basic blueprint reading
DESCRIPTION
The basics of reading drawingsTRANSCRIPT
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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
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SUBJECTS
DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS
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DRAWING BASICS
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Objectives
Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings
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Purpose of Drawings
Drawings are used to convey information about a wide range items such as:
Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment
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Types of Drawings
Civil Architectural Structural Mechanical Plumbing Piping Pneumatic/Hydraulic Electrical
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Engineering Drawings
A general engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.– 1. Title block– 2. Grid system– 3. Revision block– 4. Notes and legends– 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
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ing A – (letter)
8 ½ by 11inches
Drawing Sizes Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical
B - 11 by 17inches
C - 17 by 22 inches
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
Metric sizesA4 (210 x 297)A3 (297 x 420)
A2 (420 x 594)
A1 (594 x 841)
A0 (841 x 1189)
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Title Blocks
COMPANY
Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.
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Revision Blocks The revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
A
Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as:
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Parts Lists
Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list of the material that is used to build the item that is
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Scales
Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.
For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.
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Grid System A drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
A
B
C
1 2 3 4 5 6
This point on the drawing is B-3
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Basic LinesBasic Lines
Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines
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Object LineObject Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.of an object.
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Hidden LineHidden Line
The hidden line is used to show features or edges of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.
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Center LineCenter Line
The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.
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Dimension Line / Extension LineDimension Line / Extension Line
Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.
Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.
Dimension Line
Extension Line
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Phantom
Phantom lines are used to represents the outline of an adjacent part.
The also are used to show an alternate position of a given part
Phantom
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LeaderLeader
A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it
Grind SurfaceGrind Surface1
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Cutting Plane LineCutting Plane Line
Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.
A A
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Break LinesBreak Lines
Short Break Line
Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections
Break lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
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The break line is being used to show a part The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.space.
250 feet250 feet
3”3”
Break Lines ExampleBreak Lines Example
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Section LinesSection Lines
Section lines are used where a surface is illustrated as cut.
It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.
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Dimensioning Systems
Different systems of dimensioning are generally used– Fractional inch– Decimal inch– SI Metric
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Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia3/16
1/21 9/16 Dia
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Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
.656 Ø.19
.501.56 Ø
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Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Ø 16.55
13Ø 40
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Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Radius
Typical
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS
C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE
CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY
CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE
DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET
E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE
EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION
FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE
H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL
HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING
INV INVERT PP POWER POLE
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Drawing Legends
Legends are boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.
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Isometric Drawings
Isometric drawings are designed to show a three dimensional view of an object.
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Perspective
Perspective is a method of drawing things as the eye sees them.
Vanishing point
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Orthographic Drawings
Orthographic projection shows the drawn object from different views
Top view
Left side Right side
Bottom
Front Rear
Projection view
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Single Line Drawings
The single line format represents all electrical lines, plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line.
System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols.
By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.
These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
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Civil
Civil drawings are used to represent construction on the earth or ground areas.
Civil drawings are sometimes called:– site plans– plot plans – survey plans.
They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
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Contour Lines Contour lines are used in drawings called
topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
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Architectural
Architectural drawings or plans are used to illustrate the design of a project.
They include items such as:– Working drawings– Structural drawings– Floor plans– Elevation drawings– Section drawings– Flow diagrams
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Gridlines
Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.
ABC
1
2
3
Column symbol
Column A-1
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Mechanical
Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
There are many types of drawings associated with mechanical drawings such as:– Exploded view– Detail– Assembly
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Example Mechanical Detail
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Example Assembly Drawing
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An Exploded View
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Pneumatic/Hydraulic
Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
Single Line Schematic example
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Plumbing/Piping
These types of drawings are similar to pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
Single Line Plumbing Example
TEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.0040.00
Valve
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Single Line Drawing
A Single line plumbing drawing example
TEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.0040.00
Valve
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Orthographic Piping Drawing
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P&ID
Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.
All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.
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Example P&ID
CS CONTACTOR
FRESH CIS TANK
PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)
SLUG CATCHER
TEST SEPARATOR
H.P. BULK SEPARATOR
FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2)
FILTER SEPARATOR
COALESCING FILTER NO. 1
FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER
FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)
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Electrical
Electrical drawings are also single line drawings or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.
