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Liberty Leading The People by Delacroix

I. Crisis in the French MonarchyII. The Revolution of 1789III. The Reconstruction of FranceIV. The Second RevolutionV. The Reign of Terror

04/11/23 410.2 Causes and consequences of the French Revolution

A. The financial crisisB. Louis XIV was a weak rulerC. The Estates General


France was in massive debtThe 7 year warThe American RevolutionLifestyle of the Bourbon family

Nobility or the Parlements refused to increase taxes


Little influence over nobilityNobility did not want to increase taxesWould not raise taxes unless Estates General

met It had not met since 1614.

Little influence with publicSex scandals

Often unable to address pressing issues


The First Estate: Catholic Church Controlled about 10% of the land. Paid a 2% gift to the monarch

The Second Estate: The Nobility Less than 2% of the population. Owned 25% of the land Could tax peasants at will. Resented authority of crown

The Third Estate: everyone else The emerging Bourgeoisie. The urban working class. Peasant farmers. Carried the majority of the tax burden.


A. Meeting of the Estates GeneralB. The National AssemblyC. The Tennis Court OathD. Fall of the BastilleE. The Great FearF. March on Versailles


All Estates agreed change was neededPolitical reformAddress corruption

But bitter division over how to vote.Vote by order, Third Estate will lose 2-1.Vote by Head, Third Estate wins 610-591.

King Louis XVI requests estates to meet separately


04/11/2310.2 Causes and consequences of the French Revolution 11

Third Estate refuses and forms National Assembly

Invites 2nd and 3rd Estate to sit with themSeized power away from the First and Second

estates


Vowed to write a constitution

Members of other estates joined

King capitulated to National Assembly

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizen’s.


Paris was a model of instability. Poor wheat crop cause price increases. High price of bread diminished demand for other goods. Riots over rising prices of bread.

Louis XVI called for his Swiss guards to come to Paris To Protect the crown The crowds feared this move. The National Assembly feared the Guards were coming

after them.Peasants attack Bastille to seize weapons for

defense This is NOT the Assembly


Peasant mobs rise against nobility.Attacked manorsDestroyed legal documentsSeized landStopped paying taxes

National Assembly forces Louis XVI to end Feudalism


Rising bread prices anger woman of Paris.They march on the assembly.They march to Versailles.

The woman and mobs attack Versailles.Force King to agree to return to Paris.


A. Political reorganizationB. Economic policyC. Civil Constitution of the ClergyD. The Counter Revolution


Citizenship and voting based on tax payersCreated 83 departments

Replaced all provincial powerFurther crippled nobility


Assembly outlawed labor unionsCounter to individualism

Assembly confiscated the land of the ChurchIssued Assignats or bonds

Issued too many and led to inflation


Transformed Catholic Church into secular part of state.Between loss of lands and this catholic church

was very angryEven members of Church who supported the

assembly opposed the Revolution now.Really angered the Pope


The revolution threatened political and social order across EuropeThe VaticanFrench Nobility or EmigresThe King tried to flee, but was caughtMonarchs of Europe saw its as a threat

Declaration of PillnitzFrederick II of Prussia vowed to protect Marie

Antoinette


A. The JacobinsB. The Paris CommuneC. The Sans-Culottes


Political Party of the RevolutionInfluenced by Rousseau and EnlightenmentEmerged as early leaders of assembly

Declared war on Austria as a threat to the Revolution (1792)


Formed to govern Paris during the warConsisted of mobs of people to protect the

revolutionFeared the counter revolutionaries

Attacked the prisonAttacked the royal residence

Imprisoned the family


Shop keepers, workers and artisansPrimarily the poor

Very angry at price of foodPeople have a right to foodAngry at the Jacobins

Divisions in the assemblyThe left was extremely revolutionaryThe Right wanted a constitutional Monarchy


A. War with EuropeB. The Levee en MasseC. Committee on Public safetyD. The end of Terror


France was at war with Britain, Austria and PrussiaEurope feared the revolution

The radicals of the revolution saw a need to defend the revolutionViewed early leaders of the revolution as a

threat


Mobilize the entire populationOver 1 million menIncluded women


Had power to defend the revolution from internal threatsHeaded by Maximillian Robespierre

Determined to build a “Republic of Virtue”From 1793 –1794 put on trial all enemies of

the state.Christians and womenAnyone less radical than Robespierre.40,000 people killed.


