basic blueprint reading 110
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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
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SUBJECTS
z DRAWING BASICS
z ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
z PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
z PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
z CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGSz MACHINE DRAWINGS
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DRAWING BASICS
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Objectives
z Define basic industrial drawing structure
z Define line types
z Define types of drawings
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Purpose of Drawings
z Drawings are used to convey information about awide range items such as:
z Architectural building layoutsz Electrical wiring
z Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
z Location of equipment
z How to assemble equipment
z Details of equipment
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Types of Drawings
z Civil
z Architectural
z Structural
z Mechanical
z Plumbingz Piping
z Pneumatic/Hydraulic
z Electrical
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Engineering Drawings
z A general engineering drawing can be dividedinto the following five major areas or parts.
1. Title block 2. Grid system
3. Revision block
4. Notes and legends
5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
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A (letter)
8 by 11inches
Drawing Sizes
z Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to Fwith D size being the most typical
B - 11 by 17inches
C - 17 by 22 inchesD - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
Metric sizesA4 (210 x 297)A3 (297 x 420)
A2 (420 x 594)
A1 (594 x 841)
A0 (841 x 1189)
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Title Blocks
?@ACOMPANY
zTitle blocks are the beginning point of a drawinginformation.
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Revision Blocks
zThe revision block notes any changes madeto a drawing
A
z Throughout a drawing the revision listed in therevision block may be indicated by a symbol near themodified portion of the drawing such as:
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Parts Lists
z Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a listof the material that is used to build the item that
is
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Scales
z Drawing scale is a relationship of the size ordistance of the item on a drawing to the realitem.
z For example a scale of = 1 means a
measurement of inch (the quote symbol is ashorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol is shorthand forfeet) of the real world item.
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Grid System
z A drawing grid system allows a specific pointon a drawing to be referenced or found.
A
B
C
1 2 3 4 5 6
This point on the drawing is B-3
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Basic Lines
z Object lines
z Hidden lines
z Cutting plane lines
z Centerlines
z Extension linesz Dimension lines
z Leaders line
z Phantom lines
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Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifiesthe visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.
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Hidden Line
z The hidden line is used to show features or edgesof an object that is not visible. It is a broken line ofmedium thickness.
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Center Line
zThe center line is used to locate the center offeatures. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.
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Dimension Line / Extension Line
z Dimension Lines are used to show the extent ofa dimension.
z Extension Lines are use to extend a point froman object.
Dimension Line
Extension Line
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Phantom
z Phantom lines are used to represents the outlineof an adjacent part.
zThe also are used to show an alternate positionof a given part
Phantom
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Leader
z A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. Itmay have a note, dimension value or a number at theend of it
Grind Surface1
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Cutting Plane Line
z Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut ismade through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawnin detail in another part of the drawing.
A A
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Break Lines
z Short Break Line
z Break lines are also used to separate internaland external features with broken-out sections
z Break lines are uses to terminate a view toconserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
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The break line is being used to show a part
reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
250 feet
3
Break Lines Example
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Section Lines
z Section lines are used where a surface isillustrated as cut.
z It normally is used in a sectional view.
zThe lines are normally drawn diagonally.
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Dimensioning Systems
z Different systems of dimensioning are generallyused
Fractional inch
Decimal inch
SI Metric
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Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
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Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00
.656 .19
.50
1.56
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Metric Dimensioning
50
16.55
13
40
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Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Radius
Typical
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Abbreviations
z Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter andsimplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS
C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE
CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY
CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE
DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET
E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE
EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION
FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE
H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL
HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED
OTHERWISE
IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING
INV INVERT PP POWER POLE
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Drawing Legends
z Legends areboxes drawn on
the drawing toillustrate some ofthe common oruncommonsymbols used.
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Isometric Drawings
z Isometric drawings are designed to show a threedimensional view of an object.
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Perspective
z Perspective is a method of drawing things as theeye sees them.