They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.
Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.
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Example Ladder
Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1 L2Pushbutton
L
Pilot Light
115 VAC
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Example Wiring Diagram
Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines from each device exactly as it would be wired.
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Electrical Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
L1 C1
R1
Q1
D1 C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+ -
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
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Objectives
Define how industrial electrical drawings are structured.
Define Graphical Symbols Define Electrical wiring diagrams
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Types of Electrical Drawings
Wiring Diagrams - Block Diagrams - Sequence Charts – Electronic Schematics -
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Diagrams
Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.
It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
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Electrical Diagrams The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or
ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on
the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and left vertical line
Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.
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Example Diagram1FU
2FU
3FU
DISC
15 AMP
L1
L2
L3
1L1
1L2
1L3
460V3Ø60
H1H3 H2
H4
X1H2
T
115 V
1M1OL
2OL
1T1
1T2
1T3
2T1
2T2
2T3
1MTR
2MTR
HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR3 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 213
SPINDLE MOTOR2 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 184
10 AMP4FU
10 AMP5FU 10 AMP
7FU
10 AMP6FU
2PBSTART MOTORS 1PB
MASTER STOP
3
1 7 1M
81OL
9
2OL
101
1LT
2 4
CRM CRM
5
11
AUTOMATIC
3PBRESET
11
4PB 12
CRA
5PBMANUAL
CRH
CRH
13
14
2LT
R
1M
CRM
CRA
R
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5
CYCLE START
6PB 15 7PB
16 2CR
17
1LS 2LS 5LS6LS 7CR 6CR
18 19
26 26
20 21 22 23
5
5
1CR 2221 21
CRH
A
3LT
1 CR6
MASTER RELAY 3,3
AUTOMATIC5, 14, 16, 21
“AUTOMATIC”
MANUAL6, 7, 15, 18, 23
“MANUAL”
CLAMP PART CONTROL9, 33, 33, 35, 35
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Lines
Wiring
Field Wiring (external to panel)
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Connections
Wiring Not Connected Wiring Connected
TS4-15
Termination or connection
Terminal strip and terminal designation
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Graphical Symbols
Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.
The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used.
A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.
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Graphical Symbols Cont’dDISCONNECT Symbol - DISC
CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB
Or for a single
CB
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Graphical Symbols Cont’dResistor
Rheostat
or
Tapped Resistor
Potentiometer
Fuses
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Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Normally Open
Contact
Normally Closed Contact
Coil
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.
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Motors Symbols
ADC MOTOR
3 PHASE MOTOR
Aor
DC MOTOR FIELD
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Transformer Symbols
H1 H3 H2 H4
X1 X2Secondary or Output
Primary or Input
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Pilot Lights
R R
PUSH-TO-TEST
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Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
HELD CLOSED
HELD OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
HELD OPEN
NORMALLY OPEN
HELD CLOSED
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Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
Normally Closed
Normally Open
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Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Thermal SwitchNORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Pressure Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Foot Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Toggle Switch
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Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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Selector Switch
2-POSITION3-POSITIONFirst
PositionOff
PositionSecond Position
Circuit is connected when switch is in this
position.
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Pushbuttons
DOUBLE CIRCUIT
SINGLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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E-Stop Pushbuttons
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Time Delay Relay
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY CLOSED
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One-line diagram example
A one-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.
Fuse symbol
Pushbutton symbol
Switch symbol
Single line conductors
M
PLC
Controller symbol
Motor symbol
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Control Device Labeling
Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it.
When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB 111CR
211Sol211LS
210
211
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Wiring and Wire Identification
Wiring color code BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage RED – AC Control Circuits BLUE – DC Control Circuits YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits GREEN – Equipment grounding WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor
Wire Identification– Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a
number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
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Device Designations
The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit SwitchCR - Control Relay T - TransformerFU - Fuse MTR - MotorLT - Pilot Light DISC – DisconnectOL - Overload RelayPB - PushbuttonS - Switch
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Line Numbers Each line in a electrical drawing should be
numbered starting with the top line and reading down.
