basic methodologies of history
TRANSCRIPT
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HIST 1000 Shehzad Martin 1
Basic methodologies ofBasic methodologies ofhistoryhistory
Primary and secondaryPrimary and secondary
evidenceevidenceHIST 1000: WEEK FOUR
Lecture notes
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stylishandtrendy.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Petra-Jordan.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stylishandtrendy.com/top-15-wonders-of-the-world-world-wonders/&usg=__AEZAAO-wOiLkLUsBcb2NlDE6mdo=&h=580&w=700&sz=116&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=MHxd5esbv9o4WM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=140&prev=/images?q=petra+jordan&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.magicdragon.com/SherlockHolmes/SherlockSmall.gif&imgrefurl=http://everythingrapidsharetv.blogspot.com/2007/09/sherlock-holmes-with-basil-rathbone.html&usg=__oMxxCq1eY2mJ96bzSclsT1L7zRc=&h=571&w=310&sz=129&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=XnT-tlGqxjg2UM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=73&prev=/images?q=sherlock+holmes&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off -
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Primary evidence* (recorded by someone who
witnessed, observed, or participated in, the
events directly / first-hand)
e.g. Herodotus talked to old people who lived through the
Greco-Persian wars, when Herodotus was a child
His conversations (interviews) with these people = =
primary data/information/sources/evidence
Your phone camera recording of New Years celebrations in
Dataran Merdeka = primary evidence (you were there) *evidence in Malay = bukti
Historical evidenceHistorical evidence(= data, information)(= data, information)
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ywhc.org/images/image/HistoryMystery_Logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ywhc.org/index.php?p=93&usg=__VP6WZg5s6tFp9kFFbLDqp6tDDfc=&h=878&w=1500&sz=547&hl=en&start=13&tbnid=pWHCguvPKfGk3M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=historical+evidence&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off -
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Other forms of primary evidence:
Diaries, letters
Public speeches
Laws
Official statements
Photographs, films
Artifacts (things made by people in the past
clothes, tools, buildings)
Historical evidenceHistorical evidence
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/files/29738.gif&imgrefurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/node/866&usg=__zRV51NPDKVz6eQN_ugW5por4-4g=&h=343&w=512&sz=68&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=VNwyPIGugK1m4M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=berlin+wall&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/files/29738.gif&imgrefurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/node/866&usg=__zRV51NPDKVz6eQN_ugW5por4-4g=&h=343&w=512&sz=68&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=VNwyPIGugK1m4M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=berlin+wall&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/files/29738.gif&imgrefurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/node/866&usg=__zRV51NPDKVz6eQN_ugW5por4-4g=&h=343&w=512&sz=68&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=VNwyPIGugK1m4M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=berlin+wall&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/files/29738.gif&imgrefurl=https://www.stanford.edu/group/ic/cgi-bin/drupal2/node/866&usg=__zRV51NPDKVz6eQN_ugW5por4-4g=&h=343&w=512&sz=68&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=VNwyPIGugK1m4M:&tbnh=88&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=berlin+wall&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://luxuryindulgence.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/malacca.jpg&imgrefurl=http://luxuryindulgence.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/it-feels-like-friday-today/&usg=__ZhHPDZN1sG1VHwPQwnWfBfF1y90=&h=191&w=328&sz=24&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=vNU3Npp4a3975M:&tbnh=69&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=malacca&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off -
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Primary evidence comes directly
from the witness
Secondary evidence is produced
using primary evidence (e.g. a book
based on the authors travel
experience)
Tertiary evidence is produced using
secondary evidence (e.g. a studentsresearch paper based on library
books [which are themselves
secondary sources]
Historical evidenceHistorical evidence
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/akelsey.rwt/files/student_research_paper-_2-6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/akelsey.rwt/section_6__standard_2&usg=__sbQT1o5IZya6_SXl2KWl96y7two=&h=936&w=680&sz=120&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=Z3vDNqc8QoBA8M:&tbnh=148&tbnw=108&prev=/images?q=student+paper&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/akelsey.rwt/files/student_research_paper-_2-6.jpg&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/akelsey.rwt/section_6__standard_2&usg=__sbQT1o5IZya6_SXl2KWl96y7two=&h=936&w=680&sz=120&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=Z3vDNqc8QoBA8M:&tbnh=148&tbnw=108&prev=/images?q=student+paper&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://cyrusfirst.com/guests/mcbooks/large_illustration/the_road_to_kandahar.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mcbooks.com/bookstore/product_details.php?id=571&usg=__-x0t7_xrtzDJ9IwFwg86xEVA93o=&h=489&w=300&sz=84&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=hfbB5-RKFDS1bM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=80&prev=/images?q=on+the+road+to+kandahar&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sandringham-hotel.com/images/thumbnail.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sandringham-hotel.com/sitemap.html&usg=__YGzWFVmORlBr-3v17FRUinBrWhY=&h=2303&w=2800&sz=291&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=-kXYiAqaMiQbcM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=video+clip&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X -
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A test ofcorroboration checksone source of evidence against
other sources. To corroborate*
evidence means to confirm or
*validate that the evidenceappears in the same way across
multiple sources (e.g. in books,
archival records, artifacts of
material culture etc.).In other words, to make sure
that the different sources dont
contradict each other.
