Intro to Intro to ROBOTICSROBOTICS

(There is more to robots than you know!)

Computer vs. HumanComputer vs. Human

Machine Performs precisely defined tasks with speed and accuracy Not gifted with common sense

Human Capable of understanding and reasoning More likely to understand the results and determine what to

do next Not gifted with complex computations

Humanlike Computer Humanlike Computer (Robots)(Robots) The ideal hybrid Continues without human intervention when

faced with unforeseen situations Possesses or simulate the ability to reason To qualify as a robot, a machine has to be able

to do two things: 1. get information from its surroundings

2. do something physical–such as move or manipulate objects.

Robotics Robotics HistoryHistory

The idea of a robot is not new. For thousands of years man has been imagining intelligent mechanized devices that perform human-like tasks. He has built automatic toys and mechanisms and imagined robots in drawings, books, plays and science fiction movies.

Robotics HistoryRobotics History

In fact, the term "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play called "R.U.R." Or "Rossum's universal robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek. The plot was simple: man makes robot then robot kills man! Many movies that followed continued to show robots as harmful, menacing machines.

Where did the word 'robot' come from?

What is the definition of a 'robot'?

"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks" Robot Institute of America, 1979

Robotics HistoryRobotics History

The term 'robotics' refers to the study and use of robots. The term was coined and first used by the Russian-born American scientist and writer Isaac Asimov (born Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992). Asimov wrote prodigiously on a wide variety of subjects. He was best known for his many works of science fiction.

Robotics Terminology

The most famous include I Robot (1950), The Foundation Trilogy (1951-52), Foundation's Edge (1982), and The Gods Themselves (1972), which won both the Hugo and Nebula awards. He also wrote the three “Laws of Robotics for which he is also famous.

Law Of RoboticsLaw Of Robotics

Asimov proposed the “Laws of Robotics”

Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm

Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law

Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law

Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"

Types of RobotsTypes of Robots1.1. Industrial Robots Industrial Robots

materials handling pick and place factory automation Welding improving productivity

2.2. MilitaryMilitary Packbot Bomb disposal Search and rescue

3.3. MedicalMedical remote surgery minimally invasive surgery

4.4. EducationEducation LEGO Mindstorms VEX

Types of Robots (contTypes of Robots (cont’’d)d)5.5. ExploratoryExploratory

Mars rover Deep sea ROV’S Unassisted aerial vehicles

6.6. DomesticDomestic Roomba Automatic lawn mowers

7.7. EntertainmentEntertainment ASIMO QRIO AiBo Animatronics RoboSapien

8.8. MoviesMovies R2D2 C3PO Terminator Transformers

Classification of RobotsClassification of Robots

Robots are programmable computers designed to perform a variety of tasks by moving parts, tools or specialized devices. Non- adaptive robots Non- adaptive robots - no way of sensing the environment, so do the

job regardless of any environmental factors Adaptive Robots Adaptive Robots - get feedback from a sensor to alter the operation

of the device. Robots can also be classified according to whether they are

stationary or mobile. MobileMobile robots are free to move around, Stationary Stationary robots remain in 1 place but have arms that move.

The Purpose of The Purpose of RobotsRobotsRobots are also used for the following tasks:

• Dirty Tasks

• Repetitive tasks

• Dangerous tasks

• Impossible tasks

• Assist the handicapped

Robot ComponentsRobot Components Processor: The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc. Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside environment Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection

of routines. Rover or Manipulator : Main body of robot (Links, Joints, other structural element of the robot) Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper

motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder) End Effecter: The part that is connected to the last joint hand) of a manipulator Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the actuators.

The robot control loopThe robot control loop

Sense Think

Act

Output information Move, SpeechText, Visuals Wheels LegsArms Tracks

Speech, VisionAcceleration, TemperaturePosition ,DistanceTouch, ForceMagnetic field ,LightSound ,Position

Task planningPlan ClassificationLearnProcess dataPath planningMotion planning

Sense Think

Act

Advantages VS. Disadvantages of RobotsAdvantages VS. Disadvantages of RobotsIdentify which statement is an advantage and which is a disadvantageIdentify which statement is an advantage and which is a disadvantage

Robots increase productivity, safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency of products.

Robots can work in hazardous environments. Robots need no environmental comfort. Robots work continuously without experiencing fatigue of problem. Robots have repeatable precision at all times. Robots can be much more accurate than human. Robots replace human workers creating economic problems. Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously. Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies. Robots, although superior in certain senses, have limited

capabilities in Degree of freedom, Dexterity, Sensors, Vision system, real time response.

Robots are costly, due to Initial cost of equipment, Installation costs, Need for Peripherals, Need for training, Need for programming

Millions of Instructions per Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS)Second (MIPS) Research scientist Hans Moravec sees a 4-

stage evolution towards universal robots, robots with human-level intelligence flexible enough to do a broad range of tasks. Key to this evolution is a steady increase in computer power, defined in terms of millions of instructions per second, or MIPS.

Year: 2010Year: 2010Processing power: 3,000 MIPSProcessing power: 3,000 MIPSIntelligence equivalent: LizardIntelligence equivalent: LizardRobots will have basic navigation skills and could be used for Robots will have basic navigation skills and could be used for cleaning or delivery and take on expanded roles in factories.cleaning or delivery and take on expanded roles in factories.

Year: 2020Year: 2020Processing power: 100,000 MIPSProcessing power: 100,000 MIPSIntelligence equivalent: MouseIntelligence equivalent: MouseRobots will be able to learn on the job, adapting their own Robots will be able to learn on the job, adapting their own programs to perform more successfully. Robots will do the programs to perform more successfully. Robots will do the same jobs as before, but more reliably and flexibly.same jobs as before, but more reliably and flexibly.

QuestionQuestion

If you could have a robot that would do any task you like, a companion to do all the work that you prefer not to, would you? And if so, how do you think this might affect you as a person?

QuestionQuestion

Are there any kind of robots that shouldn't be created? Or that you wouldn't want to see created? Why?

AssignmentAssignment

Think of a job that you would like for a robot to do for you. Be ready to discuss whether this is a robot that could and should be built.

Name your robotDraw a picture of your robot (color optional)Explain what your robot will doCould your robot be builtShould your robot be built

Robotics Robotics TerminologyTerminologyRobot - Mechanical device that performs

human tasks, either automatically or by remote control. (From the Czech word robota.)

Robotics - Study and application of robot technology.

Telerobotics - Robot that is operated remotely.

Robotics TerminologyRobotics Terminology

Au-ton-o-mousAu-ton-o-mous1. Not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent:

2. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.

Android \An"droid\ ([a^]n"droid)Android \An"droid\ ([a^]n"droid) A machine or automaton in the form of a human being

Possessing human features. n.

An automaton that is created from biological materials and

resembles a human being. Also called humanoid.