Vanishing point
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Orthographic Drawings
z Orthographic projection shows the drawn objectfrom different views
Topview
Left side Right side
Bottom
Front Rear
Projection view
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Single Line Drawings
z The single line format represents all electrical lines,plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines andpiping, regardless of size, as single line.
z System equipment is connected to the lines arerepresented by simple standard symbols.
z By simplifying connections and equipmentas single lines allow the system's equipment andinstrumentation relationships to be clearly understood bythe reader.
z These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
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Civil
z Civil drawings are used to represent constructionon the earth or ground areas.
z Civil drawings are sometimes called: site plans
plot plans
survey plans.zThey will show contours of the earth, building
locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
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Contour Lines
z Contour lines are used in drawings calledtopographic maps and are used to identify physicalfeatures which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys andhills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation orheight is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
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Architectural
z Architectural drawings or plans are used toillustrate the design of a project.
zThey include items such as: Working drawings
Structural drawings
Floor plans Elevation drawings
Section drawings
Flow diagrams
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Gridlines
z Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, suchas A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
ABC
1
2
3
Column symbol
Column A-1
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Mechanical
z Mechanical drawings are the plans for objectssuch as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
zThere are many types of drawings associatedwith mechanical drawings such as:
Exploded view
Detail
Assembly
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Example Mechanical Detail
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Example Assembly Drawing
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An Exploded View
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Pneumatic/Hydraulic
z Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single linedrawings use symbols and lines to illustrate theconnection and equipment to be used in thepneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
Single Line Schematic example
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Plumbing/Piping
zThese types of drawings are similar topneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
Single Line Plumbing Example
TEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.0040.00
Valve
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Single Line Drawing
z A Single line plumbing drawing example
TEE
PIPELINE
TANK
36.0040.00
Valve
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Orthographic Piping Drawing
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P&ID
z Piping and Instrumentation Drawings
zThese drawings are similar to plumbing but areintended to illustrate the complete piping systemand the controlled process flow of material.
z All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,instruments and the controls to operate theprocess are illustrated. They are not drawn toscale.
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Example P&ID
CSCONTACTOR
FRESH CIS TANK
PRODUCTION FROM
SATELLITES (TYP.)
SLUG
CATCHER
TEST
SEPARATOR
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
FROM FUTURE MAIN
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FILTER
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1
FILL FROM CIS
TRANSPORTER
FRESH CIS
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
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Electrical
z Electrical drawings are also single line drawingsor schematics that uses symbols for variouselectrical equipment.
zThey are usually drawn in a style called a ladderdiagram.
z Another form of drawing is a wiring diagramwhich illustrates the wiring in a orthographic orpictorial style.
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Example Ladder
z Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn withthe circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each linecreates a rung to the ladder.
L1 L2Pushbutton
L
Pilot Light
115 VAC
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Example Wiring Diagram
z Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single linesfrom each device exactly as it would be wired.
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Electrical Schematics
z Electronic schematics use symbols for eachcomponent found in an electrical circuit.
L1 C1
R1
Q1
D1 C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+ -
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Summary
z Review Objectives
z Question and Answer Session
z RETURN TO MAIN MENU
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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
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Objectives
z Define how industrial electrical drawings arestructured.
z Define Graphical Symbols
z Define Electrical wiring diagrams
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Types of Electrical Drawings
z Wiring Diagrams -
z Block Diagrams -
z Sequence Charts
z Electronic Schematics -
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Diagrams
z Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheetdrawings of the wiring of the electrical devicesassociated with a main control panel, its fielddevices and sub-panels.
z It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
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Electrical Diagrams
z The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines orladder.
z All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as Single Line diagramsz Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on
the right side.z Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and leftvertical line
z Overloads and other circuit breaking devices maybe connected to the right of the controlled device.
