basic principles of animal form and function taught by dhruv, tommy, zach, and butch
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Principles of Animal Form and
Function
Basic Principles of Animal Form and
Function
Taught by Dhruv, Tommy, Zach, and Butch
Taught by Dhruv, Tommy, Zach, and Butch
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Physical Constraints on Size
Physical Constraints on Size
Physical laws govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange limit the range of animal forms.
Ex. Streamlined body, maximum body sizes
Physical laws govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange limit the range of animal forms.
Ex. Streamlined body, maximum body sizes
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Exchange with the Environment
Exchange with the Environment
Rate of exchange proportional to surface area, amount proportional to volume.
Multicellular organization only works if every cell has access to a suitable aqueous environment, either inside or outside.
Ex. Inner, outer layers, flat body shape, extensively branched or folded exchange surfaces)
Rate of exchange proportional to surface area, amount proportional to volume.
Multicellular organization only works if every cell has access to a suitable aqueous environment, either inside or outside.
Ex. Inner, outer layers, flat body shape, extensively branched or folded exchange surfaces)
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Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans
Tissues Organs Organ Systems
Tissues Organs Organ Systems
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Tissue Structure and Function
Tissue Structure and Function
Four types of tissues: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
Four types of tissues: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body.
Close packing allows enables it to function as barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.
Epithelium (the cells) form active interfaces with the environment.
Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body.
Close packing allows enables it to function as barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.
Epithelium (the cells) form active interfaces with the environment.
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Connective TissueConnective Tissue
functions to bind and support other tissues. Sparse population of cells scattered through an extra cellular
matrix. Two types of connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts (secrete the
protein ingredients of extracellular fibers) and Macrophages (cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing debris)
Three types of connective tissue fibers: collagenous (provide strength with flexibility, made of collagen, are nonelastic and do not tear easily), elastic (easily stretched but are also resilient, made of elastin), and reticular (very thin and branched, form tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue.
functions to bind and support other tissues. Sparse population of cells scattered through an extra cellular
matrix. Two types of connective tissue cells: Fibroblasts (secrete the
protein ingredients of extracellular fibers) and Macrophages (cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing debris)
Three types of connective tissue fibers: collagenous (provide strength with flexibility, made of collagen, are nonelastic and do not tear easily), elastic (easily stretched but are also resilient, made of elastin), and reticular (very thin and branched, form tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue.
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
The most abundant tissue in animals All muscle cells consist of filaments
containing actin and myosin, which together enable contraction.
Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
The most abundant tissue in animals All muscle cells consist of filaments
containing actin and myosin, which together enable contraction.
Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of animal to another.
Sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of animal to another.
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A regulator uses mechanisms to regulate the internal environment in face of external change.
A conformer allows its internal environment to conform to external changes.
A regulator uses mechanisms to regulate the internal environment in face of external change.
A conformer allows its internal environment to conform to external changes.
Regulators vs. ConformersRegulators vs. Conformers
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Regulator vs ConformerRegulator vs Conformer
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
Homeostasis: means “steady state” or internal balance.
Homeostasis: means “steady state” or internal balance.
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Feedback Feedback
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Thermoregulation: process by which animal maintains an internal temperature within a
tolerable range
Thermoregulation: process by which animal maintains an internal temperature within a
tolerable range
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Endothermy and Ectothermy
Endothermy and Ectothermy
Endotherm: Warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism. Commom Examples: Mammals, birds and insects.
Ectotherms: Gain heat mostly from external sources. Common examples: Lizards, amphibians, snakes, many fish and invertabrates
Endotherm: Warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism. Commom Examples: Mammals, birds and insects.
Ectotherms: Gain heat mostly from external sources. Common examples: Lizards, amphibians, snakes, many fish and invertabrates
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Poikilotherm vs. HomeothermPoikilotherm vs. Homeotherm
Poikilotherm: Body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment
Homeotherm: Body temperature relatively constant despite temperature changes in the environment.
Poikilotherm: Body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment
Homeotherm: Body temperature relatively constant despite temperature changes in the environment.
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Type of heat loss to the Environment
Type of heat loss to the Environment
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Insulation reduces Heat Loss to the Environment. Seen in birds in the form of feathers, in marine mammals in the form of blubber and land mammals in the form of fur
Insulation reduces Heat Loss to the Environment. Seen in birds in the form of feathers, in marine mammals in the form of blubber and land mammals in the form of fur
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Countercurrent ExchangeCountercurrent Exchange
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Countercurrent exchange is flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions in order to maximize transfer rates of heat or solutes.
Antiparallel arrangement so that heat transfer occurs along entire exchanger
Countercurrent exchange is flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions in order to maximize transfer rates of heat or solutes.