Robespierre creates “Cult of Supreme Being”Remaining leaders fear his powerRobespierre accuses them of conspiracyThis is the end of RobespierrePeriod becomes known as Reign of Terror


It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the age of foolishness,

it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulityincredulity……

-- -- Charles DickensCharles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

French Revolution

Trouble is brewing in France

Why it matters:• The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world.

• The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today.

• The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dear by many nations and individuals today.

student outline1.Rule of kings until 17892. Estates general called in 17893.Fall of Bastille July 17894.New Constitution 1789-17915.Republic 17926.Extremists in power 17937.Reign of Terror 1793-17948.The Directory 17959.Napoleon First Consul 1799

The French Revolution of 1789

Louis XVI Marie Antionette

The Rulers of France

• When she was 14 years old, her mother sent her to Paris to marry the Dauphin and become France's future Queen. Maria Teresa thought her a silly girl ("Her age craves indulgence," she wrote father-in-law Louis XV)--and only sent her when her other daughters defaulted and she had no other choice (beautiful Marie Elizabeth, for example, contracted small pox and became too ugly to qualify). Indeed, Marie Antoinette had been a lousy student, didn't like to read, and could barely write.

• Her 15-year-old husband, the future Louis XVI, was a shy, gawky boy who most loved hunting, reading history, and working in his little locksmith shop. Whereas womanizing Louis XV immediately examined his daughter-in-law's breasts (and was disappointed--she was, after all, only 14), the future Louis XVI was not able to complete the sex act with his bride for a whole 7 years and 3 months after the wedding.

Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

For 7 years and 3 months, then, Marie Antoinette filled her life with other gay pursuits--dancing, music, gambling; theatricals, buying things, gambling; riding horses, frisking with dogs, gambling--and she shocked the pants off France when she made an outing with courtiers and her household one morning to watch daybreak--the so-called l'lever d'Aurore. Positively Rousseau-esque! Decadent and unqueenly! It prompted the first of thousands of vitriolic pamphlets written against her specifically.

In 1774, Louis XV died, and King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ascended to the throne.

•Finally in 1778, thanks to the intervention in 1777 of Marie Antoinette's brother Joseph (the future Holy Roman Emperor) in the role of sex therapist, the King and Queen delivered a healthy baby girl...followed by a son in 1781, the coveted Dauphin and future King...another son in 1785...and daughter Sophie in 1786. These were the Queen's happiest years--so fulfilled as a mother, by her own account, that she packed on weight and mostly gave up her antic behavior. But sad days followed fast: Sophie died in 1787. The Dauphin, always a sickly boy, became hideously diseased, crippled, and feverish as he slipped into advanced tuberculosis. And, with the treasury empty, bread riots everywhere, and the fear of war rampant, the Queen got the blame.


Marie Marie AntoinetAntoinet

te te and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage“Peasant Cottage””

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace The Necklace ScandalScandal

Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanRohan

Y The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million today][$100 million today]

Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”

What will happen to her next?

Wait and see….


The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

The Three Estates

The Estates General is the French body of lawmaking

Nobility

Clergy

BourgeoisieCommonersPeasants

The Three Estates

First and Second Estates

First Estate: Clergy (1% population)-control lots of land-operated the schools-aided the poor-lived in great luxury – chateaux-doesn’t have to pay tax (taille) to King (common people pay tax to King and tithe to church)Second Estate: nobles-Nobles had almost complete authority over peasants-Nobles did not have to do military service-Nobles were exempt from most taxes-Nobles collected tolls from people using roads and markets-

The Three Estates

The Third Estate

-Workers (sans culottes) -Bourgeoisie (businessmen)-Peasants were forced to do military service- Peasants could not hunt or fish on noble’s estates--Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the king, and the Church--Peasants had to use the lord’s mill, oven and winepress, and pay for them-- Peasants made up 90% of the population

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives

in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300

300

648

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 16141614!!