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Example Diagram1FU
2FU
3FU
DISC
15 AMP
L1
L2
L3
1L1
1L2
1L3
460V360
H1H3 H2
H4
X1H2
T
115 V
1M1OL
2OL
1T1
1T2
1T3
2T1
2T2
2T3
1MTR
2MTR
HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR3 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 213
SPINDLE MOTOR2 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 184
10 AMP
4FU
10 AMP5FU 10 AMP
7FU
10 AMP
6FU2PB
START MOTORS1PBMASTER STOP
3
1 7 1M
81OL
9
2OL
101
1LT
2 4
CRMCRM
5
11
AUTOMATIC
3PBRESET
11
4PB 12
CRA
5PBMANUAL
CRH
CRH
13
14
2LT
R
1M
CRM
CRA
R
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5
CYCLE START
6PB 15 7PB
162CR
17
1LS 2LS 5LS6LS 7CR 6CR
18 19
26 26
20 21 22 23
5
5
1CR 2221 21
CRH
A
3LT
1 CR
6
MASTER RELAY 3,3
AUTOMATIC5, 14, 16, 21
AUTOMATIC
MANUAL6, 7, 15, 18, 23
MANUAL
CLAMP PART CONTROL9, 33, 33, 35, 35
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Lines
z Wiring
z Field Wiring (external to panel)
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Connections
Wiring Not Connected Wiring Connected
TS4-15
Termination or
connection
Terminal strip
and terminal
designation
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Graphical Symbols
z Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams toillustrate the wiring between electrical devices and
terminals. The electrical devices are either shown inblock diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.
z The following symbols are but a few of those that can beused.
z A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate anyadded by the manufacturer.
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Graphical Symbols Contd
DISCONNECTSymbol - DISC
CIRCUITBREAKER - CB
Or for asingle
CB
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Graphical Symbols Contd
Resistor
Rheostat
or
Tapped Resistor
Potentiometer
Fuses
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Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Normally
Open
Contact
NormallyClosed
Contact
Coil
SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,
ETC.
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Motors Symbols
ADC MOTOR
3 PHASE MOTOR
Aor
DC MOTOR FIELD
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Transformer Symbols
H1 H3 H2 H4
X1 X2Secondary
or Output
Primary
or Input
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Pilot Lights
R R
PUSH-TO-TEST
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Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLYOPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
HELDCLOSED
HELDOPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
HELDOPEN
NORMALLYOPEN
HELDCLOSED
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Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
NormallyClosed
NormallyOpen
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Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLYOPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
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Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
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Pressure Switch
NORMALLYOPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
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Foot Switches
NORMALLYOPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
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Toggle Switch
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Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLYCLOSED
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Selector Switch
2-POSITION3-POSITION
FirstPosition
OffPosition
SecondPosition
Circuit isconnected whenswitch is in this
position.
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Pushbuttons
DOUBLE
CIRCUIT
SINGLE CIRCUIT
NORMALLYOPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
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E-Stop Pushbuttons
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Time Delay Relay
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
NORMALLY
OPENNORMALLY
CLOSED
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One-line diagram example
z A one-line diagramuses single linesand graphicsymbols to indicatethe path andcomponents of an
electrical circuit.
Fusesymbol
Pushbuttonsymbol
Switch symbol
Single lineconductors
M
PLC
Controllersymbol
Motorsymbol
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Control Device Labeling
z Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, arephotocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressureswitches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O
address if a PLC is controlling it.z When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the
device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB111CR
211Sol211LS
210
211
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Wiring and Wire Identification
z Wiring color code
z BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage
z RED AC Control Circuits
z BLUE DC Control Circuits
zYELLOW Interlock Control Circuits
z GREEN Equipment grounding
z WHITE Grounded Circuit Conductor
z Wire Identification
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with anumber to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
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Device Designations
z The device designations or abbreviation, such as examplesbelow, are used on diagrams in connection with thecorresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the
particular device.CB - Circuit Breaker LS Limit Switch
CR - Control Relay T - Transformer
FU - Fuse MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot Light DISC Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch
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Line Numbers
z Each line in a electrical drawing should benumbered starting with the top line andreading down.
