Discussing how chromosomes and genes are related to each other

3. Mendelian Principles of Heredity3.1 Mendel’s experiment on garden peas illustrating Mendelian Principle’s of Inheritance 3.2 Traits that follow Mendelian patterns of heredity3.3 Solving monohybrid crosses given the phenotypes and genotypes of parents

4. Non Mendelian Patterns of Heredity4.1 Inferring that certain traits do not always follow the Mendelian Principles of Heredity

5. Different chromosomal aberrations5.1 Explaining how mutation occurs

6. Issues concerning advanced technologies in genetics

6.1 Effects of genetic engineering6.2 Genetically Modifi ed Organisms or Food6.3 Problems concerning cloning and gene splicing

THIRD YEAR: CHEMISTRY

I. Introduction1. Importance of Chemistry

1.1 Importance of Chemistry to daily life Role of Chemistry in society and industry1.2 Contributions of Chemistry to other sciences1.3 Different tasks of a chemist

2. Achievements of Filipino and foreign scientists in chemistry and related technology2.1 Researches in Chemistry conducted by Filipino scientists2.2 Contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the fi eld of chemical technology

3. Different apparatus used in a Chemistry laboratory3.1 Uses of the different apparatus’ in a Chemistry laboratory3.2 Safety precautions to be observed in a Chemistry laboratory

4. Mathematical concepts in Chemistry4.1 Signifi cant fi gures4.2 Mathematical concepts in problem solving using scientifi c notation4.3 Conversion in length, volume, temperature, pressure, etc.4.4 Basic concept of a mole

II. Classifying matter1. Identifi cation of different chemical systems

1.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems1.2 Differences between pure substances and mixtures1.3 Types of mixtures1.4 Differences between elements and compounds1.5 Classifi cation of elements as metals and non-metals1.6 Classifi cation of compounds whether acid, base or salts1.7 Classifi cations of compounds whether organic or inorganic substances

2. Elements and compounds in daily life2.1 Basic elements and compounds present in daily life2.2 Elements and compounds used in industries which are vital to our national economy

3. Techniques in preparing, separating and purifying matter3.1 Methods of separation of mixtures3.2 Preparation of useful mixtures3.3 Separation of components of a mixture3.4 Recovery of useful chemicals

III. Solutions1. Properties of solutions

1.1 Types of solutions1.2 How the dissolving process occurs1.3 Relationship between the dissolving process and energy changes involved in the process1.4 Saturated, supersaturated and unsaturated solutions1.5 Factors affecting solubility1.6 Colligative properties1.7 Relationship between the mole concept and concentration of solutions1.8 Problems on concentration of solutions (% by volume, molarity, molality, normality, mole

fraction, etc.)2. Solutions and the environment

2.1 Importance of colligative properties of solutions to daily life2.2 Water pollution in relation to solutions2.3 Importance of electrolyte balance in the body

IV. Colloids1. Properties, preparation and uses of colloids

1.1 Classifi cation of colloids1.2 Properties of colloids and their behavior1.3 Methods and principles involved in purifi cation of colloids1.4 Preparation of useful colloids

2. Importance of colloids to daily life2.1 Colloids in technology2.2 Importance of colloids to daily life2.3 Biological and environmental impact of colloids2.4 Gas mixtures and air pollution

V. Gases1. Behavior of gases

1.1 Properties and behavior of gases based on Kinetic Molecular Theory1.2 Relationship among molecular interactions, boiling points, vapor pressure and phases of

matter1.3 Diffusion of gases1.4 Relationship between rate of diffusion and the molecular mass of a substance1.5 Boyle’s law1.6 Charles’ law1.7 Relationship between concept of a mole and volume of gases1.8 Variables that describe the state of gases (P, T, V, n…)

2. Problem solving using mathematical calculations2.1 Boyle’s, Charles’, Charles’, Charles’ Avogadro’s, and Dalton’s law of partial pressure

3. Gas law principles and common household technologies3.1 Storage of gases and volatile liquids3.2 Application of gas laws in daily occurrences3.3 Technologies involved pressure cooker, refrigerators, bicycle pump, generators, etc.3.4 Properties of gases and air pollution

VI. Inside the Atom1. Scientists involved in the early development of the atomic theory

1.1 Signifi cance of the contributions of early scientists in the development of the atomic theory

1.2 Radioactive elements in the treatment of diseases2. The structure of the atom

2.1 Dalton’s atomic theory2.2 Law of chemical changes and Dalton’s atomic theory2.3 Cathode ray and the atom2.4 Rutherford’s experiment2.5 The subatomic particles2.6 Number of protons, number of neutrons and number of electrons present in an atom/ion2.7 Relationship between atomic mass and isotopes2.8 Electrons in defi nite energy levels

2.9 Properties of atoms and their valence electronsVII. Order among elements

1. Properties of elements based on the periodic table1.1 Chemical symbols of elements1.2 The arrangement of elements in the periodic table1.3 Chemical behavior of elements in the periodic table1.4 Relationship of group number of the element and the valence electrons of the elements1.5 Trends in the periodic table

2. Properties of elements and their uses in technology2.1 Properties and uses of elements2.2 Properties of elements, its application to modern technology and its effect to the

environment2.3 Importance of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals in the human

bodyVIII. Ties that chemically bind

1. How atoms combine 1.1 Formation of ionic, covalent and metallic bonds1.2 Type of bond formed between two elements and their position in the periodic table

1.3 Electronegativity values and type of bond formed 1.4 Chemical formula of covalent and ionic compounds1.5 Molecular and empirical formula1.6 Polar and non-polar bonds1.7 Forces of attraction between molecules

2. Chemical bonds in relation to the properties and uses of compounds2.1 Biological importance of ions in the human body and the environment2.2 Properties of metals and the type of bond formed

IX. Changes in matter1. Practical applications of chemical/phase changes

1.1 Practical applications of phase/chemical changes in the homes, community and industry1.2 Importance of these applications in technologies that help improve the quality of life 1.3 Evidences of a chemical reaction

2. Laws governing chemical changes2.1 Solving for the number of moles given mass of a compound or vice versa 2.2 Chemical formula of compounds given the mass ratio and the atomic masses of elements

present 2.3 Law of conservation of mass 2.4 Mole concept to determine the % composition of a compound

3. Chemical equations3.1 Types of reactions3.2 Information gathered from a balanced equation3.3 Identifi cation of type of reaction involved given a balanced equation3.4 Chemical reactions involved in soap making and car batteries

X. Change, energy and time1. How chemical reactions occur

1.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions1.2 Factors affecting rates of chemical reactions1.3 Chemical reaction in decay of foods, growth of plants, digestion of food, etc

2. Importance of controlling rates of reactions in technology2.1 Scientifi c principle behind commercial and industrial products using heat of reactions2.2 Application of factors affecting rates of reactions in food preservation, fi re control,

pollution, corrosion and materials production, etc.

