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Ballast Water ManagementBallast Water Managementand Ballast Water Treatmentand Ballast Water Treatment

Gemeinnützige GesellschaftGemeinnützige GesellschaftTrainingszentrum Trainingszentrum MS MS Emsstrom mbHEmsstrom mbH

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Ballast water management andtreatmentSyllabus

1. The problem - Marine species2. IMO Resolution3. USCG - Regulation 33CFR 1514. Ballast water treatment methods5. Ballast water management ( IMO and USCG )6. Ballast water management strategy7. Procedures and reporting on board8. Safety precaution9. Training of the crew10. Ballast water treatment - the different ways and

methods

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Ballast water management and treatment

General : The total amount of water on the earth = 0,0244% of the total mass of the earth

In the atmosphere there is a total amount of 14000 km³

General aspects of the ecological system of the General aspects of the ecological system of the oceans and the environmental influenceoceans and the environmental influence

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Ballast water management and treatmentThe whole water cycle will take place between theoceans and the Atmosphere ( Evaporation and precipitation )Most of the evaporated water will return in the ocean,only a small amount will be back on shore

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At sea we have a bigger sea fauna than ashore

Near the coastal or in the coastal areas there are biggeramounts and special amounts of biotops

The intensity of the primary products is changing withthe intensity of the light

The photosynthesis is only limited in the upper partsof the oceans, 200 m

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How will we use our oceans ?

1. Salt production

2. Fishing

3. Medium for bulk cargoes, transportation,shipping industry

4. As energy resources

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The oceans as a medium for the shipping industry( transportation of cargo by ships )

Effects : International connection

Strong influence on the world trading

but alsobut also

a direct influence in the ecological systema direct influence in the ecological systemof the oceansof the oceans

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Consequences

Reduction in using the oceans as a economical system

Changing of the existing ecological systemNo self cleaning process of the oceans possible

Reduction of the bad environmental and ecological system only possible be means of biological processes

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Possible protections

A through - flow of currents can spread dirty sediments much better and over a larger surface

A higher salinity can destroy acids, but will alsoreduce the ability to bend oxygen

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Lets see a simple example

1 ton of oil will be spread, ( weak winds ), in between several minutes over a surface of 3000 m² at a film thickness of o,3 mm

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What are reasons for destroying the ecologicalsystem of the oceans ?

1. Human errors, like wrong loading reduction of stability which can lead

to a capsizing of a vessel, Ballasting and deballasting

2. Technical reasons

3. Chemical reactions, like : spontaneous heating other chemical reactions

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What protections can be found and who isresponsible ?

First of all you, which means everybody is responsibleand has to play his roll in this environmental game

• International conventions and law ( IMO )• International standard of training ( IMO,STCW )• Additional environmental training ( Marpol, EHPC US )• Handling and training in Ballastwater mangement

( IMO Resolution 868(20) and CFR 33 Part 151 ,OPA Act 90, Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance PreventionControl Act of 1990 and the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. )

• Training in Marpol convention ( MARPOL 73/78 - Annex1-5, IMO )

• Technical prevention

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MARPOL Convention 73/78

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Ballast water management andtreatment

The problem :

Marine species are being carried around the world in ship’s ballast water and ballast water tanks. When we are dischargingthe ballast water, these marine species are become invasive andcan severely influence the water ecology

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Ballast water management and treatmentNow - a -days the ballast water capacity of the ships are steadilyincreasing. Ballast is any material used to weight or balancean object. The ship’s ballast will be used to maintain a certainstability and structural integrity. For example: A 200.000 DWTBulk carrier has a ballast capacity of ~ 60.000 tons .If ballast is taken on a ship, unwanted marine organism are alsoat the same time taken. These are spores, eggs, larvae or largerspecies. Fact is that almost all marine species have planktonicstages in their life- cycle. They are small enough to pass theballast water intake parts ( filter and pumps ).These species will be transported via the ballast water in otherregions, where the can destroy the marine environment.