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
SolenoidLimit Switch
CR2
Pressure Switch
Foot Switch
Temperature Switch
Relay
1
2
3
4
Line Numbers
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Wire-Reference Numbers
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot SwitchRelay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1 2 3 4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5 6
7 8
Wire Numbers
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Numerical Cross Reference
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot SwitchRelay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
Cross Reference to Line Numbers
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Terminal Numbers
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot SwitchRelay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1 2 3 4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5 6
7 8
1 3
5 6
1 3
2 10
2 10
2 10
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Panel/Door Layouts
Panel Layout.
Door Layout
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51
52
53
55
1T1
1T2
1T3
271
272
2T3
1
2
3
4
5
46 0 V
1T B9 TE
RM .
3T B29
T
ER
M .
2T B36
T
ER
M .11 5
V11 5
V
1FU 2FU 3FU
DISC
9”
9 1/2”
2OL
1 1/2” X 3”
1” X 3”
4F U 5F U
6F U 7F U
1 1/2
” X
3”
1 1/2
” X
3”
1 1/2
” X
3”
1 1/2” X 3”
1 1/2” X 3”
1 1/2” X 3”
1 1/2” X 3”
115 V”
1FT8 8 TERM60
60
8F U
62
62
9F U
64
64
10F
U
66
66
11F
U
68
60
12F
U
70
70
13F
U15 1/8”
5 1/2”
26 1/2”
7 1/2”
6 1/2”
7 1/8”
1CR
6CR
1OL
1M
T
115V
460V
CRM CRA CRH
2CR 3CR 4CR 5CR
9CR7CR 8CR
10PB
CYCLE UNCLAMP
8PB
HEAD FORWARD
9PB
HEAD RETURN
11PB
EMERG. RETURN
3PB
RESET
1PB
MASTER STOP
2PB
START MOTORS
4PB
AUTOMATIC
5PB
MANUAL
12PB
EMERG. RESET
R 9LT
LUBE FAULT
G 6LT
HEAD RETRACTED
A 5LT
FULL DEPTH
A 7LT
CLAMPS ARE IN
R 1LT
MOTORS RUNNING
R 2LT A 3LT
MANUAL
R 4LT
EMERG. RETURN ACTIVEAUTOMATIC
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Drawing Identification Prefix Type of Drawing Description
AD Air Diagram (Mechanical)These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices.
EScale Layout (Mechanical)
These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
ELElectrical Layout
(Electrical)These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
EMElectro Mechanical
(Electrical)These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.
EOGeneral Layout (Mechanical)
These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.
HOHydraulic Diagram
(Mechanical)This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
PLPneumatic Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device.
WDWiring Diagram
(Electrical)This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations.
WDOGeneral Information
(Electrical)This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
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Block Diagrams
Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.
Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.
Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines
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Example Block Diagram
Process 1 starts if limit switch on
Start pushbutton
on
Process 1 stops if limit switch off
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Sequence ChartsSEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE ENGERGIZED.
B. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON “3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”.
C. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS
“6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E)
IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED.
3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”.4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING
“7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”.7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.
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Electrical Layouts - EL
Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.
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Wiring Connection Diagrams
Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts.
This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.
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Wiring Diagram Example
Motor
T1 T2 T3Overload Contact
Thermal Overloads
Start
Stop
M
Motor Starter Coil
M (aux)
NO M M M
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Electronic Schematics
Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit.
L1 C1
R1
Q1
D1 C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+ -
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
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PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
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Objectives
Define Fluid Logic Symbols Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
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Shapes
Shapes and lines that are used to construct symbols and circuits:
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Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very similar and the subject is usually referred to as “Fluid Power”
The basic difference is Flow symbol. If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies
pneumatic.
HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC
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Fluid Power Drawings
This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are also considered single line drawings.
The line is either an air or hydraulic line connected to a device
The devices are shown as symbols whose intent is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.