1. King Louis XVI and Marie Antionette ran out of money. He spent lots of money on two wars against Britain.

1. One in 1756 (French and Indian War or the 7 Years War)

2. One in 1778 (American Revolution against Britain)

2. Problems faced by peasants. They were so poor they couldn’t feed their families. Then there were 2 years of bad harvest.

3. Clergy and Nobles would not give the king more money. Clergy and nobles had lots of land and money but would not pay more taxes.

4. Final cause of the French Revolution was ideas. A new set of ideas called the Enlightenment attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the gov’t.

““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”

Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the “National They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.Assembly” of France.

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

You tell me who said what: worksheet

link

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

What happened after the Tennis Court oath?

The National Assembly ruled and created documents and new decrees (laws)

Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789

Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.

Y 18 died.18 died.

Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.

Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.

Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & criminals & 2 madmen].2 madmen].

Bastille - a symbol of tyranny

The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y There was chaos and fear everywhere as the There was chaos and fear everywhere as the National Assembly took overNational Assembly took over

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.

The Path of the “Great Fear”

Why did the Great Fear occur? ____Peasants believed nobles were planning to kill them and stop revolution. Many food shortages, so people hungry and angry______

What was the Great Fear? ____Peasants attacked manor houses and monasteries. Destroyed possessions and documents recording rents, feudal dues and other feudal obligations

The Creation of the National Assembly

and the new Constitution

National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

During that August there During that August there were decrees (laws) passed were decrees (laws) passed that ended the privileges that ended the privileges

of the rich aristocracyof the rich aristocracy

Liberté!Liberté! Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

1789 The National 1789 The National Assembly continued to Assembly continued to

meet.meet.3 reforms of the National Assembly which

occurred in August, 1789? (August Decrees)

a. Outlawed the 10% tithe to Catholic Church

b. Canceled all feudal dues and services from peasants to nobility

c. Removed privileges of First and Second Estates, therefore outlawed Feudalism in France_ Equality & MeritocracyEquality & Meritocracy!!

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Aug 26, the Citizen (Aug 26,

1789)1789)5 rights stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

a. men are born and remain equal before the lawb. Freedom of speech, press, and religionc. Right to take part in governmentd. Right to hold public officee. Right to a fair trial

Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

BUT . . . . BUT . . . .

Y Feudal dues were not renounced Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private threat to the principle of private property!]property!]

Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.

Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.

Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!

BUT . . . . BUT . . . .

Y Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope the other noble families will protect the other noble families will protect them and try to retake the throne for the them and try to retake the throne for the French king.French king.

Y What is an emigre?French nobles who fled to Britain, Prussia, Switzerland

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Laws Passed by The Laws Passed by The National AssemblyNational Assembly

2 laws passed by the National Assembly which reformed France?

Divided France into 83 departments instead of unequal provinces

all local officials to be elected

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary Departments are Departments are

createdcreated

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790

The Creation of the New Constitution • The Assembly adopted its Constitution of

1791, which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a legislative Assembly with the power to make laws

• Only the most affluent(rich) members would be elected.

• Only men over 25 who paid a specified amount in taxes could vote. This keeps the mob from running the gov’t.

•Many people–Catholic priests, nobles, and lower classes hurt by economic hard times–opposed the new order.

•The king tried to flee France, but he was recognized and returned to France.

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1. 1. Confiscate and sell Confiscate and sell Church Lands Church Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

Why did the National Assembly seize lands from the Catholic Church?

land was sold to the people and money used to pay down the national debt

The Civil Constitution The Civil Constitution of the Clergyof the Clergy

People in parishes would elect their own clergy and government pay salaries of priests and bishops

What was the result of this law? Catholic Church upset and many Catholics began to oppose the Revolution

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized:

The pope had NO voice in the The pope had NO voice in the appointment of appointment of

the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]

2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print

AssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.V Caused inflationCaused inflation

What did the National What did the National Assembly Accomplish?Assembly Accomplish?What did the National What did the National Assembly Accomplish?Assembly Accomplish?

limited the authority of the king and divided the government into 3 branches--executive, judicial, legislative--who believed in 3 branches of government?????