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Guidelines to solve the problem :The IMO has developed voluntary Guidelines for the control andmanagement of ship’s ballast water, to minimise the transfer ofharmful aquatic organisms and pathogens. (IMO Resolution A.868(20) The guidelines are recommending the following measures :• Minimising the uptake of organism during ballasting• Minimising the build-up of sediments in ballast tanks,

which may harbour organism• Undertaking ballast water management measures, including

Ballast exchange at sea, to minimise the transfer of organism

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At the same time the US have brought out a regulation ( CFR 33Part 151, USCG - 2003 - 14273 )regarding Ballast water management. [ Mandatory ballast water management programfor U.S. Waters ] This program will also comply with the requirements of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance PreventionControl Act of 1990 and the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. This rule is effective as from the 27.September 2004.

As from the year 2009, the IMO requires no longer a BWM, fromthis time on a ballast water treatment system must be on board ofship’s, equipped with ballast water tanks

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Ballast water treatment methods :

• Mechanical and physical treatment such as filtration,separation and sterilisation using ozone, ultra-violet light,electric current and heat treatment.

• Chemical treatment such as adding biocides to ballast water to kill organism.

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Any of these control measures must meet a number of criteria:

• It must be safe• It must be environmentally acceptable• It must be cost - effective• It must work

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Activities which have to be carried out :

• Education and awareness• Ballast water risk assessment• Port baseline surveys• Ballast water sampling• Training of port and shipping personnel in ballast

water management practices

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The USCG Ruler on Ballast water management :The mandatory program requires all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering U.S waters after operating beyond the EEZ to employ at least one BWM practice . These practicesare :

• Prior to discharging ballast water in U.S waters, performcomplete ballast water exchange in area no less than 200 nm from a shore and at least a water depth of > 200 m.

• Retain ballast water on board• Prior to the vessel entering U.S waters, use an alternative

environmentally sound method of BWM that has been approved by the U.S coast guard.

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The Coast Guard recognises that there are two currentlyfeasible methods of conducting an exchange :

• An empty/refill exchange:An empty/refill exchange:the tank ( or pair of tanks ) is pumped down to the pointwhere the pumps lose suction, and than the tank is pumped back to the original level.

• A flow-through exchange :A flow-through exchange :Mid ocean water is pumped into a full tank while the existing coastal or fresh water is pumped or pushed out through another opening. As defined by the CoastGuard a volume of water equal three times the ballasttank capacity, must be pumped for a flow through exchange.

Each vessel subject to the rule 33 CFR part 151 subpart D, will be required to develop and maintain a BWM plan

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What should this plan fulfil :

1. Show that there is BWM strategy for the vessel

2. Allow any master, or other ship’s officer as appropriate,serving on a vessel to understand and follow the BWM strategy for the vessel.

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Future Treatment Requirements

The U.S states are releasing single requirements. See article below.The result will be ,that all operators, trading in U.S waters must implement already a BW Treatment prior 2009.

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PROCEDURES FOR SHIPSPROCEDURES FOR SHIPS

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1. Every ship that carries ballast water should be providedwith a ballast water management plan. The intent of the plan should be provide safe and effective procedures forballast water management.

2. The BWM plan should be specific for each ship

3. The plan should include the ship’s operational documentation- approval documentation relevant to treatment equipment- and indication of record required- location of possible sampling point

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Recording and reportingRecording and reportingproceduresprocedures

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1. To facilitate the administration of ballast water managementand treatment procedures on board, a responsible officershould be appointed , to ensure that the procedures are followed and recorded.

2. When the ballast water treatment/management is impracticaldue to bad weather, sea condition or operational impracticabilitythe master should report this fact to the port state authority assoon as possible and prior entering seas under its jurisdiction

3. A recording form , for ballasting and de-ballasting to be presentedto the port authorities, which shows all relevant parameters.