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Flow lines
Unconnected lines shown crossing
Connected lines are
illustrated with a connection
dot
Single
Hose usually connectingparts with relative movement
Flexibleline
Four way junction
Flow line
or
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Basic Line Symbols
Line Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical
Chain Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit
Dashed Pilot control, bleed, filter
Line Electrical line
1
2
3
12 10
Spring
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Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
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Squares and Rectangles
Square at 45o
conditioning apparatusconnections to corners
Squarecontrol componentconnections perpendicular to sides
Rectangle cylinders and valves
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Squares and Rectangles
certain control methods
Rectangles
piston
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Basic Symbols
rotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation
Semi-circle
mechanical connectionpiston rod, lever, shaft
Double line
Capsule pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle
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Functional Elements
Long sloping indicatesadjustability
Arrow
Spring
TriangleDirection and nature of fluid,open pneumatic or filled hydraulic
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Functional Elements
Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device
Arrows
Restriction
Tee Closed path or port
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Functional Elements
Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors
Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion
clockwise from right hand endShaft rotation
both
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Functional Elements
Indication or controlsize to suit
Temperature
Operator Opposed solenoid windings
Prime mover M MElectric motor
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Function components
Silencer
Pressure to electric switch preset
Pressure to electric switch adjustable
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Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator
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Plant
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
MCompressor and electric motor
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Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and pressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
FRL Combined unit
Filter regulator with gauge
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Filters
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator
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Pressure regulators
A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified
Adjustable Regulator simplified
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Pressure relief valves
A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
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Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge
Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge
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Valve symbol structure
The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
The first numeral indicates the number of main ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.
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Valve symbol structure
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)
The boxes are two pictures of the same valve
normaloperated
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Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic.
The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions.
Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction.
Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path.
Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines
drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve
Basic Valve Symbols
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Valve symbol structure
A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.
normaloperated
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Valve symbol structure
Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state block joined end to end
normaloperated
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Valve symbol structure
The port connections are shown to only one of the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
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Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced bypushing a button
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Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced bypushing a button
Normal state produced bya spring
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Valve symbol structure
The operator for a particular state is illustrated against that state
Operated state produced bypushing a button
Normal state produced bya spring
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Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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Valve symbol structure
The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to align one state or another with the port connections
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Valve symbol structure
A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
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Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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Valve symbol structure
The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state
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Valve symbol structure
The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped
A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normallyclosed
normallyopen
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Operators
General manual
Push button
Pull button
Push/pull button
Lever
Pedal
Treadle
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:
Rotary knob
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Operators Cont’d
Plunger
Spring normally as a return
Roller
Uni-direction or one way trip
Pressure
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Detent in 3 positions
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Operators Cont’d
Solenoid direct
Solenoid pilot
Solenoid pilotwith manual overrideand integral pilot supply
Solenoid pilotwith manual override and external pilot supply
Electrical
When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral
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Port markings
AlphabeticalDesignations
NumericalDesignations
Working Lines A, B, C …….. O (excludes L) 2, 4, 6 . . . .
Leakage Fluid L ………………………… 9
Supply Air P ………………………… 1
Exhaust R, S, T ………………..W 3, 5, 7 ……
Pilot Lines Z, Y, X ………………….. 12, 14, 16, 18…
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:
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Port Markings Examples
1
212 10
1
24
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2 4
3
14 12
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Port Markings
1
212 10
1
24
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2 4
3
14 12
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Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting – the load returns cylinder to original position
Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position
Double acting – moved by fluid from either end
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Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting
Rotary motor single direction of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
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Example Pneumatic Schematic
13
1
2
OR1
3 2
12
15
4
14
3 2
12
15
4
14
3 2
12
15
4
14
13
1
2
OR3
#93
12
PS1
2
1 3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2-2
2-2
2-2
NTD1
NTD2
NTD3
NTD4
1 2
43
1 2
43
1 2
3
1 2
3
1 2
3
13
1
2
OR2
1 2
3
1 2
3
13
1
2
OR4
#3
#7
#4
#2
#1
#8
#9
#10
#11
#22
#25
5 1 3
5 1 3#12
CLAMP PB4
UNCLAMP PB5
ROTATE ADV. PB6
ROTATE RET. PB7
CLAMP CLOSED LV1
#5
#6
#25
#1
#1
#1
#12 #2
COMMON PB3
DOWN PB2
UP PB1
#1
#22
#17
#13
#16
#21
#20
#19#15
#18
#24
#14
R1 CLAMP
PRESSURE
COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE &
FLOW CONTROL
BV1
BV2
BV3
BV4
CLAMP SAFETY
PB8CLAMP CYL. A1
ROTATE SAFETY
PB9
ROTATE CYL. B1
PV3
PV2
PV1
CLAMP EXTEND
CLAMP RETRACT
ROTATE ADVANCE
ROTATE RETURN
RAISE DISABLE
RAISE ENABLE
#0
#23
#8
#10
#11
#13
BALANCER VALVE
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
150
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
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Objectives
Define Piping Drawings Identify Piping Symbols Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings
(P&ID) Identify P&ID Symbols
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Symbols and Drawings
Piping drawings show the size and location of pipes, fittings, and valves.