4 Provisions of the 4 Provisions of the 1791 Constitution?1791 Constitution?4 Provisions of the 4 Provisions of the 1791 Constitution?1791 Constitution?

a. king couldn’t make or stop law

b. .tax paying males elected members to Legislative Assembly

c. National Assembly abolished, Legislative Assembly established

d. No member of National Assembly could be a member of the Legislative Assembly

How did Louis XIV feel How did Louis XIV feel about the 1791 about the 1791 Constitution?Constitution?

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

Agreed, but plotted with emigres to overthrow gov’t and restore Old Regime j

What were the problems What were the problems with the Legislative with the Legislative Assembly of 1791? Assembly of 1791?

weak executive branch, inexperienced legislature elected by minority of population, discontent among poor, inflation

Revolutionary France prepares a new army

Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution

French Expansion: 1791-1799French Expansion: 1791-1799

During the revolution in France other countries are scared. They are frightened the revolution will spread to their lands. Some offer support to Louis XVI and nobles of France.

New French army (commoners) expands Fr territory.

Out of this Napoleon will arise.

Why did the Legislative Assembly and Louis XVI favor war?

Louis XVI-would defeat revolutionary army and restore him to power.

Legis Assemb--increase their power and spread revolution

__ 1. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

__ 2. obligations of peasants to noble landlords that survived into the modern era

__ 3. “without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches)

__ 4. one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate), and the townspeople (third estate)

A. estate

B. relics of feudalism

C. bourgeoisie

D. sans-culottes

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

C

B

D

A

Checking for Understanding

1793-1794

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

conservative. Group that does not want change--revolution had gone far enough-king with limited authority

radical. Person who wants more change-wants to get rid of king, set up republic and more reforms

moderate. Person who does not hold extreme views--sided with both sides depending on the issue

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinJacobinss

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:

Now there is an uprising

Due to all the continued problems and discontent

What led to uprisings in France? Failures in war and economic/food shortages

From all this discontent new voices/groups will rise in power in the France….

The Political Chaos

• The Girondins (rural) wanted to keep the king alive.

• The Jacobins (especially the Mountain -left branch) wanted the King killed.

There is murder and mayhem and chaos in the streets.The Jacobins take over.

The Reign of Terror begins.

The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over over 1000 1000 killed!killed!

It It discredited the Revolution among its remaining discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.

They called themselves the Commune Radicals/Jacobins who seized government in Paris

The steps leading to the end of the monarchya. Prussia vowed to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed

b. Commune demanded Legis Assemb abolish monarchy

c. Commune accused Louis XIV of plotting with foreign powers to overthrow Const of 1791d. Legis Assembly suspended office of kinge. Parisian mob marched to Tuileries, killed guards, and imprisoned the royal familyf. Commune ruled Paris and Legis Assembly tried to govern France

Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence and sets date for new elections--Legis Assembly a constitutional monarchy and since no longer a king, need a new constitution_

The National Assembly added universal manhood suffrage

every adult male could vote no matter if owned property or not

1. Georges Danton2. Maximilien Robespierre

3. Jean Paul Marat

Important Jacobins

A. One of the more important radical leaders was Jean-Paul Marat, who published the radical journal Friend of the People.

• He argued that the poor had a right to take from the rich whatever they needed, even by violence!

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,

17931793

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte by Charlotte CordayCorday

Paul JacquesPaul JacquesAimeeAimee

Baudry, 19Baudry, 19cc

[A Romantic[A RomanticView]View]

1. The 1. The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass WorkersWorkers

Small Small shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.They felt the gov’t They felt the gov’t

should make sure they should make sure they had wage increases had wage increases and the price of food and the price of food

was fixed!was fixed!

They were the voice of They were the voice of the common man!the common man!

2. The Jacobins2. The JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class unlike the Sans-Collotes class unlike the Sans-Collotes who were more peasant and who were more peasant and working classworking class..

Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.

Who were the important Jacobins?

• Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so known for his honesty that he was called “The Incorruptible.”

• He followed Rousseau’s ideas in The Social Contract, and he believed that anyone who would not submit to the general will as he interpreted it should be executed.

B. To respond, the National Convention formed the 12-member Committee of Public Safety, led first by Danton and then by Maximilian Robespierre.