4. The location and suitable access points for sampling ballast or sediments should be described in the BWM plan

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Safety PrecautionsSafety Precautions

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Ships engaged in ballast water exchange should also provide procedures to ensure the safety of the vessel during ballast waterexchange operation. These precautions are also part of the BWM -Plan.Procedures which account are :

• Avoidance of over- and under -pressurization of ballast tanks• Free surface effect on stability• weather condition• weather routeing in areas seasonably affected by tropical storms

or heavy icing condition• maintenance of adequate intact stability in accordance with

an approved trim and stability booklet• Strength limits of shear forces and bending moments• Torsional forces, where relevant• Min.and max. forward and aft draft• wave - induced hull vibration• documented records pf ballasting and/or de-ballasting• Contingency procedures for situations which affect the

ballast water exchange ( pump failure, loss of power etc. )• Time to complete the ballast water exchange, taking into

account that the ballast water may represent 50% of the total cargo capacity for some ships

• Monitoring and controlling the amount of ballast water

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Safety Precautions if using theSafety Precautions if using the flow through method flow through method

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Caution should be exercised, since :

• air pipes are not designed for continuous ballast wateroverflow

• At least three full volumes of the tank capacity could beneeded to be effective when filling clean water from thebottom and overflowing from the top

• Certain watertight and weathertight closures which maybe opened during ballast exchange, should be re - secured

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Other PrecautionsOther Precautions

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1. Ballast water exchange should not be carried out andavoided in freezing weather condition

2. Some ships may need the fitting of loading instrumentsto perform calculation of shear forces and bendingmoments induced by ballast water exchange at sea, to compare with the permissible strength limits

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Crew trainingCrew training

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Ballast water management and treatmentShip officers and ratings engaged in ballast water exchangeshould be trained in and familiarised with the following:

1. The ship’s pumping plan and pipe line arrangementplan, air - and sounding pipe arrangement.In the case the flow through method is used also all arrangements and locations of openings used for releaseof water from the top together with the overboarddischarge arrangement.

2. Methods of ensuring that sounding pipes are clear, and thatair pipes and their non- return devices are in good order

3. The different times required to undertake the variousballast water exchange operations

4. The method used for ballast water exchange at sea with theparticular references to the required safety precautions

5. The method of on-board ballast water record keepingreporting and recording of routine soundings

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Ballast Water Management Plan

On Hand of a Sample Plan

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What Informationa Ballast watermanagement planshould contain ?

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Example foran Ballast WaterArrangement

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Ballast water management and treatmentGuideline on safety Information

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Information regarding Water Treatment

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Ballast water management and treatmentExample

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Ballast water management and treatmentBallast Water Sampling Points

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Example

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Ballast water management and treatmentExample for Section 8, Duties of appointed ballast water management officer

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Ballast water reporting and handling form

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Ballast water management and treatmentExample

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Ballast water management and treatmentExample for Australia

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BALLAST WATER TREATMENTBALLAST WATER TREATMENT

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As per January 2009 the ballast water treatment for shipswill be mandatory.

In the moment there are different methods for the treatmentof ballast water under development. Following treatments are suitable on board of ships

• Heat treatment• UV Treatment• Filtration• Filtration and UV Treatment• Oxidant and Reduct Treatment• Cyclone ( hydro cyclone ) separation • Oxygen treatment• Ozone treatment• Ballast water management ( mid - ocean ) treatment

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Heat treatmentHeat treatment

a.a. BoilerBoiler

b. b. Heat exchanger Heat exchanger

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Ballast water management and treatmentHeat TreatmentHeat Treatment

The viability of heat treatment as a mean of minimising therisk of introducing new organism into the port where ballast is discharged. Laboratory experiments have shown that toxic dinoflaggellate cyst arekilled 4-5 hours at 38° C. The ballast water will reach and exceed this 38° after 30 hrs of heating.Effect . None of the zooplankton and only limited phytoplankton surveythe heat treatment.Positive:Positive: No biocides are needed. Not harmful to the environment. It is

safe, because no ballast water exchange required.