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES AND MATERIALS

A. Suggested Strategies1. Discovery Learning

It is the hands-on and experiential learning that requires a teacher’s full knowledge of content, pedagogy and child development to create an environment in which new learnings are related to what has come before and to that which will follow.

Processes for discovery learning:a. Explorationb. Concept Introduction c. Concept Application

2. Process Skills DevelopmentIt is the development of very different but important skills used in a classroom learning

environment that has discovery learnings as its central focus. These skills are:a. Observing b. Using space/time relationshipc. Using numbersd. Classifyinge. Measuringf. Communicatingg. Predictingh. InferringIntegrated Process Developmenta. Controlling variablesb. Interpreting datac Formulating hypothesesd. Defi ning operationallye. Experimenting

3. Teaching science in an outdoor environmentScience is taught with the use of the things or materials present in the environment.

4. Cooperative LearningScience students work together in small groups to learn academic and interpersonal skills. It

fosters academic, personal and social success to all students.

B. MaterialsAll DepEd approved Textbooks/Teachers’ Manual

GRADING SYSTEM

Herewith is the basis for grading in Science:

PERIODICAL TEST 25% LABORATORY WORK LABORATORY WORK LABORATORY WORK 25% ORAL DISCOURSE 15% QUIZZES 15% PROJECT 10% HOMEWORK/JOURNAL WRITING 10%

TOTAL 100%

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

First Year: INTEGRATED SCIENCE

Specifi c Competencies

After undergoing the fi rst year Science Program, the learner shall have developed the following competencies:

I. Introduction

1. Relate how science and technology affect mans’ belief, practices, and ways of thinking1.1 Cite local superstitions, beliefs and practices/ways of thinking that are related to science

and technology1.2 Cite examples of how science and technology infl uences our lives1.3 Discuss the importance of scientifi c values in decision making and problem-solving in

daily life

2. Appreciate the contributions to science and technology of outstanding Filipino and foreign scientists2.1 Identify the desirable qualities of scientists2.2 Cite contributions made by outstanding Filipino and foreign scientists

II. Scientifi c Method

1. Apply processes of science in solving daily life problems1.1 Discuss steps in the scientifi c method

1.1.1 Defi ne: problem, hypothesis, experimental design, variables, observation, conclusion, theory and law.

1.1.2 Differentiate between independent and dependent variables.1.1.3 Compare and contrast experimental and control groups.

1.2 Gather data with precision and accuracy1.2.1 Make specifi c observations on particular events.1.2.2 Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative observations.1.2.3 Cite the importance of measurement in scientifi c investigations1.2.4 Enumerate some apparatus, their uses and safety precautions in the laboratory1.2.5 Use measuring instruments such as balance, ruler, meter stick, stopwatch, graduated

cylinder, thermometer, spring balance, etc. with precision and accuracy.1.2.6 Apply signifi cant fi gures in four fundamental operations

1.2.7 Express quantities in scientifi c notation1.2.8 Convert from one unit to another using factor label method1.2.9 Measure masses and volumes of solids / liquids / gases1.2.10 Solve density of solids / liquids / gases and cite its implications to daily life

1.3 Analyze data to come up with a scientifi c conclusion1.3.1 Make inferences from recorded observations1.3.2 Use diagrams/charts/graphs in the presentation of a set of data1.3.3 Interpret data in a table or graph (pie, line, bar)

2. Recognize the role of scientifi c investigations in gathering scientifi c knowledge2.1 Discuss recent scientifi c investigations (researches) that have enriched our scientifi c

knowledge.

III. Matter and Its Properties

1. Understand some natural phenomena in terms of properties of matter1.1 Illustrate by examples the following:

• diffusion of gases• capillarity• surface tension

2. Demonstrate understanding of the properties, classifi cation and composition of matter2.1 Differentiate substances from mixtures2.2 Identify matter in the environment in terms of their properties (e.g. density, etc.)2.3 Illustrate the law of conservation of mass in different situations2.4 Infer that matter is made up of atoms and molecules2.5 Use models to describe atoms and molecules

3. Demonstrate awareness and understanding of physical and chemical changes3.1 Give examples on how physical and chemical changes are used in daily life3.2 Investigate how energy is involved in changes that matter undergoes

IV. Living Things And Their Environment1. Understand the highly organized structure of living organisms

1.1 Identify important characteristics of living organisms1.2 Discuss the cells as the fundamental unit of structure of living organisms1.3 Cite basic parts of a typical plant cell and animal cell and their functions

2. Understand the interactions between living and non-living things2.1 Explain what makes and ecological system

2.2 Differentiate between food chain and food web2.3 Illustrate the fl ow of matter and energy in an ecosystem

3. Show how man disturbs the interrelationship among organisms and between organisms and their environment3.1 Discuss the effect of population size/density on food, space and relationships among

organisms

4. Show how man maintains/restores the integrity/balance of an ecosystem4.1 Discuss how natural resources can be used wisely4.2 Explain conservation of soil, forest, wild life, water and air

V. Changes in the Environment1. Understand the resources of the earth (land, air, water)

1.1 Enumerate raw materials obtained from land, air and water1.2 Discuss some processes on how raw materials become fi nished products1.3 Explain how technology can reduce pollution

2. Demonstrate understanding of the hydrospherehydrosphere2.1 Differentiate density currents and upward movements of nutrients2.2 Discuss the stages in river formation and its effects on the environment2.3 Cite evidences of natural pollution in bodies of water

3. Demonstrate understanding of the atmosphereatmosphere3.1 Infer that weather changes and climate are affected by changes in the environment3.2 Keep a record of weather changes and determine periodic patterns3.3 Apply the principle of convention current to explain monsoon winds3.4 Predict the weather based on some data patterns3.5 Show preparedness in case of typhoon and other weather disturbances.

4. Demonstrate understanding of the changes in the lithospherelithosphere4.1 Cite evidences supporting the theories of continental drift, sea fl oor spreading and plate

tectonics4.2 Discuss how folding and faulting rocks form mountains4.3 Infer origin of a place, given the present geological structure 4.4 Discuss rock formation4.5 Collect and identify types of rocks and the minerals found in them4.6 Give examples of minerals found in the locality and in the country4.7 Trace soil formation from rocks (weathering)4.8 Discuss how soil is transferred to other places by different means

4.9 Suggest precautionary measures in cases of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, etc.

VI. The Earth and Its Neighbors

1. Demonstrate knowledge of the physical features of the planet earth1.1 Discuss distance of the earth from the sun, its size, shape, age, inclination, density and

other properties

2. Understand the effects of earth’s motions2.1 Demonstrate the different motions of the earth using a model2.2 Discuss the phenomena that result from the different motions of the earth (day and night,

seasonal changes)

3. Develop awareness and understanding of the different phenomena related to the moon-earth system3.1 Discuss how tides and eclipses occur3.2 Cite situation/s how these affect people’s lives3.3 Discuss safety precautions in observing partial eclipses

