Basic Energy Sciences Advisory CommitteeAugust 3, 2011

Linda L. HortonDirector, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Battery Hub and R&D Integration

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The Administration’s Energy Plan has two goals that rely heavily on improvements in the science and technology of energy storage: Solar and wind providing over 25% of electricity consumed in the U.S. by 2025 1 million all-electric/plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road by 2015

Batteries and Energy StorageCross-Cutting Challenge that Impacts Energy Technologies

• Grid stability and distributed power require innovative energy storage devices– Grid integration of intermittent energy

sources such as wind and solar– Storage of large amounts of power– Delivery of significant power rapidly

• Enabling widespread utilization of hybrid and all-electric vehicles requires:– Substantially higher energy and

power densities – Lower costs – Faster recharge times

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Department of EnergyOffice of the Secretary

Advanced Research Projects Agency –

Energy

Office of the Under Secretary for Science

Office of Science

Basic Energy Sciences

Office of the Under Secretaryof Energy

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Vehicle Technologies

Office of Electricity

• Office of Science/Basic Energy Sciences (BES): Fundamental research to understand, predict, and control matter and energy at electronic, atomic, and molecular levels.

• Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E): High-risk, transformational research with potential for significant commercial impact.

• Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies (VTP): Applied battery R&D to enable a large market penetration of electric vehicles.

• Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) Energy Storage: Energy storage technology R&D, integration, system demonstrations and deployment on the grid.

Energy Storage R&D: Relevant Program Offices are Coordinating Research and Development Activities

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• DOE formed a team to focus on batteries for vehicles: – EERE, ARPA-E and BES coordination to strategically

align DOE R&D– DOE seminar series to highlight activities of each

organization• Quadrennial Technology Review (Transportation)

– Participation by BES and EERE• US-EU workshop and research coordination on

electrical energy storage for the grid– Joint organization and participation by BES, OE and

ARPA-E• Joint workshops/PI meetings and participation in

reviews among all offices

DOE’s Integration Activities for Basic and Applied R&D for Electrical Energy Storage

5 | Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy eere.energy.gov

with MyBattery2020

Current Status PHEV-40 EV-100 EV-300

Battery Cost per Mile

PHEV: 5¢/miEV300: 26¢/mi

1 ¢/mile 2 ¢/mile 5 ¢/mile

Battery Size 12-24 kWh 12 kWh 24 kWh 60 kWh

Battery Cost $650/kWh $1,500

($125/kWh)

$3,000

($125/kWh)

$7,500

($125/kWh)

Charge Time 1-8 hours 4 minutes(10 miles/min)

10 minutes(10 miles/min)

30 minutes(10 miles/min)

• Additional goals– Battery life (150,000 miles): >3,750 cycles (PHEV-40), >1,500 cycles

(EV-100), and >500 cycles (EV-300)– Energy density: 250 Wh/kg (PHEV, EV)– Power density: 2,000 W/kg (PHEV, EV)

DOE Integrated Tech TeamOver-Arching Battery Goal

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Moving Battery Technology Forward

Energy Storage R&D: Funding

In addition, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability has about $10M/yr for grid storage research and demonstrations. The chart does not include FY 2009 Recovery Act (ARRA) funding for advanced battery manufacturing ($1.5 B) or demonstrations ($400 M for transportation and $185 M for grid-scale).

$0.0

$50.0

$100.0

$150.0

$200.0

ARRA (FY09) FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 req HUB (FY12)

ARPA E

EERE

BES$65.8 M

$92.6 M$94.4 M

$, M

illio

n

~$191.4 M

$85.4M

~$35M

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Transportation Energy Storage:

Estimate

8 | Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy eere.energy.gov

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Vehicle Technology Program Research Roadmap for 2015 & Beyond

Graphite & High-Voltage cathodesTheoretical Energy: 560 Wh/kg, 1700 Wh/l

Silicon/Alloy & High-Voltage cathodeTheoretical: 880 Wh/kg, 3700 Wh/l

Lithium/High-Voltage cathodeTheoretical Energy: 990 Wh/kg ,3000 Wh/l

Lithium/Sulfur/air; Non lithiumTheoretical Energy: 3000 Wh/kg, >3000 Wh/l

Ener

gy

Current Technology

2014 VTP PHEVGoal: $300/KWh

Graphite & Ni, Mn, Fe cathodesTheoretical: 400 Wh/kg,1400 Wh/l

Practical: 150 Wh/kg 250 Wh/l

2015 2020

VTP & ARPA-E EV Goal: $150/KWh

~200 Cells, ~$6,000PHEV Battery

~100 Cells, ~$3,000PHEV Battery

~300 Cells, ~$10,000PHEV Battery

Low-costEV Battery

Level of Effort

15%

55%

30%

System Energy(Wh/kg)

System Cost($/kWh)