Negative:Negative: Depends on the length of the ship’s voyage, the surrounding seawater temperature. Risk that cyst will survive at the bottom

of the tank ( in the sediments ) For ships with short trips not useful

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How it WorksSince the discoveries of Louis Pasteur, industries have been using heat treatments for thecontrol of biological contamination. The development of heat treatment technologies for use inthe battle against the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, was developed during the late1980's and subsequently led to the testing of heat treatment applications to ballast water.The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) study on the effectiveness of heattreatment on dinoflagellate cysts in ballast water concluded that that the energy required totreat the large volumes of ballast aboard commercial ships would make the technology costprohibitive. Since the AQIS work was done, alternatives to direct heating of ballast waterintake or discharge have been evaluated by Rigby and Hallengraeff (1992). One alternative isto use waste heat from the ship's main plant, which would require connecting heat exchangersto the main engines. While using waste heat to treat ballast water has many advantages (e.g.,energy and cost savings), a major disadvantage includes a need to re-plumb ballast tanks onexisting ships. The investigation of thermal treatment techniques reported below consideredthe use of boilers and heat exchangers to treat ballast water on intake only.

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BoilersSeveral industrial boiler vendors were contacted during this study to help evaluate theavailability of this technology for shipboard application. All contacted vendors report that, aswith most industrial applications, a custom-designed boiler system would be required forballast water treatment. The design of such treatment systems would be technologicallysimple, and would use off-the-shelf components configured to specific ships. Water would bepumped into the boiler, raised to a desired temperature, and then discharged into the ballasttank. The major factors affecting heat-treatment effectiveness are exposure time, intake watertemperature, and target effectiveness temperature (i.e., water temperature at which targetorganisms succumb).The source of energy for the boiler(s) is flexible and can depend on what is available on thevessels. Industrial boilers capable of handling high flow rates and temperature relative toballast water applications can use several sources of fuel, including electricity, No.2 fuel oil(diesel fuel), or No.6 fuel oil (bunker fuel oil). The important caveat is that the energy sourcemust be determined before the system is designed and built. It is expected that on mostvessels, only one type of energy source will be readily available to run the treatment boilers,that being the same fuel that is used to run the propulsion plant. Many large carriers use onlyNo.6 fuel oil for powering their main plants (Tagg, 1998). On such ships, a burner designed touse No.6 fuel oil would be installed, along with the appropriate fuel lines and exhaustmanifolds.There are many constraints to consider before installing the large boilers needed to heat largevolumes of ballast water. Fuel, space, and operation requirements are particularly acute onexisting ships. Rerouting current fuel delivery systems to the treatment boilers may necessitateinstalling appropriate shielded fuel lines through vessel compartment (e.g., cargo areas) notoriginally designed for this purpose. Equipment room space is very limited on many vessels.On many vessels it is expected that the size of treatment boilers will require more space than isavailable below decks (refer to Table 4-1). In such cases, the treatment boilers may need to belocated on deck wherever space is available that will not interfere with other shipboardoperations. Routing ballast water to topside boilers, or to other parts of the ship, may alter itsstability. The associated piping and pumping systems will need to be accessed for installationand maintenance, and exhaust gases will need to be safely vented.

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Ballast water management and treatmentTable 4-1. Heat Treatment Equipm ent (B oilers)Ge neral Operating S pecif ications for 1,200 to 8,000 GP M S ystem sEq u ip m en t W eig htSystem Dimens ion s(heig h t/len g th /wid th)

• 3 0,00 0 to 40 ,0 00 lb s. (13 ,00 0 to 19 ,0 00 kg ) • 9 6 ' 1 32 ' 72 to 1 44 ' 24 0 ' 7 2 in ches • (24 4 ' 3 35 ' 18 3 to 36 6 ' 6 10 ' 18 3 cm)