4. Demonstrate understanding of the other members of the solar system4.1 Describe the composition of the solar system4.2 Compare the planets as to size, distance from the sun and other characteristics4.3 Describe the minor members of the solar system (comets and meteors)

5. Show understanding of what lies beyond the solar system5.1 Construct a simple star map and constellarium for fi nding direction5.2 Discuss how scientists study the characteristics of stars and other heavenly bodies5.3 Trace the changes that happen from birth to death of a star and how they will affect the

earth5.4 Distinguish star clusters, galaxies and other celestial formations and discuss their

implications

VII. Force, Work and Energy

1. Understand how matter interact and affect other matter1.1 Understand the conceptual meaning of force1.2 Distinguish between contact and non-contact force1.3 Differentiate among gravitational, magnetic, electric and nuclear forces 1.4 Identify the effects of forces on matter: change in speed and direction

1.5 Understand work and its operational defi nition1.6 Compute work done on different situations1.7 Identify the different kinds of simple machines and their uses.1.8 Compare work done using simple machines

2. Demonstrate understanding of energy, its forms and transformations2.1 Differentiate the forms of energy2.2 Illustrate the transformation of energy from one form to another2.3 Analyze how energy is transferred from one system to another

3. Appreciate the fact that our country is blessed with abundant energy resources3.1 Identify sources of energy in the Philippines3.2 Compare the signifi cance of using conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

4. Show awareness and understanding of energy problems4.1 Discuss the current energy problems4.2 Present possible solutions to energy problems4.3 Investigate some local resources that may be a substitute energy source4.4 Evaluate the energy technology appropriate in the community given criteria

5. Appreciate the importance of using the energy wisely5.1 Discuss/practice wise use of energy

Values Integration in Integrated Science1. Spirit of gratitude2. Positive attitudes/behavior3. Resourcefulness and creativeness4. Cooperation and patience5. Importance of accuracy and precision6. Intellectual honesty/respect7. Recognition of individual differences8. Value of sensitivity9. Active participation in the community10. Restoration/Maintenance of a balanced ecosystem11. Vigilance, awareness and open mindedness12. Proper waste disposal/hygiene13. Value of family solidarity14. Moral responsibility

Second Year: BIOLOGY

Specifi c Competencies

After undergoing the Second Year Science & Technology Program, the learner shall have developed the following competencies:

I. Introduction

1. Understand the nature of biology as a science of life1.1 Identify the unifying ideas in biology1.2 Explain the different life processes1.3 Design simple experiments following the scientifi c method

2. Understand biological concepts as applied in technology2.1 Explain biological concepts in given technology2.2 Assess the implications and responsibility of any biotechnology

3. Appreciate the contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the development of biology and biotechnology3.1 Describe the contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the fi eld of biology and

biotechnology

4. Know how to operate the compound microscope4.1 Identify the parts of the compound microscope4.2 Give uses of the compound microscope4.3 Name the special tools in research and technology

II. Ecosystem

1. Be aware of the similarities and differences of ecosystems1.1 Differentiate natural from man-made ecosystems1.2 Identify plant and animal life in controlled (managed) and uncontrolled (unmanaged)

ecosystems

2. Understand man’s role in maintaining balance in nature2.1 Analyze the different environmental issues relevant to the community2.2 Suggest ways of minimizing or preventing ecological problems

III. Cell Structure and Function

1. Appreciate the cell as a highly organized structure1.1 Identify the different parts of the cell1.2 Differentiate plant cells from animal cells1.3 Differentiate unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms1.4 Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells

2. Understand how discoveries on cellular structures and functions have led to useful technologies2.1 Point out that the activities of certain cell organelles are used to promote food production

and health

3. Appreciate cellular exchange of materials with the environment3.1 Explain how osmosis is related to diffusion 3.2 Distinguish between active and passive transport3.3 Differentiate phagocytosis from exocytosis

IV. Biodiversity

1. Appreciate the existence of diverse forms of living things1.1 Describe the distinguishing characters of the different groups of organisms 1.2 Describe some common viruses and their effects on host cells

2. Be aware of the potential value of organisms 2.1 Evaluate the economic importance of organisms2.2 Propose ways to conserve economically important organisms

V. Evolution1. Understand the theories of evolution

1.1 Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution1.2 Differentiate Lamarck’s theory of evolution from Darwin’s theory

2. Discuss the direct and indirect evidences for evolution2.1 Distinguish between direct and indirect evidence for evolution2.2 Describe some indirect evidences of shared ancestry

3. Analyze the pattern of evolution in plants, animals and human beings3.1 Give some factors that affect the pattern of evolution in some plants, animals and human

beings3.2 Discuss the effects of some technologies on the evolution of organisms

VI. Life Energy1. Understand how organisms obtain energy

1.1 Describe the cell part involved in obtaining energy1.2 Describe the energy location and function of chlorophyll pigments1.3 State the requirements of photosynthesis1.4 Explain light and dark reactions of photosynthesis1.5 Identify the characteristics of plants that make them effi cient producers1.6 Analyze the role of green plants as energy supplier to the ecosystem1.7 Give scientifi c explanations behind farming practices

2. Understand how organisms produce energy2.1 Describe the cell part involved in producing energy2.2 State the requirements of cellular respiration 2.3 Explain the stages of cellular respiration2.4 Evaluate the importance of the interdependency of living things for important gases

through oxygen-carbon dioxide cycles

VII. Organ Systems

1. Understand the interaction of cells, tissues, organs an systems I in maintaining the life of an organism1.1 Illustrate the coordinated functions of cells, tissues, organ systems in maintaining the life

of plants, animals and human beings1.2 Recognize the necessity of an organized system for proper growth development and

survival of the organism1.3 Assess the importance of each of the body systems in the overall functioning of the

organism

2. Understand the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals2.1 Describe the parts and functions of the different organ systems in plants2.2 State requirements of plants for growth2.3 Illustrate how materials and water are absorbed and transported in plants.

