basic grammar for 7,8&9

7/27/2019 Basic Grammar for 7,8&9

1/23

Present simple

DefinitionThe present simple is used for:

and a) permanent or long-term situations

Usage b) facts

c) habits

d) feelings

e) timetables and schedules

Time Line past now future

Examples a) I work for Marks Electronics.

b) Water boils at 100C.

c) Do you smoke?

d) She doesnt like long meetings.

e) The meeting starts at 8:30.

Form We add an "-s" to the 3rd person singular form (he, she, it)

I/ you/ we/ they work

he/ she/ it works

And use do/does as a helping verb in negative sentences and questions

Present continuous


2/23

DefinitionThis tense is used for actions

and a) for an action happening now

Usage b) future plans and arrangements


FormTo form the present continuous use am/ is/ are + verb + -ing.

To build questions change the word order and put the verb

am/ is/ are before the subject.

Examples a) Dont disturb me! I am working on a report.

b) Hes meeting the CEO next month.

c)What are you working on?

Add a "not" after am/ is/ are to build a negative sentence.

Example We are not working on any projects at the moment.

Present Perfect

Definition Present perfect tense is used for


3/23

anda) giving news of recent events

Usage b) past actions with results in the present

c) life experience

d) unfinished actions

Time Linepast now future

Form To form the present perfect, we use has (for he, she, it) orhave (for I,

you,

we, they) +past participle (the third form of the verb).

Examples a) The temperature has increased this year.

b) We havent achieved our objectives.

c) Hes visited all the European countries.

d) Weve been in business for 25 years.

In questions, the word order changes so thathave orhas comes before the

subject.

Example How long have you been here?

You add a not afterhave orhas to make a negative sentence.

Example We have not met before.

PAST

Past simple


4/23

Definition We use the simple past for a finished action which happened

and in the past.

Usage


Form Regular verbs are put into the past simple by adding an -ed at the end of

the verb. Irregular verbs change form.

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

walk walkedbuy bought

work workedteach taught

carry carriedcome came

plan plannedthrow threw

Examples a) I watched TV last night.

b) How long did you work on the presentation last week?

c) They bought a new house last year.

We use did not (didnt) to build negative sentences and did to ask

questions.

Examples a)The company didnt get the contract.

b)He didnt come to the party.

c) When did you arrive?

Past continuous

DefinitionThis tense is used to talk about

and a) an action in progress at a point in time


5/23

Examples b) an interrupted action

c) an action in progress for a period

Form For positive sentences we use was (for he, she, it) or were (for I, you, we,

they) + verb + ing

Examples a) I was working on the presentation at 10.00 yesterday morning.

b) We were having a meeting with our suppliers when you rang.

c) I was cleaning the house all morning yesterday.

In example b) the past continuous is used for the interrupted action, which lasts

longer and

past simple for the action which interrupts the first one.

Negative sentences are built by adding a not:

was/were + not + verb + ing

Questions are was/were + subject + verb + ing

Examples She wasnt paying any attention.

Were you talking on the phone when I walked in?

Past perfect

Definition When two things happen in the past we use the past perfect

and for the first action (A1) and the simple past for the second


6/23

Usage one (A2) to show the sequence of events.


A1 A2

past perfect past simple

Form Past perfect is had + past participle

in negative sentences had + not + past participle

in questions had + subject + past participle

Examples a) She had already attended two computer courses before she joined

the

company.

b) After we had carried out a market survey, we started planning our

marketing strategy

c) I met John yesterday. We hadnt (had not) seen each other for a very long

time.

d) Had you heard about her before you met her?

It is also possible to use only the simple past tense in both

After we carried out a marketing survey, we started planning our marketing

strategy.

FUTURE

There are four different ways of talking about the future:

a)Present simple for timetables and schedules


7/23

The plane takes off at 9:45 tomorrow morning.

b)Present continuous for arrangements

Hes making the presentation next month.

c) am/ is /are + going to + verb for arrangements and planned actions

He is going to make the presentation next month.

d) will + verb for decisions made at the moment of speaking about future

actions

a) The washing machine isnt working.

b) Ill (will) repair it tomorrow.

We usually use will for future predictions.

Robert will win the race.

We use going to + verb if there is something in the present situation which

shows what

the future will be like:

Marie is studying very hard. Shes going to pass her exams.

PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS ?

The present simple is used forpermanent situations.

People often make the mistake of saying:


8/23

"I am working for Marks Electronics" - This is WRONG!

We use the present continuous to talk about temporary situations.

So the correct way of saying this sentence would be (using the present simple):

"I work for Marks Electronics"

The present continuous is often used for current projects, for example:

"We are installing a new computer system."

PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is used for an action which has some connection to the

past:

We have achieved many of our objectives this year.

This year started in the past but is not finished yet. Dont make the mistake of

saying:

We have achieved many of our objectives last year.

Last year is finished time. We use the past simple with finished time, so:

We achieved a lotlast year.

with present perfect: with past simple:

today yesterday

this week last week

this month last month

this year last year

SECTION 2: MODAL VERBS

These are the modal verbs:

can could might shall should ought will would must have to


9/23

These verbs are always the first word in a verb group (i.e. could be done).There

is not an

-sending in the 3rd person singular

she can play the piano.

Questions and negatives are formed without do. Except for ought and need,

they are

followed by a basic form of the verb.

Can you give me a hand?

Possibility

a) You use can to say that something is possible.

He can cause problems.

b) You use could, may, might to say that you are not certain if something is

possible, but

you think it is:

That could be right.

He might come.

They may call us.

Ability

a) You use can to talk about ability in the present and in the future:

I can play the piano.

He can learn to write.

b) You use could to talk about ability in the past:

He could run faster than anybody else.

Modal Verbs Continued

Permission


10/23

a) You use can, could, may to give or to ask for permission

Can I ask a question?

Could I interrupt?

b) Can is used for asking permission in a simple or direct way.

Could is more polite. May is more formal.

May I smoke?

Obligation, Necessity and Advice

You use have to, must, mustnt to talk about obligation and necessity.

a) You say have to when you give information about what someone else

considers to be

an obligation or necessary.

You have to go to the dentist twice a year.

b) You use must to talk about your own opinion.

We must go now.

c) You use must not to say it is important something is not done or does not

happen:

You mustnt smoke.

d) had to is the past of have to and must

I have to go to the dentist tomorrow.

I had to go to the dentist yesterday.

I must write him a letter.

I had to write him a letter.

You use should and ought to to talk about mild obligation, that is when you are

talking

about what is the right or a good thing to do or you give advice:

You use not have to to say that it is not necessary to do something (compare to

must not)

SECTION 3: THE PASSIVE


11/23

The passive is used to describe actions without saying who does them. It is often

used to

describe processes. The subject of the passive sentence is the object of the

active

sentence.

active sentence Daniella mails the letters in the afternoon.

passive sentence The letters are mailed in the afternoon.

The basic form of the passive is: be + past participle (the third form of the

verb). But the

form ofbe depends on the tense you use, for example:

is done or was done

Changes to the basic form for different tenses are:

Present simple am/ is/ are + past participle

The cards are organised alphabetically

Present continuous am/ is/ are + being + past participle

The books are being sorted out.

Present perfect has/have + been + past participle

The police have been notified by us.

Past simple was/ were + past participle

The meeting was held in the big conference room.

Past continuous was/ were + past participle

I didnt have my car yesterday. It was being repaired.

Past perfect had+ been +past participle

The tree had been blown down by the storm.

Modal verbs modal verb + be + past participle

The damage can be repaired.

In passive sentences, you use by+ noun or pronoun to say who did the action,

but often

this is not necessary.


12/23

SECTION 4: CONDITIONALS

Usage:

There are four kinds of conditional sentences:

0. Conditional for giving instructions and stating facts.

I. Conditional for talking about future possibilities.

II. Conditional for speaking about hypothetical situations.

III. Conditional for hypothetical situations in the past.

Forms

The conditional sentence consists of two clauses:

The main clause can come before or after the if clause.

In the second case, it is connected to the if clause with a comma.

The tenses in the conditionals are as follows:

0. Conditional: If + present simple, present simple.

If you are not busy, come into my office.

I Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive.

I will give her your love if I see her.

II. Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive.

If they offered me a job, I would accept it.

III. Conditional: If + past perfect, would + have + present perfect.

I would have called you if I had known you were ill.

SECTION 5: GERUND OR INFINITIVE


13/23

If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually

verb + to + infinitive.

agree decide learn promise

dare manage refuse tend

arrange fail offer seem

appear hope pretend

We decided to wait.

They arranged to meet next week.

If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually

verb + ing.

admit delay fancy involve postpone risk

avoid deny finish mind practice suggest

consider enjoy imagine miss regret

I enjoy going out with friends.

He denied driving too fast.

You can use an infinitive or a gerundwith these verbs without any changesto the

meaning.

attempt continue intend love start

begin hate like prefer

I started working or I started to work.

You can use an infinitive or a gerundwith these verbs but the meaning

changes:

SECTION 6: MAKE OR DO


14/23

You use make for a constructive or creative action.

make a decision

You use do with unspecified actions.

do a favor

Things you do:

a favor homework/some work

damage /ones best

research business

something/anything you like

Examples:Can you do me a favor?