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

It’s task was to It’s task was to try enemies of try enemies of the Revolutionthe Revolution

To direct the To direct the army to try to army to try to stop invading stop invading armiesarmies

To control the To control the RevolutionRevolution

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

A French physician, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, was instrumental in having a law

passed requiring all sentences of death to be carried out humanely

by “means of a machine.” Use of the guillotine, named for Guillotin,continued in France through the 1970s. In 1981, France outlawed capital punishment.

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary

Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)

Louis XIV is accused of plotting against the gov’t of The National Convention and against France

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

The rest of the world is shocked that the king and queen were executed!

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia.

They feared France would try to export revolutionary ideas about overthrowing monarchy

The French Army was different than The French Army was different than the old regimethe old regime

A conscription is passed.

Conscription is to draft all unmarried 18-25 year old men into the army

How was the new French army different from the army of the Old Regime? anyone could become an officer if proved their ability

The Creation of the Republic

Wars• The French revolutionary army changed the nature of

modern warfare and was an important step in creating modern nationalism.

• Previously, small armies fought wars between governments and ruling dynasties.

• The new French army was a people’s army fighting a people’s war on behalf of a people’s government. Warfare also became more destructive.

The Reign of Terror (cont.) • A new calendar was adopted. Years were

numbered from September 22, 1792, the first day of the French Republic, and not from Christ’s birth.

• The calendar contained 12 months with each month having three weeks of 10 days, with the tenth day a day of rest. This practice eliminated Sundays.

• Robespierre realized, however, that France was too Catholic to be dechristianized.

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization

(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion wasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up their encouragement of the clergy to give up their

vocations.vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

The Festival of The Festival of Supreme BeingSupreme Being

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

Jacobins lost power, bourgeoisie took control of National Convention, Fashions became fancier, inflation increased _____________________________

The Thermidoran Reaction

1794

The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794

P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.

he alienated members of the he alienated members of the CPS CPS & CGS. & CGS.

many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention the Convention arrestsarrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The “Thermidorean Reaction,” The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 17941794

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793

Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,

1794.1794.

What was the impact anyway?

a. Opened new schoolsb. supported ideas of universal elementary educationc. encouraged religious tolerationd. established wage and price controls to stop inflatione. adopted metric systemf. abolished slavery in French colonies

A new constitution is written

It creates a Directory

The Directory

The Directory

New ruling gov’t of France 1795-1799Elector choose legislatorsThey choose 5 men to direct the country – They are called the Directory

How is it organized?

2 House legislature-500 members Council of 500 - propose laws. 250 members - House of Ancients-vote on laws

and select executive branch. Executive branch=5 members=directors_

Who voted in Directory elections? How was this different from elections during the National Convention?

Male property owners, therefore bourgeoisie controlled govt. all men could vote during National Convention.

What problems did the Directory face?

weak, corrupt rulers, Inflation, Used army to put down revolts

Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century

Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government

Classes of people – privileged and unprivilegedUnprivileged people – paid taxes and treated

badlyPrivileged people – did not pay taxes and

treated well

In France, people were divided into three estatesFirst Estate

High-ranking members of the ChurchPrivileged class

Second EstateNobilityPrivileged class

Third EstateEveryone else – from peasants in the countryside to

wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the citiesUnprivileged class

What does this contemporary political cartoon say about conditions in France under the Old Regime?

Monarch ruled by divine rightGod put the world in motionGod put some people in positions of powerPower is given by GodNo one can question GodNo one can question someone put in power by

GodQuestioning the monarchy was blasphemy

because it meant questioning God

France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture

Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation

Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxesCertainly could not afford to have their taxes

raisedBourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth

But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not

The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles

Government found its funds depleted as a result of warsIncluding the funding of the American

RevolutionDeficit spending – a government spending

more money than it takes in from tax revenues

Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed

•Queen Marie Antoinette was seen

as a wasteful spender

Scientists during the Renaissance had discovered laws that govern the natural world

Intellectuals – philosophies – began to ask if natural laws might also apply to human beingsParticularly to human institutions such as

governmentsPhilosophers were secular in thinking – they

used reason and logic, rather than faith, religion, and superstition, to answer important questions

Used reason and logic to determine how governments are formedTried to figure out what logical, rational principles

work to tie people to their governmentsQuestioned the divine right of kings

Long-term causesAlso known as underlying causesCauses which can stem back many years

Short-term causesAlso known as immediate causesCauses which happen close to the moment the

change or action happens

Example: A person is fired from his or her job.Long-term cause(s): The person is often late to

work and is generally unproductive on the job.Short-term cause(s): The person fails to show up for

work and does not call the employer.