3. Understand human anatomy and physiology3.1 Describe the parts and functions of the different organ systems3.2 Identify the parts of the different organ systems in the human body3.3 Give the functions of the different organ systems

4. Appreciate the technologies that help defective organ systems functions properly4.1 Identify the technologies that help the scientifi c defective organ system function properly

VIII. Reproduction

1. Understand and appreciate the importance of cell division1.1 Describe the cell cycle 1.2 Explain mitosis and meiosis1.3 Differentiate mitosis from meiosis

2. Recognize cellular reproduction among plants, animals and human beings2.1 Differentiate sexual from asexual reproduction in a variety of organisms

3. Understand the process of human Reproduction3.1 Identify the parts and function of the human reproductive system3.2 Describe the stages of development of the fertilized embryo and fetus

4. Know the problems and issues related to fertility and population growth4.1 Analyze some problems on fertility4.2 Suggest ways of planning population growth

5. Demonstrate understanding of the ill effects of human sexually transmitted diseases5.1 Identify the risks of contamination to various sexually transmitted diseases specially

AIDS

IX. Genetics1. Understand the chromosomal basis of inheritance and the role of DNA as a blue print of life

1.1 Explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance1.2 Give the importance of DNA in the transmission of traits

2. Understand the fundamental role of chromosomes and genes in hereditary variations2.1 Discuss how chromosomes and genes are related to each other

3. Demonstrate understanding of the Mendelian Principles of heredity3.1 Analyze Mendel’s experiment on garden peas to illustrate Mendelian principles of

inheritance3.2 Identify the traits that follow Mendelian patterns of heredity3.3 Solve monohybrid crosses given the phenotypes and genotypes of parents

4. Explain the Non Mendelian patterns of heredity4.1 Infer that certain traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity

5. Understand the different chromosomal aberrations5.1 Explain how mutation occurs

6. Cite some pressing issues concerning advanced technologies in genetics6.1 Analyze the effects of genetic engineering6.2 Explain what Genetically Modifi ed Organisms or Food are6.3 Analyze some problems concerning cloning and gene splicing

7. Analyze the pattern of evolution in plants, animals and human beings7.1 Give some factors that affect the pattern of evolution in some plants, animals and human

beings7.2 Discuss the effects of some technologies on the evolution of organisms

Values Integration in Biology1. Exercise traits of honesty, prudence and cooperation2. Make correct ethical judgment or decisions3. Demonstrate open mindedness and respect for the ideas of others4. Realize the value of sincerity5. Promote a sense of responsibility6. Realize the value of patience7. Appreciate the value of being systematic8. Appreciate the value of curiosity and orderliness9. Consider the value of fl exibility10. Consider moral and social implications

Third Year: CHEMISTRY

Specifi c Competencies

After undergoing the Third Year Science Program, the learner shall have developed the following competencies:

I. Introduction

1. Appreciate the importance of Chemistry to daily life1.1 Relate the importance of Chemistry to daily life1.2 Describe the role of Chemistry to society and industry1.3 Cite contributions of Chemistry to other sciences like medicine, nursing, nutrition,

psychology, etc.1.4 Enumerate the different tasks of a chemist

2. Appreciate the achievements of Filipino and foreign scientists in the development of chemistry and related technology2.1 Give examples and discuss researches conducted by Filipino scientists which fi nd

applications in chemistry2.2 Cite contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the fi eld of chemical technology

3. Appreciate and understand the uses of the different apparatus used in a chemistry laboratory3.1 Identify and give the uses of some important apparatus used in chemistry laboratory3.2 Enumerate and explain the safety precautions to be observed in a chemistry laboratory

4. Demonstrate understanding of mathematical concepts in chemistry 4.1 Recognize the importance of signifi cant fi gures in scientifi c calculations4.2 Identify the different mathematical concepts involved in solving problems using scientifi c

notation4.3 Solve problems involving conversions in length, volume, temperature, pressure, etc.4.4 State and explain the basic concept of a mole

II. Classifying Matter

1. Demonstrate skill in identifying chemical systems and classifi cation of matter1.1 Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous systems1.2 Name and give examples of pure substances and mixtures1.3 Enumerate and describe three (3) types of mixtures1.4 Operationally differentiate between elements and compounds1.5 Classify elements as metals or non-metals based on their properties

1.6 Detect compounds whether acids, bases and salts, using indicators1.7 Group compounds into organic and inorganic substances using formulas

2. Appreciate understanding of elements and compounds present in daily life2.1 Cite elements and compounds which are basic to our daily existence like building

components of teeth and bones; food preparations and medicines2.2 Identify elements and compounds used in industries which are vital to the national

economy

3. Demonstrate simple techniques in preparing, separating and purifying matter3.1 Discuss different methods of separating mixtures3.2 Prepare useful mixtures from easily available resources in the Community3.3 Separate the components of a mixture3.4 Recover useful chemicals/materials as a result of the separation of mixtures

III. Solutions

1. Gain understanding of solutions1.1 Identify types of solutions1.2 Describe the changes that occur in the dissolving process substances1.3 Relate the changes that accompany this process to energy changes and molecular

interactions1.4 Enumerate and explain the difference among saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated

solutions1.5 Explain the factors affecting solubility1.6 State and explain the colligative properties of a solution1.7 Identify the relationship of the mole concept to concentration of solutions1.8 Solve problems on solution concentrations (% by volume & molarity)

2. Appreciate solutions at work in the natural environment2.1 Apply knowledge of the importance of colligative properties of solutions to daily living2.2 Relate solutions to water pollution caused by toxic substances dissolved in water (heavy

metals, pesticides, detergents)2.3 State the importance of electrolyte balance in the body

IV. Colloids

1. Demonstrate understanding of the properties, preparations and uses of colloids1.1 Classify colloids1.2 Relate the properties of colloids to their behavior

1.3 Discuss the methods and principles applied in purifying colloids as in dialysis1.4 Prepare useful colloids

2. Appreciate the importance of colloids to daily life2.1 Explain how the properties of colloids are utilized in technology2.2 Evaluate the importance of colloids to daily life2.3 Describe the biological and environmental impact of colloids like aerosols sprays, hair gel

and smoke2.4 Relate the property of gas mixtures to air pollution

V. Gases

1. Demonstrate understanding of the behavior of gases1.2 Enumerate and explain the properties and behavior of gases based on kinetic molecular theory 1.3 State the relationship among molecular interactions and phases of matter1.4 Compare the diffusion of gases at standard pressure and temperature 1.3 Infer the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the molecular mass of a

substance1.4 Derive from given data the relationship between volume and pressure of a confi ned gas at

constant temperature 1.5 Derive from given data the relationship between volume and temperature of a confi ned

gas at constant pressure1.6 Relate the concept of a mole to volume of gases1.7 Defi ne the variable that describe the state of a gas(V, P, T, n….)