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
SolenoidLimit Switch
CR2
PressureSwitch
Foot Switch
Temperature Switch
Relay
1
2
3
4
Line Numbers
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Wire-Reference Numbers
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot Switch
Relay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1 2 3 4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5 6
7 8
Wire Numbers
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Numerical Cross Reference
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot SwitchRelay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
Cross Reference toLine Numbers
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Terminal Numbers
L1 L2Pushbutton
CR1
Relay
115 VAC
RelayLimit Switch
CR3
Foot SwitchRelay
1
3
4
2
CR2
CR1
CR1
CR3
CR2
( 2, 3 )
( 4 )
( 1 )
1 2 3 4
1
1
1
2
4
4
5 6
7 8
1 3
5 6
1 3
2 10
2 10
2 10
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Panel/Door Layouts
z Panel Layout.
z Door Layout
47
51
52
53
55
1T1
1T2
1T3
271
272
2T3
1
2
3
4
5
460 V
1TB
9TERM
.
3TB
29TERM
.
2TB
36TERM
.
115 V
115 V
1FU 2FU 3FU
DISC
9
9 1/2
2OL
1 1/2 X 3
1 X 3
4FU
5FU
6FU
7FU
11/2 X3
11/2
X3
11/2
X3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
1 1/2 X 3
115 V
1FT8 8 TERM60
60
8FU
62
62
9FU
64
64
10FU
66
66
11FU
68
60
12FU
70
70
13FU15 1/8
5 1/2
26 1/2
7 1/2
6 1/2
7 1/8
1CR
6CR
1OL
1M
T
115V
460V
CRM CRA CRH
2CR 3CR 4CR 5CR
9CR7CR 8CR
10PB
CYCLEUNCLAMP
8PB
HEADFORWARD
9PB
HEADRETURN
11PB
EMERG.RETURN
3PB
RESET
1PB
MASTERSTOP
2PB
STARTMOTORS
4PB
AUTOMATIC
5PB
MANUAL
12PB
EMERG.RESET
R 9LT
LUBE FAULT
G 6LT
HEAD RETRACTED
A 5LT
FULL DEPTH
A 7LT
CLAMPSARE IN
R 1LT
MOTORSRUNNING
R 2LT A 3LT
MANUAL
R 4LT
EMERG.RETURNACTIVEAUTOMATIC
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Drawing Identification
Prefix Type of Drawing Description
ADAir Diagram(Mechanical)
These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and airpiping diagram for the air operated devices.
EScale Layout(Mechanical)
These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individualsheets are numbered starting from No.1.
ELElectrical Layout
(Electrical)These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They aredirectly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
EMElectro Mechanical
(Electrical)These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card oflimit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.
EOGeneral Layout(Mechanical)
These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., completeplant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numberedstarting from No. 1.
HOHydraulic Diagram
(Mechanical)This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.
PLPneumatic Layout
(Mechanical)
These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) areassociated to a pneumatic device.
WDWiring Diagram
(Electrical)This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, andpushbutton stations.
WDOGeneral Information
(Electrical)This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
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Block Diagrams
z Block diagrams are simple block diagrams whichprovides a means to illustrate a control system ina simple graphic format.
z Block diagrams are also used to providefunctional information.
z Block diagrams are also used to illustrate theinterconnection of different machines
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Example Block Diagram
Process 1 startsif limit switch on
Startpushbutton
on
Process 1 stops
if limit switch off
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Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS START MOTORS PUSHBUTTON 2PB MOTORS START MOTORS RUNNING LAMP 1LT ARE
ENGERGIZED.
B. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC 4PB OR MANUAL 5PB PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND
LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS RESET PUSHBUTTON
3PB BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON 4PB.
C. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND CRA ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR
AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.
1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS
6PB AND 7PB ENERGIZING 1CR (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART
2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS 1LS AND 2LS. ENERGIZING 8CR RELAY 3CR (SOL E)IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS
VALVE INTO FEED.
3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, 3LS IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY 5CR.