*membenarkan, menyokong
We have collected theWe have collected thedata/evidence. But is itdata/evidence. But is itreliable?reliable?
http://www.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dailycomedy.com/images/jokes/b/csiLogo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dailycomedy.com/hottopic/CSI&h=295&w=679&sz=20&tbnid=HmWzJ0VEIEDJRM:&tbnh=60&tbnw=139&prev=/images?q=CSI+logo&hl=en&usg=__hQSXevzr6edTOjs1hp__ez62w6g=&ei=d18_S42OONCTkAXv-eHVDw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&ved=0CAsQ9QEwAg -
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You are a criminal detective who has just interviewed
a witness of an incident. His testimony (= your first
source of evidence) can now be corroborated
(= used as supporting evidence) using additional
sources of evidence, e.g.:
Parking ticket showing the drivers location
at the time of the incident
Sales receipt for an item that was used during the
incident
Laboratory tests linking the item to the ownersDNA samples
The stronger the corroboration, the easier it will be to
convince the judge/jury of the perpetrators
(=attackers) guilt.
Example of corroborationExample of corroboration
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.murdermysterycanada.com/images/MYSTERY_LOGO_BLACK_2004.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.murdermysterycanada.com/vancouver.htm&usg=__vbw8wzh3dHMn_8zVl53d91P9LcM=&h=512&w=640&sz=12&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=pfADo0CVpjxB-M:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images?q=mystery&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://www.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dailycomedy.com/images/jokes/b/csiLogo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dailycomedy.com/hottopic/CSI&h=295&w=679&sz=20&tbnid=HmWzJ0VEIEDJRM:&tbnh=60&tbnw=139&prev=/images?q=CSI+logo&hl=en&usg=__hQSXevzr6edTOjs1hp__ez62w6g=&ei=d18_S42OONCTkAXv-eHVDw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image&ved=0CAsQ9QEwAg -
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When studying sources of evidence, a
historian constantly needs to look out for
the bias*(= taking sides; partiality) that
is present in every source.
We all have our own biasesthat prevent
us from being fully objective: Based on
our personal/racial/religious background,education and experience, we feel
comfortable with some things and we
distrust other things (often because we
never directly experienced them).
Unknowingly, we reflect this mindset in
our writing/research.
*(sikap) berat sebelah
BiasBias
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What type ofbiases can you detect in this
video?
YouTube - Island of Yesterday: Sumatra,
(right-click and select Open hyperlink)
Bias: ExampleBias: Example
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRHEpDzBv5Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRHEpDzBv5Y -
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Once the data has been tested (=verified), the historian needs to arrange
it in a way that supports a specific conclusion.The conclusion may be
formed at the start of research, or as a result of completing the
research and analyzing the data produced by the research.
Sometimes this approach is referred to as the historicalmethod.
The historian must prove that supporting evidence (i.e. evidence that
supports the conclusion) is stronger than non-supporting/contradicting
evidence (which should also be acknowledged in the study).
Organizing historical dataOrganizing historical data
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.persistenceunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/organize_it.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.persistenceunlimited.com/2007/09/6-tips-be-more-organized/&usg=__0G8U2QuQybOhPxJwSSGGdEPvEIM=&h=325&w=369&sz=97&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=haThF-I0M360-M:&tbnh=107&tbnw=122&prev=/images?q=organize&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=offhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.persistenceunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/organize_it.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.persistenceunlimited.com/2007/09/6-tips-be-more-organized/&usg=__0G8U2QuQybOhPxJwSSGGdEPvEIM=&h=325&w=369&sz=97&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=haThF-I0M360-M:&tbnh=107&tbnw=122&prev=/images?q=organize&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off -
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1. Looking at new aspects of the past:
e.g. family history, womens history, private
life
2. Borrowing ideas and analytical methods (e.g.oral interviews oral history) from otherhuman sciences:e.g. from sociology, anthropology, politicalscience One hopes to see projects on the social
,history of Chinese dialect groups of the, , Malays Indians and minority communities
-on Singaporeans who are born of Indian, - ,Chinese marriages or Malay Chinese ones on
,the handicapped on women in the 1950s and1960s
Hong, Lysa; Huang Jianli: The Scripting of a NationalHistory: Singapore and its Pasts. Hong Kong UniversityPress 2008. P. 72.
3. Using information technology to analyze
large sets of quantitative (=statistical
evidence)
New directions in historicalNew directions in historicalresearchresearch
http://www.mmail.com.my/content/23457-happy-new-yearhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Asian_Family_in_Brazil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asian_Family_in_Brazil.jpg&usg=__7GBAGsqiyYFImkDb3Nlt6rd4UVs=&h=500&w=626&sz=247&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=j94tFiFxzc1PdM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=136&prev=/images?q=asian+family+history&hl=en&safe=off&um=1