2. Show skill in solving problems using mathematical calculations2.1 Solve problems involving Boyle’s, Charles’, Avogadro’s, Dalton’s law of partial pressure

3. Understand gas laws and principles involved in some technologies3.1 Cite safety measures to be observed in storing gases and volatile quids3.2 Apply gas laws in explaining daily occurrences 3.3 Enumerate and explain some technologies such as pressure cooker, bicycle pump, etc.3.4 Relate the properties of gases to air pollution

VI. Inside the Atom

1. Appreciate the contributions of early scientists in the development of atomic theory1.1 Recognize the signifi cance of the contributions of early scientists in the development

particularly the Laws of Conservation of mass, Defi nite Composition and Multiple Proportion

1.2 Explain how radioactive elements are utilized in the diagnosis/treatment of diseases, the risks involved and the methods of protection

2. Gain understanding of the structure of the atom2.1 Explain Dalton’s atomic theory 2.2 Explain the law of chemical changes in terms of Dalton’s atomic theory 2.3 Discuss what cathode rays and radioactivity reveal about the atom2.4 Explain Rutherford’s experiment to prove the existence of the nucleus2.5 Name and describe the sub atomic particles2.6 Determine the number of protons, number of neutrons and number of electrons in an atom/

ion2.7 Cite the relationship between atomic mass and the relative abundance of isotopes2.8 Explain how the emission spectra of elements provide evidence for the

existence of energy levels, and that electrons have defi nite energy levels2.9 Describe the reactivity of the atom in terms of its valence electrons

VII. Order Among Elements

1. Demonstrate understanding of the properties of elements based on periodic atomic properties1.1 Write chemical symbols of elements or name the elements given the chemical symbol1.2 State the basis of the arrangement of elements in the periodic table1.3 Use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element1.4 Relate the number of valence electrons of elements to their group number in the periodic

table1.5 Infer trends in atomic sizes, ionization energy, metallic and nonmetallic properties and

electronegativity across the period and down the family

2. Appreciate the importance of knowing the properties of elements and how they are used in technology2.1 Enumerate and describe the properties of elements and their uses 2.2 Cite the importance of knowing the properties of elements and how they are applied

particularly in modern technologies and those concerning the environment2.3 Discuss the importance of some alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals

in the human body

VIII. Ties That Chemically Bind

1. Understand how atoms combine1.1 Illustrate the formation of ionic, covalent and metallic bonds1.2 Relate the type of bond formed between two or three elements to their location in the

periodic table

1.3 Deduce which atoms have the tendency to form covalent bonds or ionic bonds given the electronegativity values of the elements

1.4 Write formulas of covalent and ionic compounds1.5 Distinguish between molecular and empirical formulas1.6 Compare and contrast polar and non polar covalent bonds1.7 Enumerate and explain the forces of attraction that exists between molecules

2. Demonstrate understanding of chemical bonds and how they relate to the properties and uses of compounds2.1 Discuss the biological importance of certain ions to the human body and ions in the

environment2.2 Relate the properties of metals to the type of bond formed

IX. Changes in Matter

1. Appreciate the practical applications of phase/chemical changes1.1 Explain the application of phase/chemical changes used at home, in the community and

industry1.2 Recognize the importance of these applications in technologies that help improve the

quality of life1.3 Evaluate evidences of chemical changes

2. Demonstrate understanding of the laws governing chemical changes2.1 Convert number of moles to mass or vice versa and to the number of particles (atoms, ions,

molecules) or vice versa2.2 Derive the chemical formula of a compound, given the mass ratio and the atomic masses

of the elements present2.3 State and explain the law of Conservation of Mass2.4 Determine the percentage composition of a compound

3. Demonstrate the ability to use symbols, formulas and chemical equations in explaining chemical equations3.1 Identify and give examples of the four general types of chemical reactions3.2 Explain the implied information derived from a balanced equation3.3 Classify chemical reactions given balanced chemical equation3.4 Identify chemical equations involved in chemical processes as in soap making and car

batteries

X. Change , Energy and Time

1. Demonstrate understanding of how chemical reactions occur

1.1 Differentiate exothermic from endothermic reactions1.2 Enumerate and explain the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions1.3 Describe chemical reactions taking place in the decay of foods, growth of plants, digestion

of foods, etc.

2. Appreciate the importance of controlling rates of reactions in technology2.1 Cite and explain the application of Heats of Reactions to commercial and industrial

processes2.2 State and explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied in food

preservation, control of fi re, pollution, corrosion and materials production

Values for Integration in Chemistry1. Role of an individual in the promotion of conservation of the environment2. Use of scientifi c method in solving problems in daily life3. The value of patience and understanding 4. Correct decision making5. The value of honesty and openmindedness6. Socialization and understanding the basic trait/character of people7. The value of inner/spiritual peace8. Honesty and responsibility9. Responsibilities of a member of the community10. The value of one’s duties and responsibilities as a member of a society11. Truthfulness12. Duties and responsibilities for the preservation of the environment13. Correct attitude towards the feelings of other people14. Awareness of existing energy problems and its solutions15. Moral Obligations and accompanying privileges

PROTOTYPE LESSON PLAN

Lesson Plan in Integrated Science

I. Target:

At the end of the activities, the students should be able to:1. Defi ne molecule.2. Cite evidences that molecules of a material are in constant motion.3. Prove that there are spaces between molecules.4. Describe diffusion5. Explain diffusion in terms of the kinetic molecular model of matter.6. Practice proper waste disposal and observe proper hygiene.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic:

1. What is Matter made of?MoleculesMolecular theory

B. Reference:

1. Science and Technology I by Gutierrez Textbook pp. 116-119 Teacher’s Manual pp. 106-109

2. Science and Technology I by Rabago Textbook pp. 84-86 Teacher’s Manual pp. 47-49

C. Materials:

For the student:1 jelly ace (white) glass of wateralcohol/perfume watch with second handink or any colored liquid extract sticka pinch of potassium permanganate

For the teacher:

Visual Aids Manila Paper

III. Learning Tasks:

A. Recall

Filipino Scientists and their achievement/contributions

B. Motivation

Have you experienced identifying the food your neighbors are cooking? Surely you can smell the difference between kaldereta and fried tuyo.

Similarly, if you put a few drops of kalamansi juice into a glass of water, the whole glass of water will taste sour almost immediately. What will happen to the taste of water if you add a pinch of salt or sugar?

C. Lesson Proper

1. Pre-lab DiscussionInstruction (See activity on diffusion)

2. Lab Proper- Performance of the activity on diffusion.

3. Post-lab DiscussionGuide Questions:

A. 1. What happen to the crystals of potassium permanganate? Did you observe any change? Describe the change.

2. Did you see any change in color of the gelatin?3. If so, what causes this change in color of the gelatin?4. Did your observations show that the potassium ermanganate crystals spread in the gelatin?5. How long did it take the potassium permanganate crystals to spread to down this far?

B. 6. What happened to the drops of soy sauce as they fall into the glass of water?7. What happened to the soy sauce and water after 2 minutes?8. How long did it take soy sauce to spread completely?

C. 9. What happened when the bottle is uncovered?10. How long did it take for the odor to reach you?11. Did you smell the odor of the substance in the bottle?

12. Was the odor a solid, a liquid or a gas?13. How did the odor reach you?

14. How long did it take for the odor to reach you?15. Give examples of diffusion in liquid; in gas.

4. Generalization:1. What are molecules?2. Defi ne diffusion. How is this phenomenon explained?3. Where is the motion of molecules fastest? slowest?4. Where are intermolecular spaces widest? smallest

Why can gases be compressed?5. State the molecular theory of matter.6. Illustrate examples of diffusion in daily life instances.