Key: One typically does not happen without the other. Events which bring important change (or action) need both long-term and short-term causes.

Winter of 1788-1789Members of the estates elected representatives

CahiersTraditional lists of grievances written by the

peopleNothing out of the ordinary

Asked for only moderate changes

Voting was conducted by estateEach estate had one voteFirst and Second Estates could operate as a bloc

to stop the Third Estate from having its way

◊ First Estate + ◊ Second Estate - vs. - ◊ Third Estate

Representatives from the Third Estate demanded that voting be by populationThis would give the Third Estate a great advantage

Deadlock resulted

Tennis Court Oath by Jacques Louis David

“The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom,

to effect the regeneration of the public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing

can prevent it from continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled,

there is the National Assembly;

“Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the

constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that, the said

oath taken, all members and each one of them individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by

signature.”

Louis XVI did not actually want a written constitution

When news of his plan to use military force against the National Assembly reached Paris on July 14, 1789, people stormed the Bastille

Parisian Commune feared that Louis XVI would have foreign troops invade France to put down the rebellionLouis XVI’s wife, Marie Antoinette, was the

sister of the Austrian emperorA group of women attacked Versailles on

October 5, 1789Forced royal family to relocate to Paris along

with National AssemblyRoyal family spent next several years in the

Tuileries Palace as virtual prisoners

Church lands were seized, divided, and sold to peasants

Civil Constitution of the Clergy required that Church officials be elected by the people, with salaries paid by the government2/3 of Church officials fled the country rather

than swear allegiance to thisAll feudal dues and tithes were eradicatedAll special privileges of the First and Second

Estates were abolished

The 30 provinces and their “petty tyrants” (Intendants) were replaced with 83 new departmentsRuled by elected governors

New courts, with judges elected by the people, were established

Democratic featuresFrance became a limited monarchy

King became merely the head of stateAll laws were created by the Legislative

AssemblyFeudalism was abolished

Undemocratic featuresVoting was limited to taxpayersOffices were reserved for property owners

This new government became known as the Legislative Assembly

Royal family sought help from Austria In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to

AustriaNobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as

émigrésThey hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime

could be restored in FranceChurch officials wanted Church lands, rights, and

privileges restoredSome devout Catholic peasants also supported the

ChurchPolitical parties, representing different interests,

emergedGirondistsJacobins

European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countriesFrance was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops

In the uproar, the Commune took control of ParisCommune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin

political partyVoters began electing representatives for a new

convention which would write a republican constitution for FranceA republic is a government in which the people elect

representatives who will create laws and rule on their behalf

Meanwhile, thousands of nobles were executed under the suspicion that they were conspirators in the foreign invasion

On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time

Established the First French RepublicFaced domestic opposition and strife

Girondists were moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces

Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, and Robespierre) represented workers

Faced opposition from abroadAustria, England, Holland, Prussia, Sardinia,

and Spain formed a Coalition invading France

The Convention abolished the monarchyAs long as the royal family lived, the monarchy

could be restored Put the royal couple on trial for treason

Convictions were a foregone conclusionLouis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October

16, 1793Daughter Marie-Thérèse was allowed to go to

Vienna in 1795 She could not become queen because of Salic law,

which did not allow females to succeed to the throneSon Louis-Charles, a.k.a. Louis XVII (lived 1785-

1795) was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison

The three most memorable Jacobins were Georges Danton, Maximilien Robespierre, and Jean-Paul Marat.

Because of a debilitating illness, Marat was eventually forced to work from home. He was assassinated (in the tub while taking a medicinal bath) by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist sympathizer, in July, 1793.