4. 5CR CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY 4CR (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.
5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, 4LS IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING 4CR AND ENERGIZING
7CR WHICH ENERGIZES 6CR (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.
6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, 5LS AND 6LS ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY 6CR.
7. 2CR RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH CYCLE START PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.
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Electrical Layouts - EL
z Electrical layouts are architectural drawings ofthe building that shows and identifies the
electrical devices associated with a electricaldiagram.
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Wiring Connection Diagrams
z Wiring (connection) diagram a diagram thatshows the connection of an installation or itscomponent devices or parts.
zThis type of wiring diagram shows, as closely aspossible, the actual location of each component
in a circuit, including the control circuit and thepower circuit.
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Wiring Diagram Example
Motor
T1 T2 T3OverloadContact
ThermalOverloads
Start
Stop
M
Motor StarterCoil
M(aux)
NO M M M
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Electronic Schematics
z Electronic schematics use symbols for eachcomponent found in an electrical circuit.
L1 C1
R1
Q1
D1 C2
R3
Q2
T1
+
R4
R2
C3
VGG
-
+ -
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Summary
z Review Objectives
z Question and Answer Session
z RETURN TO MAIN MENU
100
PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
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Objectives
z Define Fluid Logic Symbols
z Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
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Shapes
z Shapes and lines that are used to constructsymbols and circuits:
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Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
z Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look verysimilar and the subject is usually referred to as
Fluid Power
zThe basic difference is Flow symbol.
z If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifiespneumatic.
HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC
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Fluid Power Drawings
zThis type of drawing, like electrical drawings arealso considered single line drawings.
zThe line is either an air or hydraulic lineconnected to a device
zThe devices are shown as symbols whose intentis show the fluid flow and mechanical operationof the device as well as type of device.
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Flow lines
Unconnected lines
shown crossing
Connectedlines are
illustrated witha connection
dot
Single
Hose usually connecting
parts with relative
movement
Flexible
line
Four way
junction
Flow line
or
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Basic Line Symbols
Line Working line, pilotsupply, return, electrical
ChainEnclosure of two
or more functionsin one unit
Dashed Pilot control, bleed,
filter
Line Electrical line
1
2
3
12 10
Spring
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Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
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Squares and Rectangles
Square at
45o
conditioning apparatus
connections to corners
Squarecontrol componentconnections perpendicular
to sides
Rectangle cylinders and valves
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Squares and Rectangles
certain control
methods
Rectangles
piston
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Basic Symbols
rotary actuator, motor or
pump with limited angle
of rotation
Semi-circle
mechanical
connectionpiston rod, lever,
shaft
Double line
Capsule pressurised reservoir
air receiver, auxil iarygas bottle
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Functional Elements
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors
Curved arrows areused to illustrate
rotary motionclockwise from right hand
endShaft rotation
both
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Functional Elements
Indication or control
size to suit
Temperature
Operator Opposed
solenoidwindings
Prime mover M MElectric motor
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Function components
Silencer
Pressure to electric switchpreset
Pressure to electric switch
adjustable
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Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator
Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator
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Plant
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
MCompressor and electricmotor
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Combination units
FRL with shut off valve andpressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
FRL Combined unit
Filter regulator with gauge
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Filters
Filter with manual drain
Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and
pressure drop indicator
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Pressure regulators
z A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal statewith the spring holding the regulator valve open toconnect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator withpressure gauge simplified
Adjustable Regulatorsimplified
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Valve symbol structure
zThe function of a valve is given by a pair ofnumerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
zThe first numeral indicates the number of mainports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts butexcludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
zThe second numeral indicates the number ofstates the valve can achieve.