Concept:1. Molecule is particle of matter with more than one atom. It is the smallest particle of matter.2. Diffusion is the spreading of one substance into another3. Molecular theory states that:

a. Matter is made up of moleculesb. There are spaces between moleculesc. Molecules are constantly movingd. Molecules attract one another

4. Comparison of the phases of matter Basis of ComparisonBasis of Comparison Solid Solid Solid LiquidLiquid Liquid Liquid Gas

a. Intermolecular space smallest bigger bigger bigger biggestb. Molecular attractions back and forth slip and slide moves freelyc. Molecular motion slowest fast fast fast fastest

5. Citing examples of diffusion in solid diffusion in gas and in liquid.

5. Valuing

In selecting your perfume or lotions, how do you decide getting one?What should be done with your open esteros or garbage dumped which are continuously giving off stinking odor?

Application:a. Local drinks are improved in appearance by adding food colorsb. Adding potassium permanganate to the water as mouth wash.

6. EvaluationAnswer briefl y:

1. Why can you smell the odor of the food your mother is cooking in the kitchen?2. Why does water fl ow?3. Draw the arrangement of molecules in solids, liquid and gases.

IV. Agreement

Answer Briefl y1. Why should you cover your nose when someone in the room is smoking?

2. Many people from far away provinces opposed the operation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant because an accident in this plant would affect them. Do you think it is true? Why or why not?

ActivityDiffusion

Materials: 1 jelly ace (white) bottle of bagoong a pinch of potassium permanganate watch with second hand soy sauce glass of water

Procedure:A. Place a cube of jelly ace in the plate. Sprinkle a few grains of potassium permanganate on

the surface of the gelatin. Record the time when you did this. Set cube aside for 5 or more minutes. Observe how long it will take for the potassium permanganate to penetrate in the gelatin. While waiting for the results, go to step B.

B. Place a drop of soy sauce into a half glass of water. Record the time you dropped the soy sauce into the water. Watch the water for 2 minutes without moving the glass. Observe.

C. Place a small bottle of bagoong in a box. Open it in front of your classmate. Ask them to record the time when you opened the bottle and when they smelled the scent.

Lesson Plan in Integrated Science

I. TargetAt the end of the activities, the students should be able to:

1. Show how the molecular theory explains surface tension and capillarity.2. Illustrate capillarity and surface tension by examples3. Differentiate adhesion from cohesion.4. Appreciate the value of sensitivity in solving problems.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic:

1. Intermolecular attraction2. Capillarity

a. Adhesion b. Cohesion

B. References:

1. Science and Technology I by Rabago Textbook pp. 86-88 Teacher’s Manual pp. 48-49

2. Science and Technology I by Gutierrez Textbook pp. 120-122 Teacher’s Manual pp.111-112

3. Science and Technology I by Lianko Textbook pp.

C. Materials:

For the teacher: Illustrations Attraction between molecules within the surface of a liquid Picture of any insect striding on the surface of the water

Materials: Spring of a ball point pen and basin of the water

For the students:Glass of Water 3 plastic straws with differentNeedle diameter but with the same length

Detergent A clean bowl

III Learning Tasks:

A. RecallRemember the molecular theory of matter. Who can give some ideas about the theory?Illustrate molecular motion using the concept of diffusion. What are intermolecular spaces? Cite examples.

B. MotivationDemonstration:

Gently lay on top of the basin of water, a spring out of a ball point pen. If done properly spring fl oats. Why?

Turn the ball point pen spring on end and touch it in the surface, and pull the spring upward. What happens? What force is it that allows the water to pulled up against gravity?

C. Lesson Proper 1. Pre-lab Discussion

Discussion of Activity

2. Lab Activity

A. Surface Tension Materials:

A glass of Water a needle a clean bowl detergent

Procedure:1. First, carefully pour water into a clean bowl. Then, gently place a dry needle

horizontally on the surface of the water.2. Next, place the needle into the water vertically.3. Repeat procedure A. Then, drop a small amount of detergent on one corner

of the water. Observe.

B. Capillarity Materials:

3 colorless plastic straws with different diameter but with the same length a glass of colored water

Procedure:Dip the 3 pieces of plastic straw into a glass of colored water. Observe the amount that enters in the straw.

3. Post-lab DiscussionA. Surface tension

1. In procedure A, did the needle fl oat or sink?2. In the procedure B, did the needle fl oat or sink? Explain.3. Have you watched insects called striders play on the surface of a pond? What have

you observed?4. In procedure C, after dropping a small amount of detergent, what happens to the

needle?

B. Capillarity5. In which straw did the water rise the highest the one with the smallest diameter or

one with the biggest diameter.

4. Generalization1. Explain the following phenomena

a. Surface tensionb. Capillarity

2. Explain the rising of liquid inside the fi ne tubes?

3. Differentiate:a. Adhesionb. Cohesion

Concepts:1. Intermolecular attraction – attraction between molecules which is greatest in solids and

weakest in gases.a. Surface Tension – the condition which causes the water molecules at the surface to

behave as though they were being stretched.b. Capillarity – the rising of a liquid inside very fi ne tubes.

a. Adhesion – the attraction between two different kinds of molecules. (attraction between the molecules of the tube and those of water).

b. Cohesion – attraction between the same kind (attraction between the molecules of water).

5. Valuing There should be solidarity or cohesion among the members of the family, especially when

there are problems, or terrible needs. Togetherness or oneness will help solve the diffi culties much easier. It will lighten the burden of the problem. Everyone in the family must adhere to the principles of the parents in focusing/solving life’s trials.

Application:If water striders and other insects can walk on the surface of water, can humans do the same?

In the critically-acclaimed movie “Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon,” there was a scene when actors run on the surface of water. Is it possible?

Why do liquids rise in the strain as you drink your soda/softdrink?

While enjoying your softdrink (Coke), how do you account for the rise of the liquid in the straw to your mouth?

Can you compare yourself to the water striders while playing near the pond? Give your reasons for your answer.

6. EvaluationChoose the best answer:1. The rise of water from the roots to all parts of the plants is called:

a. Capillarity c. Gravitational forceb. Cohesion and Adhesion d. Surface tension

2. Iron fi lings do not sink when placed slowly on the surface of the water because of:a. Adhesion c. Cohesionb. Capillarity d. Surface Tension

3. Intermolecular attraction is greatest in:a. Gases c. Plasmab. Liquids d. Solids

Identify the following:4. Attraction between the same kind of molecules. 5. Rising of liquid inside fi ne tubes

IV. Agreement1. Give other examples of natural phenomena in matter.2. Defi ne the following terms:

mass density regular solids weight weight weight volume irregular solids

References: Science and Technology I pp.69-80.