En erg y Requ iremen ts• En erg y req u irem ents in versely p ropo rtio nal to in co min g water tem peratu re and vo lu me • Dep en den t on b io log ical targ et/p erfo rm ance objectives. • A d iscrete 1 ,2 00 GPM h eat treatmen t system (n o in take water p reh eatin g) requ ires a 1 ,9 60

h o rsep ower/h r bo iler (T f = 1 50 /F / 6 5.5 /C), ap p ro ximate No.6 fu el o il con su mp tion = 4 76 gal/h rwith out an y energ y/heat reco very

Co n n ection s/Fitt in g s/ Eq u ip men t Ro o m En v iro n men t• In take d ia m eters: 8 in ch es (20 cm) • C usto m en g in eerin g allows specific d es ig n to fit availab le p ip in g. • In take p ressu res up to 1 00 PSI

Op eratio n Con cern sA Main ten anceA En v iron m en talA Safety

• Bo iler scalin g d ue to th e heatin g of saltwater will requ ire reg u lar main ten an ce • In creased en ergy con su m ptio n effects ( i.e . , a ir po llu tio n ) • M ust be d es ign ed an d installed accord in g to U.S. Coast Gu ard reg u lation s an d m ar in e in su ran ce

u n derwr iters' sp ecificatio n s • Vessel stab ility may be affected if a larg e b oiler is mo un ted on th e deck.

Filtr a tion EffectsA Bio lo g icalA Op eration al

• P retreatm en t fil tra tio n un n ecessary fo r mo st b io log ical ob jectives • Hig h sed imen t lo ads m ay cause th e bo iler tan k to fill with sed imen t an d excessiv ely larg e debris m ay

clo g im peller . Per form an ce Issues

• Bo iler m ay n eed to be mo u n ted on deck b ecau se of ov erall s ize; th is m ay req u ire majo r mo d ification sto ballast pu mp in g con fig u ratio n s an d o th er sh ip systems .

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Equipment Capital Purchase Cost• $ 60,000 (1,200 GPM) • $ 200,000 (8,000 GPM) • $ 600,000 (12,000 GPM) • Prices are per treatment system (single unit), excluding installation • Cost and other numbers (energy requirements, dimensions, etc) scale linearly with the GPM flow. • All heat treatment systems will be designed for specific ships • No off-the-shelf full systems available • All components readily available.

Table 4-1 presents the operating specifications of industrial boilers that are required to achieve finaltemperatures of ~150/F (65.5/C) for the designated ballast water flow rates.

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Performance Criteria

Biological EffectsThe performance of a specific heat-treatment equipment is based on the equipment's ability toelevate ballast water temperature to (or above) the thermal-threshold of target organisms. Thethermal threshold is the point at which an organism is instantly killed due to either denaturingof cellular proteins or increasing the organism's metabolism beyond sustainable levels. Thermalthreshold is variable among different species, as is species' ability to endure periods of hightemperatures that are below their thermal thresholds. In general, temperatures close to anorganism's thermal threshold can be tolerated for short periods with little nonreversibledamage, and temperatures sufficiently cooler than the thermal threshold organisms can besurvived for longer periods.Ideally, a heat-treatment system will elevate the temperature of incoming water above thethermal thresholds for all the organisms of concern. This would include microorganism stagesthat can tolerate extreme conditions (e.g., dinoflagellate cysts). This study uses 150/F(65.5/C) (considered by many to be above the thermal threshold for all aquatic organisms ofconcern) as the temperature for operation of a 1,200 and 8,000 gpm ballast water systems.This does not mean that heat treatment systems are ineffectual at lower operatingtemperatures. It is possible for a heat treatment system to operate efficiently and effectively(all target organisms killed) at temperatures in the 110-150/F (43.3-65.5/C) range, if theexposure periods are proportionately increased. In practical terms, lengthening the exposureperiod (the residence time a unit of water held at temperature) means slowing the flow rateand/or increasing the size of the boiler tank.Another way to lower the operating temperatures of a heat-treatment system, with theassociated benefits of maintaining a high flow rate or a smaller boiler, is to determine moreprecisely the thermal threshold of the target organisms. This will require additional research,and a classification of all target organisms of concern. Limited temperature-effect data wasobtained during this study. Other data may be available in international literature; however, itcould not be secured within the scope and schedule of this study. The best time-seriestemperature data found for an aquatic organism was for Gymnodinium catenatum cysts (red-tide dinoflagellate). Bosch and Hallegraeff (1993) report that 0% of G. catenatum cystsexposed to 45/C (113E F) water were able to germinate (100% mortality). Similar resultswere found at 40/C (104/F) exposure, where 8% of the G. catenatum cysts exposed to wereable to germinate (92% mortality). Conversely, at 35/C (95E F) exposure, 97% of the cystswere able to germinate (3% mortality), and at 30/C (86E F) exposure, 100% of the cystsgerminated (0% mortality)