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Valve symbol structure
z A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normallythese are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2states (the normal state and the operatedstate)
zThe boxes are two pictures of the same
valve
normaloperated
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z Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on aschematic.
z The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of
switching positions.z Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows
showing the flow direction.
z Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at rightangles to the flow path.
z J unctions within the valve are connected by a dot.
z Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by linesdrawn to the outside of the box that represents the normalor initial position of the valve
Basic Valve Symbols
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Valve symbol structure
z A valve symbol logic block will show the symbolsfor each position of the valve states joined end toend as illustrated in the next slide.
normaloperated
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Valve symbol structure
z Each valve logic state is illustrated with its stateblock joined end to end
normaloperated
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Valve symbol structure
zThe port connections are shown to only one ofthe diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
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Valve symbol structure
zThe operator for a particular state is illustratedagainst that state
Operated stateproduced bypushing a button
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Valve symbol structure
zThe operator for a particular state is illustratedagainst that state
Operated stateproduced bypushing a button
Normal stateproduced bya spring
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Valve symbol structure
zThe operator for a particular state is illustratedagainst that state
Operated stateproduced bypushing a button
Normal stateproduced bya spring
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Valve symbol structure
zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the portconnections
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Valve symbol structure
zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the port
connections
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Valve symbol structure
zThe valve symbol can be visualised as moving toalign one state or another with the portconnections
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Valve symbol structure
z A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in asimilar way. A picture of the valve flow paths
for each of the two states is shown by thetwo boxes. The 5 ports are normally aninlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
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Valve symbol structure
zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connectionsare shown against only the prevailing state
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Valve symbol structure
zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state
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Valve symbol structure
zThe full symbol is then made by joining the twoboxes and adding operators. The connectionsare shown against only the prevailing state
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Operators Contd
Plunger
Spring normallyas a return
Roller
Uni-directionor one way trip
Pressure
Pilot pressure
Differential pressure
Detent in 3 positions
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Operators Contd
Solenoid
direct
Solenoid p ilot
Solenoid p ilotwith manual overrideand integral pi lotsupply
Solenoid pilot
with manualoverride andexternal pilotsupply
Electrical
When no integralor external pi lotsupply is shown itis assumed to beintegral
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Port markings
AlphabeticalDesignations
NumericalDesignations
Working Lines A, B, C .. O (excludes L) 2, 4, 6 . . . .
Leakage Fluid L 9
Supply Air P 1
Exhaust R, S, T ..W 3, 5, 7
Pilot Lines Z, Y, X .. 12, 14, 16, 18
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or
numbers as follows:
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Port Markings Examples
1
2
12 10
1
24
5 3
14 12
1
2
3
12 10
1
2 4
3
14 12
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Summary
z Review Objectives
z Question and Answer Session
z RETURN TO MAIN MENU
150
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
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Piping Drawings
zThe single line format is most commonly used inPiping and P&ID drawings.
z The single line format represents all piping,regardless of size, as single line.
z All system equipment is represented by simplestandard symbols.
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Pipe Crossing
z The crossing of pipes withoutconnections is normally shownwithout interrupting the line.
z When there is a need to showthat one pipe must pass behindanother, the line representingthe pipe farthest may be shownwith a break, where the otherpipe passes in front of it
Far pipe
Near pipe
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Pictorial example
z Orthographic Pipe Drawing
ELBOW
TEE COUPLING
(JOINT)
GLOBE
VALVE
CHECK
VALVE
PLUG
CROSS
UNIONGATE
VALVE
CAP
Y-FITTING
45
ELBOWREDUCER
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Common Piping SymbolsComparison
90Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
Gate Valve
Pictorial Symbol
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Process and InstrumentationDrawings P&IDs
z These process flow diagrams include:
1. Pipe line numbers and directions
2. Pipe specifications and line sizes
3. All equipment
4. All valves
5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices
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Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES
PROCESS TUBING
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
HYDRAULIC LINES
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
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Valve Symbols
Globe Valve
Normally Closed
Needle Valve
Normally ClosedBall Valve
Normally OpenBall Valve
Normally Closed
Needle Valve
Normally Open
Two Valve
ManifoldButterfly Valve
Gate ValveNormally Closed
Valve NormallyClosed
Valve NormallyOpen
Globe ValveNormally Open
Gate ValveNormally Open
Blind FlangedGeneric Valve
Note: the generic valve iscommonly used on drawings with
the valve state noted next to it N.C.
