Basic Grammar – Part II

The Eight Parts of SpeechNoun – names something (a person, place, object, or an idea (i.e. freedom, progress, embarrassment))Pronoun – stands in place of a nounVerb – describes an action or a state of beingAdjective – Modifies the meaning of a noun or pronounAdverb – Modifies the meaning of a noun, adjective, or another adverbPreposition – expresses the relationship between a noun (or a pronoun) and certain other words w/in a sentenceConjunction – joins two words or phrases togetherInterjection – expresses excitement and emotion independently from other words in the sentence (i.e. Hey, Oh)

Pronounspersonal pronoun case forms

subjective

objective possessive

personal pronouns

I me my, mineyou you your,

yourshe him hisshe her her, hersit it its

we us our, oursthey them their,

theirs

Relative pronoun case formsSubjecti

veobjectiv

epossessi

verelative pronoun

s

Who Whom Whose

Whoever

Whomever

whosever

Pronouns

• Subjective vs. Objective• I vs. Me• She vs. Her• Who vs. Whom• Whoever vs. Whomever

• Objective and Possessive Cases• His vs. Him• Their vs. Them

Pronouns

• Relative Pronouns• Which, that, and who/whom• Their vs. Them• Which vs. That

Pronouns

• Intensive Pronouns• Reflexive pronouns• Me vs. Myself

Verbs• Transitive and Intransitive verbs

• Lie vs. lay• Sit vs. Set

Lie LayPresent Today I lie on

the couchToday I lay the sod down

Present Continuous

I am lying on the couch

I am laying the sod down

Future I will lie on the couch tomorrow

I will lay the sod down tomorrow

Past I lay on the couch yesterday

I laid the sod down yesterday

Past Perfect I had lain on the couch just before he arrived

I had laid the sod down just before he arrived

Verb Tenses

• Present Tense• Past Tense• Future Tense• Present Perfect Tense• Past Perfect Tense

Present Tense (present time)

Past Tense (past time)

Past Participle (with have, had, has)

To look Look Looked LookedTo wish Wish Wished WishedTo hunt Hunt Hunted Hunted

To BePresent Tense

Singular Plural

First person I am We areSecond person

You are You are

Third person He/She/it is They are

Present Perfect

Singular Plural

First person I have been We have beenSecond person You have been You have beenThird person He/she/it has

beenThey have been

Past Perfect Singular PluralFirst person I had been We had beenSecond person You had been You had beenThird person He/she/it had

beenThey had been

Future Tense

Singular Plural

First person I shall be We shall beSecond person

You will be You will be

Third person He/She/it will be

They will be

Present Tense

Singular Plural

First person I am We areSecond person

You are You are

Third person He/She/it is They areFuture Perfect Singular PluralFirst person I shall have

beenWe shall have been

Second person You will have been

You will have been

Third person He/She/it will have been

They will have been

Tough Verbs

• Do• Dive• Drink• Swim• Ring• Sing• Spring

• Hang• Drive• Try and

The Subjective Mood

• Hypothetical situation• Wish• Contrary to fact• Suggestion• Demand• If I was vs. If I were

Complex Modifiers

• Agreement w/ Compound Subjects• Subjects joined by ‘and’• Either/or and neither/nor