The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David

Convention drafted Frenchmen into the army to defeat the foreign CoalitionThese troops were led by General CarnotThe people supported military operations

because they did not want the country back under the Old Regime

Rouget de Lisle wrote the “Marseillaise”Became the French national anthemInspired troops as they were led into battle

After two yearsCoalition was defeatedFrance had gained, rather than lost, territory

Despite military successes, the Convention continued to face problems domestically

Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics

Committee of Public SafetyHeaded by Danton (and later Robespierre)Those accused of treason were tried by the

Committee’s Revolutionary TribunalApproximately 15,000 people died on the

guillotineGuillotine became known as the “National Razor”Including innovative thinkers like Olympe de

Gouges and Madame Jeanne Roland

Members of the Girondist political party tried to end the Reign of Terror initiated by the Jacobin political partyThis opposition to the Committee of Public Safety

caused many Girondists to be tried and executed for treason

Eventually, even Georges Danton wanted to end the executionsThis resulted in Danton being tried and executed for

treasonMaximilien Robespierre became leader of the

Committee of Public SafetyHe continued the executionsConvention came to blame Robespierre for the Reign of

TerrorThermidorean Reaction

July 27, 1794 – ended the Reign of TerrorConvention sent Robespierre and other members of the

Committee of Public Safety to the guillotine Robespierre was guillotined on July 28, 1794

With the foreign invaders vanquished and the Reign of Terror at an end, the Convention was finally able to inaugurate its new constitution

Constitution of the Year III of the Republic (1795) created the Directory

Enlightenment ideals (liberty, equality, etc.)

Divided nation

Huge national debt (extravagance, wars, etc.)

Corruption

Population pressures

Society of Orders (The Three Estates)

Seven Year’s War

War of American Independence

Harsh winter/food shortage

Estates General/ National Assembly

Since the Middle Ages, French society had been divided into three separate classes:The First Estate = clergyThe Second Estate = nobilityThe Third Estate = everyone else

Discontent grew in 1700sFirst Estate always exempt from taxes

(resented)Second Estate many privileges & rights:

Land ownershipHunting rights Collect money from peasants

First & Second Estates held powerThird Estate = 97% of populationSubstructure:

Bourgeoisie = middle class, usually educated – doctors, lawyers, merchants, manufacturers

Urban poor = laborers & artisansPeasants = worked as farmers

Peasants lived in poverty & burdened by:Feudal dues to lordsRent payments for land they worked “Taille” (heaviest gov’t tax)Tithes to the Catholic church (1/10 of income)

Louis XVI convened the Estates General

Representatives from each of the three estates – Louis hoped to gain approval to raise taxes

Met at Versailles in May 1789

Each estate had its own agenda & wanted to improve its position by taking power from the monarchy

Abbé de Sieyès – “What is the Third Estate?”

1st. What is the third estate? Everything.

2nd. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing.

3rd. What does it demand? To become something therein.

Discuss as a group then write(individually) your answers in

thejournal section of your

notebooks:

Who are the subjects of the political cartoon?

What symbolism is used?

To which Estate did the artist most likely belong? Why?

Third Estate formed the National Assembly

Main goal = French Constitution

Louis closed down their meeting

National Assembly met on a tennis court

Took the Tennis Court Oath – vowed to stay until they had written a Constitution

Louis recognized the N. A.

Tremendous citizen support allowed the N. A. to assume power

By mid-summer 1789, rumors that royal troops would crush the N. A.

Louis XVI fired the beloved finance minister, Jacques Necker

July 14, 1789 – working people of Paris stormed the Bastille – a prison symbolic of despotism and torture

Initial goal = obtain weapons & gunpowder to defend the National Assembly…

Revolutionary mentality created – drives the revolutionaries forward

Two distinct stages: Moderate & RadicalJuly 14, 1789 – 800-900 Parisians, mostly

women, went to the Bastille

Looking for weapons & gunpowderStormed the prison – 98 killed and 73

woundedNo weapons, but significant because La

Bastille was a symbol of the RevolutionLouis’ reaction…

To many – no turning back

Moderate Stage = Clash between 2nd Estate (nobility) and 3rd Estate (peasants) WHY??