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Control Valve Actuators
z Some valves are provided with actuatorsto allow remote operation, to increasemechanical advantage, or both. Below area few symbols for the common valveactuators.
Manual
Piston
Diaphragm
ElectricMotor
Solenoid
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Balloon Labeling
z A control valve may serve any number of functions within afluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labelingsystem is used to identify the function of a control valve.
z The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameterto be controlled by the valve.
z For example:
F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve
FC
Flow ControlValve
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z One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional informationabout how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaceswith the system or piece of equipment.
z The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed
Parameter
Type of Indicator
or Controller
Type of
Component
Type of Signal
F = flow
T = temperature
P = pressure
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position
R = recorder
I = indicator
C = controller
T = transmitter
M = modifier
E = element
I = current
V = voltage
P = pneumatic
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Basic Symbol Modif iers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mountedvoltage to current pressuremodifier
PM P/I E/Ior or
P/I
Examples of Transmitters
Flow Transmitter
FT FTPT
PressureTransmitter
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Controllers
z Controllers process the signal from an instrument loopand use it to position or manipulate some other systemcomponent.
z Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the
balloon after the controlling parameter.
FCFlow Controller
TCTemperature Control ler
PCPressure Controller
TCLevel Controller
PProportional
PIProport ional - Integral
PIDProportionalIntegral - Differential
I/PCurrent to Pneumatic
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Components
z Within every system there are major componentssuch as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat
exchangers, and fans.
Compressor
Steam Turbine S
Pumps or
HeatExchanger
Tanks or
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Misc. Symbols
z In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to
represent specific pieces of equipment additionaldrawing symbols are used to guide or provide
additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawingPipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 atcoordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 atcoordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
XX-003-X-Y
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CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
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Objectives
z Define Topographical Maps
z Define Contour Maps
z Define Geology and Mining Terms
z Define Site Plans Drawings
z Define Floor Plansz Define Elevation Drawings
z Define Structural Drawings and symbols
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Topographical Maps
z Maps which describe in detail local features ofthe earths surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).
z Data taken from surveys are used to build thesedrawings.
z Surveying is the actual measurement ofdistances, elevations, and directions on theearths surface.
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Contours
z Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.
z Contours are lines drawn on a map to showpoints of equal elevation; that is, all points on asingle contour line have the same elevation.
z A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing throughsuccessive contours as illustrated in the followingslide..
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Example Contours Map
Control Points
Relative
Elevations
Profile
Contours
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Contours Continued
z Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns ofdistribution of points of recorded elevation.
z A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey asillustrated in the next slide.
z Line are established at right angles to each other,dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size andelevations are determined at the corners of the squares
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Example Grid Contour Map
Elevation
Contour
Grid
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Geology and Mining Terms
z Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarilymeasured from north.
z Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planesz Stratum orSeam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes.z Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.z Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation.
z Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two beddingplanes of a stratum, seam, or vein.z Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earths surface. See following slide for examples
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Geology Terms Example
Fault Plane Seam or Stratum
Outcrop Area
Strike
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
Thickness
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Topographical Map Symbols
z Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrateland features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway
Railroad
Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge
Suspension Br idge
Dam
Telephone Line
Power Line
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Site or Layout Drawings
z Layout drawings are also called general plans and profiledrawings. T
z They provide the necessary information on the location,alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principalparts in relation to the ground at the site.
z They also provide other important details, such as thenature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacentstructures and roads.
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Example Site Drawing
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Example Symbols
Gravel
Paving
Concrete
Earth-finish grade
Earth-rough grade
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Floor Plans
z Floor plans includes:
thicknesses, and character of the building walls onthat particular floor
the widths and locations of door and windowopenings
the lengths and character of partitions the number and arrangement of rooms
the types and locations of utility installations
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Floor Layout Example
Door SymbolWindow Symbol
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Elevation Drawings
z Elevation drawings are closely related to the floorplans of a building.
zThese drawings are of vertical views of thebuilding, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation Side Elevation
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Structural Drawings
z Architectural and structural drawings aregenerally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used toconstruct buildings.