Antiparallel arrangement so that heat transfer occurs along entire exchanger
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CoolingCooling
Some animals sweat; as the water evaporates, it absorbs heat and cools the animal
Panting is important in many birds and mammals (birds have a pouch): water evaporates from the pouch or tongue
Some animals, like honeybees, flap their wings to improve evaporation and convection
Some animals sweat; as the water evaporates, it absorbs heat and cools the animal
Panting is important in many birds and mammals (birds have a pouch): water evaporates from the pouch or tongue
Some animals, like honeybees, flap their wings to improve evaporation and convection
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Thermoregulatory Behavioral Responses
Thermoregulatory Behavioral Responses
Move to warm or cool areas, move into or out of wind
Some animals, like honeybees, huddle together to better retain heat
Move to warm or cool areas, move into or out of wind
Some animals, like honeybees, huddle together to better retain heat
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Metabolic Heat ProductionMetabolic Heat Production
Shivering raises body temperature Some mammals can cause mitochondria to
produce heat instead of ATP Some reptiles become endothermic and produce
heat through shivering under special conditions, such as when incubating eggs
In insects, wing muscles are very important for heat production.
Shivering raises body temperature Some mammals can cause mitochondria to
produce heat instead of ATP Some reptiles become endothermic and produce
heat through shivering under special conditions, such as when incubating eggs
In insects, wing muscles are very important for heat production.
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AcclimatizationAcclimatization
Adjust to seasons by growing or shedding fur or feathers
Ectotherms are better at acclimatization and often produce variants of enzymes that have the same function but different optimal temperatures
Change amount of saturated lipids in membrane; saturated lipids decrease fluidity and unsaturated lipids increase fluidity
Adjust to seasons by growing or shedding fur or feathers
Ectotherms are better at acclimatization and often produce variants of enzymes that have the same function but different optimal temperatures
Change amount of saturated lipids in membrane; saturated lipids decrease fluidity and unsaturated lipids increase fluidity
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Hypothalamus and FeverHypothalamus and Fever
Hypothalamus: region of the brain that functions as the thermostat
Some endotherms develop fever to kill off a bacteria infection; some ectotherms seeks warmer environmental temperatures to kill off a bacteria infection
Hypothalamus: region of the brain that functions as the thermostat
Some endotherms develop fever to kill off a bacteria infection; some ectotherms seeks warmer environmental temperatures to kill off a bacteria infection
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Metabolic RateMetabolic Rate
A bigger organism has a higher metabolic rate than a smaller organism
For some unknown reason, bigger animals have a smaller metabolic rate per kg than smaller animals, despite the fact that a greater percentage of their body mass is devoted to locomotion. This is all true for both ectotherms and endotherms.
Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to body mass to the three-quarter power
Animals typically have an average daily metabolic rate that is 2 to 4 times their BMR or SMR. Humans’ average daily metabolic rate is 1.5 times their BMR- indicating their sedentary lifestyles
A bigger organism has a higher metabolic rate than a smaller organism
For some unknown reason, bigger animals have a smaller metabolic rate per kg than smaller animals, despite the fact that a greater percentage of their body mass is devoted to locomotion. This is all true for both ectotherms and endotherms.
Metabolic rate is roughly proportional to body mass to the three-quarter power
Animals typically have an average daily metabolic rate that is 2 to 4 times their BMR or SMR. Humans’ average daily metabolic rate is 1.5 times their BMR- indicating their sedentary lifestyles
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Energy budgetsEnergy budgets
Ectotherms have smaller average daily metabolic rates than endotherms of similar size because they do not spend energy on thermoregulation
Smaller organisms must spend more energy on thermoregulation because they have a high surface to volume ratio, causing them to lose or gain heat more easily
Animals, such as penguins, that have to swim to catch their food spend a large fraction of their energy on movement, because water has more resistance to movement than air
Ectotherms have smaller average daily metabolic rates than endotherms of similar size because they do not spend energy on thermoregulation
Smaller organisms must spend more energy on thermoregulation because they have a high surface to volume ratio, causing them to lose or gain heat more easily
Animals, such as penguins, that have to swim to catch their food spend a large fraction of their energy on movement, because water has more resistance to movement than air
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Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
Torpor: a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Hibernation: during the winter; Estivation: during the summer
Torpor: a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Hibernation: during the winter; Estivation: during the summer
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Diseases/DisordersDiseases/Disorders
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ross Syndrome Parkinson’s Disease Schizophrenia Lymphocyte Homeostasis
Syndrome
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ross Syndrome Parkinson’s Disease Schizophrenia Lymphocyte Homeostasis
Syndrome