Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

Mr. JohnsonMr. Johnson

Nothing cures insomnia more than the Nothing cures insomnia more than the realization that it is time to get up and realization that it is time to get up and

be productive!be productive!

DrillDrill:: Name:Name:

Date:Date:

Period:Period:

Objective: SWBATObjective: SWBAT

1. Draw diagrams representing atoms by 1. Draw diagrams representing atoms by exploring their subatomic particles. exploring their subatomic particles.

QuestionQuestion

1.1. Explain metabolism. Give two Explain metabolism. Give two examples.examples.

2.2. Can something be considered “living” if Can something be considered “living” if it doesn’t show all FIVE characteristics it doesn’t show all FIVE characteristics of life?of life?

Review!Review!Atoms are the Basic Atoms are the Basic Structural Units of Structural Units of

MatterMatter They are the smallest They are the smallest particle of matter that particle of matter that

keeps its chemical keeps its chemical properties.properties.

An element is a An element is a substance made of only substance made of only

one type of atomone type of atom

…Like OXYGEN!

All of the ELEMENTS are All of the ELEMENTS are organized on the PERIODIC organized on the PERIODIC

TABLE!TABLE!

Atomic StructureAtomic StructureAtoms have three parts:Atoms have three parts:

• Protons (+)Protons (+)

• Neutrons (0)Neutrons (0)

• Electrons (-)Electrons (-)The The

NUCLEUS NUCLEUS holds the holds the Protons Protons

and and NeutronsNeutrons

Electrons Electrons are in are in

different different ENERGY ENERGY

LEVELS/ORBILEVELS/ORBITSTS

Each can hold only so many electrons or else the spinning electrons would crash into each other!!!

2

88

8

Layer one holds Layer one holds up toup to 2 electrons 2 electronsLayer two holds Layer two holds up toup to 8 electrons 8 electrons

Layer three holds Layer three holds up toup to 8 electrons 8 electrons

Sometimes energy levels can be looked at as a layer or number orbitals away from the nucleus’s center

Atomic Nucleus

2e-2e-8e-8e-

8e-8e-

In order for an atom to be stable, the number of

Protons (+) must EQUAL the number of Electrons (-)

6 Protons 6

Electrons

An An IONION has a has a differentdifferent # of Protons and # of Protons and Electrons!!Electrons!!

What is the name of this element?

Protons and neutrons Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1.have a mass of 1.

The The atomic massatomic mass of an of an atom is the number of atom is the number of protons protons ++ neutrons. neutrons.

Ex. Carbon has 6 Ex. Carbon has 6 (0) and 6 (+), so (0) and 6 (+), so

atomic mass is 12.atomic mass is 12.There are also 6 (-), There are also 6 (-),

but they have no but they have no atomic mass.atomic mass.

CC66

12.011=1212.011=12CarbonCarbon

Atomic Number=the number of PROTONS (+)Atomic Number=the number of PROTONS (+)

Atomic Mass:Atomic Mass:PROTONS + NEUTRONSPROTONS + NEUTRONS

Chemical SymbolChemical Symbol

Nitrogen Nitrogen (N)(N)Atomic Number: 7Atomic Number: 7

Atomic Mass:14Atomic Mass:14

Protons:_________Protons:_________

Neutrons:__________Neutrons:__________

Electrons:___________Electrons:___________

Potassium Potassium (K)(K)

Atomic Number: 19Atomic Number: 19

Atomic Mass:39Atomic Mass:39

Protons:_________Protons:_________

Neutrons:__________Neutrons:__________

Electrons:___________Electrons:___________

77

77

77

1919

1919

2020

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds Can you name three types of Can you name three types of

Chemical Bonding?Chemical Bonding? Covalent Bond Covalent Bond Ionic BondIonic Bond Hydrogen BondHydrogen Bond

Bonding is based on the fact that atoms “WANT” their outer energy

level filled!!

Why does nature like the outermost energy level filled?

Atoms are “happy” Atoms are “happy” when their outermost when their outermost

energy level holds eight energy level holds eight

(unless their outermost (unless their outermost layer is layer one-layer is layer one-

Hydrogen then happy Hydrogen then happy with 2)with 2)

OutermostOutermostenergy levelenergy level

NitrogeNitrogen:n:

Atomic Atomic # = 7# = 7

------

--

----

--Is this element

Happy or stable? Why or Why Not?

Covalent Covalent Bonds:Bonds:

Electrons are Electrons are shared !shared !

Why is the molecule to your left a covalent bond?

Oe-e- e-e-e-e- e-e-

e-e- e-e-

HHe-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e-

HH

WaterWater

HH22O:O: 4 electrons are 4 electrons are sharedshared

strongestrongest st bond!!bond!!

Why is the oxygen the strongest bond?

When charged sub-

atomic particles are

unequal {(+) = (-)}, it is called an

ion!

Ionic Bonds:•Electrons are lost or gained (creating ions).•Then 2 atoms are ATTRACTED by opposite charges.

NaNa

Na: 11Na: 11sodiumsodium

e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e-

11 protons (+)11 protons (+)11 electrons (-)11 electrons (-)

e-e-Valence electrons

Figure 1- Na becomes NaFigure 1- Na becomes Na+1+1

NaNa11+11+

e-e- e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e- +11+11-10-10+1+1

NaNa+1+1 is an ion! is an ion!

The outer shell is full-

Na is Happy

Cl Cl e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e-

e-e-

e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-

17 protons (+)17 protons (+)17 electrons (-)17 electrons (-)

Cl: 17Cl: 17

Figure 2-Cl Figure 2-Cl becomes Clbecomes Cl-1-1

ClCl-1-1 is an ion! is an ion!

+17+17-18-18-1-1Cl Cl e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-

e-e-e-e-

e-e-

e-e-

e-e-

e-e-

e-e- e-e-

e-e-e-e-

NaNa+1+1 ClCl-1-1

The opposite The opposite charges attract each charges attract each other, an other, an ionic bondionic bond forms making NaCl forms making NaCl

(salt.)(salt.)

Sodium Hydroxide NaOHSodium Hydroxide NaOH

Na+1Na+1 OH-1 = NaOH

The opposite charges The opposite charges attract each other, an attract each other, an ionic ionic bondbond forms making NaOH forms making NaOH or sodium hydroxide.or sodium hydroxide.

When neutron # is different than When neutron # is different than proton #proton #

{(0) = (+)}, is an {(0) = (+)}, is an isotopeisotope..

//

Isotopes occur constantly around Isotopes occur constantly around us.us.

Where can we see them?Where can we see them?

Can these stable isotopes Can these stable isotopes be seen?be seen?