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Example of Structural Drawing Detail
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Beams
z A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight perfoot of length.
z The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms theletter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by
nominal depth and weight per foot
TopEnd
Front
Symbols
or S
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Channels
z A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
Top
End
Front
CSymbols
or
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Angles
zThe cross section of an angle resembles theletter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
Top
EndFront
L
Symbol
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Tees
z A structural tee is made by slitting astandard I- or H- beam through the center ofits web, thus forming two T-shapes fromeach beam. In dimensioning, the structuraltee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
Top
EndFront
Symbols
ST orT
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Members
z The main parts of a structure are the load-bearingstructural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with eachother.
z The places where members are connected to othermembers are called joints.
z The total load supported by the structural members ata particular instant is equal to the total dead load plusthe total live load.
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Vertical Members
z Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; inbuildings they may be called pillars.
z A pierin building construction may be called a short column. Itcould rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in theground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member thatprovides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
z The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members calledsills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members calledtop plates or stud caps.
z Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
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Horizontal Members
z A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spansa space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
z A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.z One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is
called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
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Trusses
z A truss is a framework consisting of twohorizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joinedtogether by a number of vertical and/or inclinedmembers to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
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Objectives
z Define Tolerances
z Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
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Machine Drawings
z In learning to read machine drawings, we mustfirst become familiar with the common terms,symbols, and conventions defined anddiscussed in the following slides.
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Tolerancesz Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed.z This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
z It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,either by a fraction or decimal.z Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.z Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples. The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only. The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimummeasurements are both stated
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Tolerance Examples
.498 DIA+ .000
- .002
.500 DIA+ .002
- .000.498 DIA
.496
.500 DIA
.502
Unilateral Method Bilateral Method
Limit Method
2.250 + .010
- .005
.875
.005
301
7 18 64
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Tolerance Symbols
M
S
- A -
Flatness &Straightness
Angularity
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Concentricity
True Posit ion
Roundness
Symmetry
(MMC) Maximum
Material Condition
(RFS) Regardlessof Feature size
Datum Identifyingsymbol
A .001Tolerance
DatumSymbol
Feature Control
Symbol
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Class Exercise
z Do Class Exercise Tolerances
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Fillets and Rounds
z Fillets are concave metal corner (inside)surfaces.
z Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners thathave been rounded to prevent chipping and toavoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet Rounds
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Slots and Slides
z Slots and slides mate two specially shapedpieces of material and securely hold themtogether, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide
Tee Slot
Dovetail Slide
Dovetail Slot
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Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
z A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece ofmetal inserted in a slot or groove between a
shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Square
Keyseat and Keyway
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Screw Threads
z Draftsmen use different methods to show threadon drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief
Simplif ied Method of Thread Representation
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Gears
z When gears are drawn on machine drawingsusually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.
Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.
Whole Depth
Working Depth Dedendum
Addendum
Clearance
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Springs
z There are threeclassifications of helicalsprings: compression,extension, and torsion.Drawings seldom show atrue presentation of thehelical shape; instead,
they usually showsprings with straight lines Common Types of Helical Springs
Symbol Representation of Springs
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Weld Drawing Symbols
z A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
1. Reference Line
2. Arrow connectsreference line to joint
3. Weld symbol thisindicates a fillet weld
2
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 incheslong with leg length of inch
5. Supplementary symbols
this i llustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol g = grinding, c =chipped, m = machined.
G
7. Tail will haveinformationabout the
process. OAW isa type of weldinghere. It is left o ff
if no in fo needed.
OAW
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Example Drawing
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Summary
z Review Objectives
z Question and Answer Session
z RETURN TO MAIN MENU