Includes fall of Bastille and the general events that led to it

After the fall of the Bastille, many nobles fled & Louis withdrew troops

Peasantry believed Estates General would solve the problems they had outlined in a list of grievances called “cahiers de doléances”

Cahiers were ignored – Peasants attacked food convoys en route to Paris

Peasants refuse to pay taxes, tithes, and manorial dues as they perceived their landlords to be responsible for their economic plight

End of July 1789 – peasants began to burn down the homes of their landlords & with them the records of their obligations

Rumors began – aristocracy to raise an army and kill the peasants – known as “The Great Fear”

The Fear – advantage to the reformers – gave National Assembly the opportunity to criticize aristocratic privilege

August 4, 1789- French aristocrats surrendered privileges by decree

That night, the General Assembly drew up “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”

Outlined man’s natural rights – symbolic of the new French Social Order

Louis XVI did not approve

October 5, 1789 – Parisians marched 12 miles to Versailles to protest the lack of bread

20,000 Paris Guards joined the mob

“We are going to cut off her head, tear out her heart, fry her liver, and that won’t be the end of it!”

Louis promised bread & approved decrees/declaration and returned to Paris

Called “October Days”Restored peasant’s faith

June 20, 1791 – attempted to flee France

In contact with Leopold II – plan to raise army in Austria and crush the revolution

The Flight to Varennes…

"Arrest of Louis Capet at Varennes, June 22, 1791"This print shows an angry crowd of fervent revolutionaries breaking down doors to arrest the King.”

Showed Louis could not be trusted

NA had wanted a Constitutional Monarchy – now, this was unlikely

Goal = dismantle the Ancién RegimeSix basic reforms to accomplish:

1. Abolish birthright – legalize equality2. Declaration of the Rights of Man3. Subordinated church to state4. Constitution (1791)5. More efficient government6. Economic reforms

End of Sept. 1791 – N. A.’s work doneRevolution over1792 – drastic change – not desired or

anticipatedWas this the end??

Bell Ringer

What were some of the consequences ofKing Louis XVI’s “Flight to Varennes”?

Discuss with Partner30 Seconds

The Radical StageThe Radical Stage1792-17941792-1794

The Players…

The Sans-CulottesFrench for “without knee

britches”Term created by the nobility

to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate because they wore long pants instead of the chic shorter culottes.

Sans-Culottes (cont.)Typical dress of a sans-culotte

Page 349 in your textbookRed liberty capPantaloons (long trousers)Carmagnole (short-skirted coat)Sabats (wooden shoes)

Sans-Culottes (cont.)They demanded that

the revolutionary government immediately: Increase wagesFix pricesEnd food shortagesPunish hoardersDeal with

counterrevolutionaries

Sans-Culottes (cont.)

Wanted laws to prevent extremes of both wealth & poverty

Ideal nation = one of small shopkeepers and farmers

The Jacobins

Predominately bourgeoisie

Well-organized & disciplined

Wanted a strong central government with Paris being the center of power

Supported temporary governmental controls to deal with the needs of the economy

The Jacobins (cont.)

Combined with the sans-culottes, the Jacobins WERE the revolution

Above all else, the Jacobins unleashed extreme terror

GirondinsThis moderate faction

of the Assembly drew its support from businessmen, merchants, and government officials

Their fall from popularity began with their refusal to join the more radical revolutionaries in overthrowing the monarchy

La MontagneThe MountainA political group

(members = Montagnards)

Sat on highest benches in NA

Often synonymous with Jacobins

Under the sway of such men as Marat, Danton, & Robespierre

Jean Paul MaratSwiss-bornPhysician“L’Ami du Peuple”

The Death of Marat by David

Charlotte Corday by Baudry

S.Krishna.(2012).French Revolution: Social Project. http://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaCooldude/french-revolution-11462631?qid=9d754946-5607-4c03-859d-3fb6ac6b2551&v=default&b=&from_search=10

Acessed on 07 March 2014

W.Batcheller.(2009).The French Revolution. http://www.slideshare.net/wesleybatcheller/the-french-revolution-2097929

Accessed on 07 March 2014

J.,B.Switala.(2010).French Revolution. http://www.slideshare.net/jboyerswitala/french-revolution-part-i


M.Lynde.(2010).French Revolution for web. http://www.slideshare.net/Mlynde/french-revolution-for-web-2678284


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