We dont do business with them anymore.

Things you make:

a profit/ an offer /a phone call/ a choice/ an effort

enquiries/ a mistake/ money/ a complaint /a suggestion

a joke/ a loss/ progress/ decision/ friends

excuses /an appointment

Examples: Some people find it hard to make a decision.

Catherine made some suggestions at the beginning of the meeting.

II. NOUNS AND DETERMINERS

A noun is a word used for a person, a thing, an idea or a feeling, for example:


15/23

Janet

radio

love

A determiner is a word used before a noun; for example:

much

both

a

COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are nouns we can count. They have a singular and a pluralform.


16/23

Singular countable nouns take a singular verb and plural countable nouns take a

plural

verb.

Some examples of countable nouns are:

fact The facts are clear.

tool That tool is for cutting wood.

machine The machine has just broken down.

Note that we use "a", "an" and numbers with countable nouns:

a car two cars

Uncountable nouns have only one form and take a singular verb. They usually

refer to

things which we dont see as separate objects.

food , Food is expensive these days.

Water, Water is on the table.

Research, Research is important.

Do not use "a", "an", or numbers with these nouns.

21

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable

time

experience

currency

We spent a lot of time on this project.

How many times have you been to Italy?

Cal has a lot of experience.

It was an interesting experience.

PLURALS

You add "-s" to form the plural of most nouns:


17/23

apple apples

table tables

You add "-es" to nouns ending in "-ss", "-ch", "-s", "-sh", or "x":

glass glasses brush brushes

watch watches fox foxes

gas gases

You add an "-s" to some nouns ending in "-o" and an "-es" to others:

piano pianos

potato potatoes

Nouns ending in a consonant + "-y" change to "-ies":

country countries

party parties

The plural of some nouns is irregular:

child children half halves foot feet

man men knife knives tooth teeth

woman women thief thieves

COLLECTIVE NOUNS: TEAM IS OR TEAM ARE

With some nouns that refer to a group of people or things, the same form can beused with


18/23

singular or plural verbs; for example:

company audience government group staff

team media public press

The staff is waiting.

The press are here.

MUCH,MANY OR A LOT OF

You use a lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns.

a lot of money a lot of books


19/23


20/23

You use a in front of a word that begins with a consonant.

a book

You use an in front of a vowel and a silent h

an apple

an honest person

You dont use an in front of words that begin with eu or u if the first sound

is

pronounced /yoo/:

a university

a European capital

The is the definite article. It is used in front of nouns to specify which person

or thing is

being talked about:

The book you gave me was very good.

Do not use it to make general statements.

People are good.

But you use it when you talk about something in particular.

The people at the party were very nice.

Use the with countries that have plural nouns as their names or have a

Kingdom,

Republic, States or Union in their name:

the Philippines

the Czech Republic

Usethe also with regions of the world, or of a country, that include north,

south, east

or west

the Middle East

the north of England

Use the with names of mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers and seas

the Alps, the Bahamas

III. ADJECTIVES


21/23

Adjectives are words that give more information about nouns; for example:

good a good book

small a small problem

young a young person

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Sometimes we use more than one adjective to describe a person or thing. In

these

situations, we have to pay attention which adjective comes first. The order of

adjectives is

as follows:

size shape age color nationality material

a small round table

a brown wooden table

an old French table

There are adjectives that give an opinion of someone or something, for

example:

nice beautiful horrible ugly

These adjectives come before the descriptive adjectives:

a beautiful old wooden table

a nice English lady


22/23

ADJECTIVES WITH "-ING" or "-ED"

You use many ingadjectives to describe the effect something has on your

feelings.

an interesting movie

This means that the movie interests you.

Manyedadjectives describe peoples feelings:

I was interested.

Compare:

1) It was an interesting movie.

I was interested.

2) Johns presentation was boring.

I was bored.


23/23

IV. ADVERBS

Adverbs are words that give information about when, how, where or in what

circumstances

something happens:

We do not use adverbs but adjectives after these verbs:

be feel smell taste sound seem look

ADVERBS OF MANNER

Most of these adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the end of the adjective:

quick quickly

beautiful beautifully

easy easily

Sometimes the adverbs have the same form as the adjective:

fast hard late early

When comparing two things or people, these adverbs follow the same rules as

the

adjectives.

He began to walk faster than before.

Note that the adverb ofgoodis well.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

You use adverbs of frequency to say how often something happens.

always (100% of the time), usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes,

occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never (0% of the time).

basic grammar for 7,8&9

Documents