To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols.
This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.
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Piping Drawings
The single line format is most commonly used in Piping and P&ID drawings.
The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, as single line.
All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols.
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Pipe Crossing The crossing of pipes without
connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.
When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it
Far pipe
Near pipe
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Connections
Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable connection
Permanent connection
Adjoining apparatus
Detachable connection such
as a flange
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Fittings If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary
to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Going Away
Pipe Coming Towards
Rear view
flange
Front view
flange
Pipe Line Without Flanges
Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends
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Single Line example
ELBOW
TEE
ELBOW
COUPLING(JOINT) CHECK VALVE
REDUCER45° ELBOW
GLOBE VALVECROSS
PLUG
UNION GATE VALVE Y-FITTING
CAP
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Pictorial Drawings
Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed.
This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.
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Pictorial example
Orthographic Pipe Drawing
ELBOW
TEE COUPLING (JOINT)
GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
PLUG
CROSS
UNION GATE VALVE
CAPY-FITTING
45° ELBOWREDUCER
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Common Piping Symbols Comparison
90° Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
Gate Valve
Pictorial Symbol
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Valves
Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
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P&ID’s
The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium.
For example, although the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid.
Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping.
The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
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Process and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s
These process flow diagrams include:
1. Pipe line numbers and directions
2. Pipe specifications and line sizes
3. All equipment
4. All valves
5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices
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Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES
PROCESS TUBING
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
HYDRAULIC LINES
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
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Valve Symbols
Globe Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Closed
Ball Valve Normally Open
Ball Valve Normally Closed
Needle Valve Normally Open
Two Valve ManifoldButterfly Valve
Gate Valve Normally Closed
Valve Normally Closed
Valve Normally Open
Globe Valve Normally Open
Gate Valve Normally Open
Blind Flanged Generic Valve
Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with
the valve state noted next to it N.C.
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Control Valve Actuators Some valves are provided with actuators
to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.
Manual
Piston
Diaphragm
Electric Motor
Solenoid
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Balloon Labeling
A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve.
For example:– F = flow– T = temperature– L = level– P = pressure– H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow ControlValve
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One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.
The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed Parameter
Type of Indicator or Controller
Type of Component
Type of Signal
F = flow
T = temperature
P = pressure
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position
R = recorder
I = indicator
C = controller
T = transmitter
M = modifier
E = element
I = current
V = voltage
P = pneumatic
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Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier
PM P/I E/Ior orP/I
Examples of Transmitters
Flow Transmitter
FT FTPT
PressureTransmitter
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Controllers
Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop and use it to position or manipulate some other system component.
Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.
FCFlow Controller
TCTemperature Controller
PCPressure Controller
TCLevel Controller
PProportional
PIProportional - Integral
PIDProportional – Integral - Differential
I/PCurrent to Pneumatic
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Components Within every system there are major components
such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.
Compressor
Steam Turbine S
Pumps or
Heat Exchanger
Tanks or
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Misc. Symbols In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to
represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
XX-003-X-Y
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Example P&ID Drawing
FEED
255 PSIG210°F
HEATING MEDIUM
E-101REBOILER LC
LG
FRC245°F
230°F
LC
125°F
275°F
FLARE
PRODUCT STORAGE
STORAGE
V-101
1
20
35
P-101A & 101BPRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS
P-101A & 101B
V-102240# @ 118°f
COOLINGWATER
PC
E-101REBOILER
V-101DEPROPANIZER
E-102OVERHEAD
CONDENSER
E-102
V-102REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
175
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
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Objectives
Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols
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Topographical Maps
Maps which describe in detail local features of the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings).
Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings.
Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.
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Contours
Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation.
A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..
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Example Contours Map
Control Points
Relative Elevations
Profile
Contours
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Contours Continued
Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of distribution of points of recorded elevation.
A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as illustrated in the next slide.
Line are established at right angles to each other, dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
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Example Grid Contour Map
Elevation
Contour
Grid
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Geology and Mining Terms Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily
measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding
planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface. – See following slide for examples
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Geology Terms Example
Fault Plane Seam or Stratum
Outcrop Area
Strike
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
Thickness
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Topographical Map Symbols
Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway
Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Dam
Telephone Line
Power Line
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Site or Layout Drawings
Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile drawings. T
They provide the necessary information on the location, alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site.
They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.
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Example Site Drawing
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Example Symbols
Gravel
Paving
Concrete
Earth-finish grade
Earth-rough grade
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Floor Plans
Floor plans includes:– thicknesses, and character of the building walls on
that particular floor – the widths and locations of door and window openings
– the lengths and character of partitions– the number and arrangement of rooms– the types and locations of utility installations
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Floor Layout Example
Door SymbolWindow Symbol
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Elevation Drawings
Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor plans of a building.
These drawings are of vertical views of the building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation Side Elevation
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Structural Drawings
Architectural and structural drawings are generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.
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Example of Structural Drawing Detail
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Beams
A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per foot of length.
The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by
nominal depth and weight per foot
Top
Front
End
TopEnd
Front
Symbols
or S
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Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C. Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Top
Front
End
Top
End
Front
CSymbols
or
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Angles
The cross section of an angle resembles the letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
Top
EndFront
Top
Front
End
LSymbol
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Tees A structural tee is made by slitting a
standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
Top
EndFront
Top
Front
EndSymbols
ST or T
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Members
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other.
The places where members are connected to other members are called joints.
The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.
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Vertical Members Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in
buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps.
Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
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Horizontal Members
A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is
called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
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Trusses
A truss is a framework consisting of two horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
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MACHINE DRAWINGS
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Objectives
Define Tolerances Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
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Machine Drawings
In learning to read machine drawings, we must first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.
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Tolerances Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples. – The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only. – The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable. – In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated
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Tolerance Examples
.498 DIA+ .000- .002
.500 DIA+ .002- .000
.498 DIA
.496
.500 DIA
.502
Unilateral Method Bilateral Method
Limit Method
2.250 + .010 - .005
.875± .005
30° ± 1°
7 ± 18 64
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Tolerance Symbols
M
S
- A -
Flatness & Straightness
Angularity
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Concentricity
True Position
Roundness
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum Material Condition
(RFS) Regardless of Feature size
Datum Identifying symbol
A .001Tolerance
DatumSymbol
Feature Control Symbol
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Class Exercise
Do Class Exercise Tolerances
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Fillets and Rounds
Fillets are concave metal corner (inside) surfaces.
Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet Rounds
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Slots and Slides
Slots and slides mate two specially shaped pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slide
Dovetail Slot
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Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Square
Keyseat and Keyway
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Screw Threads
Draftsmen use different methods to show thread on drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
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Gears
When gears are drawn on machine drawings usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.
Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.
Whole DepthWorking Depth Dedendum
Addendum
Clearance
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Springs There are three
classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines Common Types of Helical Springs
Symbol Representation of Springs
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Finish Marks Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for
various reasons. A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
02 3½ X MIN.
x
x
60°60°Example of Use
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Welding
Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion or heating into a single joined mass.
Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld Fillet Weld
Symbol Symbol
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Weld Drawing Symbols
A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
1. Reference Line
2. Arrow – connects reference line to joint
3. Weld symbol – this indicates a fillet weld
½ 2
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of ½ inch
5. Supplementary symbols – this illustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.
G
7. Tail – will have information about the
process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off
if no info needed.
OAW
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Example Drawing
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Summary
Review Objectives Question and Answer Session
RETURN TO MAIN MENU