Lesson Plan in Biology

I. Target

At the end of the activities, students should be able to:1. Classify technologies based on their nature and use.2. Give examples for each type.3. Appreciate the application of biology to realize biological concepts as applied in technology

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic: BiotechnologyB. Subtopics: Types of TechnologiesC. Materials: news articles, actual samples of technologiesD. References: Science and Technology by Rabago, Joaquin, Lagunzad

III Learning Tasks:A. Recall:

Finding the Hidden WordFind out the hidden words using the numbers that represent the letters of the alphabet (Ex. 1-A,

2-B)

2 9 15 20 5 3 8 14 15 12 15 7 25 (BIOTECHNOLOGY)

B. MotivationThe teacher asks the students to re-arrange the words to form a statement.

Many From AreBenefi ts There ScienceMankind That Derives

(There are many benefi ts that mankind derives from science)What do you mean by this?

C. Lesson Proper1. Preliminary Activity: Small Group Discussion

Ask the group to classify the technologies in their news article based on their nature and use (gadgets, products, processes or techniques)

Reporting Back1. What are the technologies present in your news article?2. How did you classify your technologies?

3. Of what importance are these technologies to us?4. What are the factors that we need to consider to determine what technologies are useful to

us?

D. Generalization:The types of technologies based on their nature and use are gadgets, products, processes and

techniques.Factors to consider in determining what technologies are appropriate for use are (1) maintenance

cost (2) availability of raw materials and manpower, (3) effect to ecosystem and (4) necessity.

E. Application:You have discovered a medicine that could help cure AIDS but you do not have enough money to

continue your research. What are you going to do?

F. Evaluation:

Classify the following technologies whether gadget, products or processes.1. Scanning microscope2. Laser device3. Safeguard4. Cosmetics5. Human Organ Transplant

IV. Agreement:Have an interview with doctors, farmers or veterinarians about the common diseases of plants,

animals and man in your community. You may include also the causes, effects and the ways of controlling or treating the disease.

Lesson Plan in Biology

I. TargetAt the end of the activities, students should be able to:

1. Name some common diseases among plants, animals and man in the community2. Discuss its causes and effects.3. Suggest new techniques in disease control.4. Discuss the value of health.

II. Subject Matter:

A. Topic: Biotechnology

B. Subtopics: New Techniques in Disease Control

C. Materials: Results of survey, illustration of macrophage trapping bacteria

D. References: Science and Technology II, SEDP Series Laboratory Activities in Science and Technology II by Gatapia and Bernardo

III. Learning Tasks:

A. Recall:Put the sample illustrations of types of technologies in the proper column. (shampoo, pen, lipstick,

dialysis machine, fermenting wine)

Gadget Product Process

B. MotivationMan goes through several stages of mental development and physical growth. A Filipino’s average

life span is around 65 years old. The body’s ability to resist disease declines with age. Many diseases can befall man during his lifetime. There are many ways of preventing disease. Even the human body has barriers designed to prevent entry of disease-causing organisms. An illustration of a macrophage trapping bacteria will be shown to the class.

C. Lesson Proper: Small Group Discussion1. Group yourselves according to the barangay or community you belong.2. Discuss within your group the results of the survey conducted.Reporting Back1. What animal, man or plant diseases are common in your community?2. What are the cause of the diseases ?3. How do plant and animal diseases affect crop and livestock production?4. What are the techniques in preventing diseases ?

D. Generalization: There are common diseases of plants, animals and man in a community. Microorganisms

like bacteria, viruses and fungi cause diseases. Diseases can be prevented through vaccination, proper hygiene and eating a balanced diet. There are new techniques in controlling diseases, such as cell fusion, use of antibiotics and use of monoclonal antibodies.

E. Application/ ValuingDo you believe in the saying “Health is Wealth”? Explain your answer.

F. Evaluation:Write the letter of the correct answer:________1. A new technique in controlling diseases wherein two cells combine into one is

called a) cell fusion c) MCA b) hybrid b) hybrid b) hybrid d) Vaccination

________2. Diseases can be prevented through a) vaccination c) eating a balanced diet b) proper hygiene d) all of the above

________3. Which of the following diseases are caused by virus a) AIDS c) TB b) fever b) fever b) fever d) cough

________4. Bacterial diseases can be treated with a) herbal plants c) hybridomas b) antibiotics d) cell fusion

________5. Researches on the preparation of drugs using herbal/ medicinal plants are going on. Which among the following plants are sources of drugs.

a) Lagundi c) Yerba Buenab) Tsaang Gubat d) all of the above

IV. Agreement: 1. What are the different techniques in improving the growth of crops and livestock?

Lesson Plan in Chemistry

I. Targets

At the end of the activities, the students should be able to:1. Enumerate the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions;2. Explain how each factor affects the rate of chemical reactions; and 3. Relate the value of working for our goals in life to the lesson.

II. Subject Matter

A. TopicFactors Affecting Rates of Chemical Reactions

B. References

Chemistry by Merrill pp. 448-452Chemistry by Addison Wesley pp. 492-494

III. Learning Tasks

a. RecallWe learned from the past lesson that chemical system a chemical system either release or absorb energy. When do we say energy is released/absorbed in a chemical system?

b. MotivationHow fast can a reaction go? We say some are very fast, others are very slow. There are many reasons that may affect rates of reaction. Can you name some?

C. Lesson Proper1. Activity

1.1 Effect of temperatureMeasure two 1 – gram sample of rock salt. Put each gram separately in small beaker. Pour 10 mL of tap water in one beaker and add 10 mL of hot water in the other. Observe the time it takes to dissolve each sample of salt.

1.2 Effect of Particle sizeMeasure one gram of rock salt. Put this on a small beaker. Measure one gram of granulated salt. Put this also in another small beaker. Pour 10 mL of tap water into each beaker. Compare the rate of dissolving of solids in the beaker.

1.3 Effect of concentrationMeasure 10 mL of 3 M HCl and put this into a small beaker. Measure the same amount of 6 M HCl and put it in a different beaker. Measure 2 inches of Mg ribbon and roll this to make it compact. Add the 2 inch rolled Mg ribbon into each of the beakers simultaneously. Observe the reaction.

1.4 Effect of catalyst (DEMO only)Measure 20 mL of Hydrogen Peroxide. Put this in a small beaker. Put a very small amount of Manganese dioxide in a spatula. Using a spoon with a long handle, (defl agrating spoon) drop the Mg ribbon to the beaker with Hydrogen Peroxide. Observe how fast the reaction occurs.

Caution: Use goggles. Move as far back as possible from the reaction set up before mixing the reactants.

1.5 Nature of ReactantsGet 0.5 grams of NaCl. Stir this in a small beaker with 20 mL of water. Get another 0.5 grams of the salt and stir this in 20 mL of Ethyl Alcohol. Compare the results.

2. Post lab activityReaction rate is defi ned in terms of the disappearance of one of the reactants or it may be defi ned as the rate of appearance of one of the products.

In our activity, we have observed that rate of reactions vary. Let us discuss the various factors

2.1 Effect of temperatureAccording to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the kinetic energy of molecules increases as the temperature increases. Increased kinetic energy increases the speed of particles, thus increased molecular collision takes place. Increased molecular action results in increased molecular activation energy, thus lowering activation energy level.