100Current 750Specific Energy

(Wh/L)

200

200+ <250300+

2x 3x1.5x

BEEST

RANGE COST

Total funding: $52.8 million/3 years

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Current R&D Focus: ARPA-E Batteries and Electrical Energy Storage for Transportation (BEEST) Program Primary Goals

ARPA-E: Gridscale Renewable Intermittent Dispatchable Storage (GRIDS)

Economics of Pumped Hydro, but Deployable AnywhereLow Cost for Grid: <$100/kWh Subsequently scalable to multi-MW classRamp / Spinning Reserve Dispatch Time: 10 min to

1hr

Technology Agnostic – Any Stationary Energy Storage Media:Electrochemical: Battery, Flow Battery, Re-FC…Electromechanical: Flywheel, Isothermal CAES…Electrical: Superconducting Magnetic Storage

Two Categories: Advanced Systems Prototypes (20kW) ~ Technology Readiness Level 3 to 6

Proof-of-Concept Component ~ Technology Readiness Level 2 to 5

Connect Across Public and Private Sectors for Subsequent Support

• National Labs, Universities, and Small Businesses conduct applied research to bridge gap between BES and technology demonstrations

• Large-scale storage cost, capacity, and cycle life requires devices beyond Li-ion

• Research projects focus on development and testing of prototypes of promising new technologies

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OE: Development of Devices forUtility Scale Storage

PbO2 Pb + CSeparator

Creating new, low cost, high energy density materials and electrochemical couples– high risk, high reward efforts

Solving existing technology materials concerns to optimize performance and improve consumer confidence

Improving upon existing technologies to reduce cost and improve cycle life

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OE: Utility Scale Storage on the Grid

3x2MW/6hrIn 2009

Concept:Storage defers UpgradeOpens Possibility for Regional Islanding, Renewables

First 1MW/6hr in 2007, 3 in 2009 + Duke, First Energy, PG&E

NaS, Flow batteries, Lead Carbon

3 ARRA Projects -- 53MW

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OE: Deployment of Utility Scale Storage on the Grid

Large Battery System (3 projects,53MW)Compressed Air (2 projects, 450MW)

Frequency Regulation (20MW)Distributed Projects (5 projects,9MW)Technology Development (5 projects)

533MW - $185M + $585M Costshare!

16 ARRA Stimulus Funding for Storage Demonstration Projects A ten-fold Increase in Power Scale!

Aside from pumped hydro, existing implementation of storage on grid is minimalDemonstrations required to prove/improve new technologies to reach cost effectiveness

Storage systems for • Dispatchable

renewables• Frequency regulation• Ramping• Load following

• Six of the Energy Frontier Research Centers that have a major focus on energy storage

• Core research portfolio is growing– Single investigator –Small Group

Research competition in FY 2009– Early Career Proposals– Grant program through annual FOA

• Core program emphasizes fundamental research to understand interface phenomena, new characterization techniques, etc.

Basic Energy Sciences Research

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Jian Yu Huang, et al., Science 330, 1515 (2010)

Al2O3

LiCoO2

LiPON

Si

V

N. Balke et al, Nano Letters, 2010

• Large Team, multidisciplinary Hub research will provide the transformational scientific advances that will enable revolutionary battery technologies– Requires fundamental science and complements ongoing research and

development activities – will serve as a focus for other DOE research activities

– Will lay the groundwork for commercialization and demonstration projects

• Will link fundamental science to applied research, resulting in rapid transfer of advances– Different electrochemical energy storage technologies have similar

underlying science issues– Will strengthen the links from basic science all the way to industrial

development– High potential for improvements to current technologies and rapid

development of new technologies

Why a Hub-level Effort in Electrical Energy Storage?

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Batteries and Energy Storage Hub Transform the Grid and Electrify Transportation

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Improved energy storage is critical for the widespread use of intermittent renewable energy, electric vehicles, and efficient and reliable smart electric grid technologies.

The Hub, proposed for FY 2012, will develop electrochemical energy storage systems that safely approach theoretical energy and power densities with very high cycle life.

These are systemic challenges requiring new materials, systems, and knowledge.

The Hub will address key fundamental questions in energy storage including:

Can we approach theoretical energy density? Can we safely increase the rate of energy utilization? Can we create a reversible system with minimal energy loss?

The Hub will link fundamental science, technology, and end-users, and it will collaborate with relevant Energy Frontier Research Centers, ARPA-E and EERE

• Move science and technology for electrochemical energy storage forward at a rapid pace to enable transformative developments for reliable energy supply and transportation systems

• Provide a strong linkage between fundamental science, applied technology and end-use communities to create long- and short-term innovations that would not otherwise be achieved

Where Can a Battery and Energy Storage Hub Take Us?

Batteries and Energy Storage Hub: A research framework for scientific discovery and transformational technologies

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