2.2 Effect particle sizeSmaller particles are more reactive. They are more energetic. Small particles have greater surface area exposed to reaction, thus increasing the frequency at which particles collide.

2.3 Effect of concentrationThe greater the number of reacting substances increases the rate of reaction. Crowded particles in a fi xed volume increase the frequency of collision.

2.4 Effect of catalystA catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without itself being

used in the process. Catalysts act in one or more steps of reactions by lowering the reaction energy level. With lower activation energy level more collision will have suffi cient energy to pass over the energy barrier. Thus, greater fraction of collision is effective at any given point.

2.5 Nature of reactantIonic reactions occur almost instaneously. NaCl is highly soluble in another polar substance like water. This system demonstrate the “like dissolves like” reaction. In this system the oppositely charge collide, more often, thus causing effective reaction.

3. GeneralizationThere are 5 general factors affecting the rate of reaction; temperature, concentration, particles size, potency of catalyst and nature reactants. The rate of reaction depends upon the rate of effective collision, which are dependent upon the energy reactant particles and the barriers of the reaction. Therefore, reactions rate is made faster by: increasing temperature, increasing concentration, reducing the number of reactants or of similar nature e.g. polar to polar or non-polar to non-polar.

4. Valuing/ApplicationAll of us have goals in life. We would wish to achieve these goals as best we can and at the soonest. To be successful, we look for ways we can overcome possible obstacle. Sometimes, we need the infl uences of other people. When we do ask for other peoples help, we see to it that they understand our situation in life.

5. Evaluation1. How are each of the following concepts relate with the rate of reaction?

a. frequency of collisionsb. kinetic energy of collisionsc. orientation of colliding particles

2. How is the activation energy affected by the presence of catalyst

IV. AgreementIn the past lessons, we determined the various factors that effect reaction rates. In our next lesson, we shall try see how these learning’s are applied in common things we do in life. For example:

1. How do we preserve or prolong the life of food?2. What happens during digestion?

Sample Lesson Plan in Chemistry Interfaced with

Technology and Home Economics (Refrigeration and Air Conditioning)

I. Targets:

Given the necessary equipment and materials, 85% of the students are expected to:1. Describe phase changes according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Matter; 2. Explain refrigeration cycle in relation to phase changes, properties of fl uids and Kinetic Molecular

Theory of Matter; and 3. Appreciate the importance of phase changes in the environment.

II. Subject Matter:A. Topic: Phase Changes According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

B. References:1. Magno, Marcelita C.,Tan, Merle C.,Punzalan, Amelia E. Science and Technology for a Science and Technology for a

Better Life Second Edition, pp. 41- 60

2. Althouse, Andew D., Bracciano, Alfred F., Turnguist, Carl H., Modern Refrigeration and Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditionin ,Air Conditionin , pp. 75- 101

3. Johnson, William M., Whitman, William C., Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Refrigeration and Air Conditioning TechnologyTechnology Second Edition, pp. 233- 235

4. Keenan & Wood, Modern ChemistryModern Chemistry, 4Modern Chemistry, 4Modern Chemistry th Edition, pp. 300-350

III. Learning Tasks:

A. RecallPowerPoint presentation of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter and the Properties of Gases.

B. MotivationWhat do you think will happen to this black solid if we apply heat to its container ? Let’s fi nd out in today’s activities…

C. Lesson Proper

1. Pre lab Activity: Learning Stations

Station 1: Arrange the set-up for sublimation process and explain how it occurs according to KMT.

Station 2: Assuming that each circle is a molecule of water, arrange them to illustrate freezing of water. Be able to explain how water freezes according to KMT.

Station 3: Assuming that the big square is a block of ice, illustrate and explain the melting process according to KMT.

Station 4: Arrange the set-up for boiling process and explain how boiling occurs according

to KMT.

Station 5: a.) Pour 10 ml of alcohol on your hand and observe what happens. b) Arrange the evaporation set-up and apply heat to 15 ml of water. c.) Explain how evaporation occurs according to KMT.

Station 6: a.) Place chunks of ice in a drinking glass. Observe what happens after 10 to 15 minutes. b.) Be able to explain this phenomenon according to KMT.

2. Post lab Activity:

Brainstorming among group members follows after the activity. After 15 minutes, a representative from each group explains in front of the class the results of the activity performed in each station.

2. Technological Applications:

Phase Changes in Refrigeration Cycle

Science Concepts Technology Concepts• Evaporation is the process of changing Evaporation is the process of changing

a liquid into gas by increasing the temperature.

• The molecules of liquids with higher energies evaporate fi rst leaving behind those molecules with lower energies.

w The liquid refrigerant circulates inside the refrigerator absorbing heat from the foods, drinks, and air inside it.

w The evaporator increases the temperature of the refrigerant thus converting it into its gaseous phase.

w The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

• Temperature and pressure increase inside Temperature and pressure increase inside the compressor.

w Condensation is the process of changing a gas to liquid.

w Removing heat from a sample slows down the movement of the molecules.

w The condenser changes the vaporized refrigerant into its liquid phase by removing heat from it and releasing such heat outside the refrigerator.

w Lowering the temperature of a liquid slows down the movement of the molecules thus decreasing the pressuredecreasing the pressure

After the liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, the pressure decreases with simultaneously decrease in temperature simultaneously decrease in temperature

3. Generalization:a. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter, the phase of a given sample of

matter is determined by existing temperature and pressure.b. Refrigeration cycle is a continuous change of phase/ state, temperature, and pressure

inside the major components of the refrigerator.

4. Valuing:Phase changes continuously occur in the environment. The water cycle consists of phase

changes like evaporation that helps in maintaining a fairly comfortable temperature range in the atmosphere and condensation, which produces rain that washes the atmosphere of gaseous pollutants. Life sprouts from the interaction of the soil, air, and water in the environment.

5. Evaluation:

FORMATIVE TEST (QUIZ: SELECTION TYPE)

A. Direction: From the choices listed below, encircle the letter of the correct answer.1. Which property of gas proves that the molecules are in constant motion?

a. It is light. c. It is compressible.b. It is usually visible. d. It leaks out of a container.

2. Which of the following releases heat?a. Evaporation of water. c. Condensation of water in the atmosphereb. Sublimation of naphthalene d. expansion of a gas at constant pressure

3. Which of the following properties of a given quantity of substance changes when it changes from liquid to gas?

a. Its mass c. Its densityb. Its kind d. The particles it is made of.

4. What is the condition of temperature and pressure of the refrigerant in the evaporator?a) Low temperature and low pressureb) High temperature and high pressurec) High temperature and low pressured) Low temperature and high pressure.

5. What is the phase change that occurs in the evaporator?a) Liquid to gasb) Gas to liquidc) Both a & bd) All of the above

IV. Agreement:Directions: Answer the following questions:1. Give the difference between physical and chemical changes in matter.2. Be able to give 5 examples for each kind of change.