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Also in their evaluation of exposure period verses effectiveness, Bosch and Hallegraeff foundthat while 45/C (113E F) water could reduce germination to 0% with a 30-second exposuretime, exposure to 40/C (104/F) water required 90 seconds to achieve 0% germination. Thus,if a ballast water treatment system were designed for only G. catenatum cysts (a relativelyhardy microorganism of concern) killing, 45/C (113E F) water with a 30 second exposureperiod in the boiler is sufficient. However, the same result can be achieved at 40/C (104/F) ifthe exposure period is 90 seconds. Slowing the flow rate or proportionately increasing the sizeof the boiler to achieve the 90-second exposure period could save considerable energy (i.e.,fuel) costs, if such changes are economical for the ships operators.In summary, heat-treatment boiler technology is well established and is an extremely effectiveapplication. The principal limits for rapid heat treatment of incoming (or discharging) ballastwater are engineering/design and energy-consumption related. A balance of temperature andflow rates will be necessary for flow-through boiler treatment to be feasible on the scale of acommercial vessel.

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Ease of OperationThe heat treatment systems researched in this study, once installed, are stand-alone units thatdo not require extraordinary supervision during operation. The units are equipped withexternal pressure and temperature gauges that can be wired to a main control panel formonitoring. The repair and maintenance of the system could be conducted by one of the ships'engineers, with minimal need for extended training. The boilers would require some generalmaintenance such as burner upkeep and tank cleaning. Tank cleaning would be required forthe removal of sediments and "scaling" (i.e., of mineral deposits that form from the heating ofseawater

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Safety

The use of a heat treatment system creates specific safety concerns. The use of large quantitiesof heat to treat ballast water will create a hot-water hazard. Shipboard operations normallyproduce this type of hazard but it is generally associated with the ship's main boiler system andis restricted to the boiler room. The potential for locating an industrial boiler outside of theboiler room, either in a different area of the ships' compartments or on deck will produce ahot-water hazard located in a different area. This may require special engineeringconsiderations during design and installation of the system. If located on the deck of thevessel, the treatment system would need to be protected for environmental impacts such aswave action. It would also need to be mounted away from potential contact with industrialmachinery during the loading and unloading (de-ballasting and ballasting) procedures.If a heat recovery system is used to preheat water coming into the treatment system, thereshould be no significant safety concerns associated with filling ships' ballast tanks with heatedwater. However, if the waste heat is not captured from the boiler discharge, and very hotwater is pumped directly into empty ballast tanks, the resulting expansion and contraction ofsteel structures may compromise the structural integrity of the ship. Such weakening of ships'structures would need to be evaluated by naval architects to determine if substantial safety riskis presented in this design scenario.

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Environmental ConcernsThe two main environmental concerns of heat treatment systems are thermal pollution and airpollution. Thermal pollution is primarily a concern if the ballast water is treated on dischargerather than intake. If intake water is treated, waste heat energy from the treatment process istransferred to the ballast tanks. Some undesirable effects associated with ballast tankexpansion and contraction might result (refer to Safety discussion); however, thermal pollutionto the environmental is assumed minimal. The heat energy in the tanks will gradually dissipateduring the ship's voyage. This is not the case, however, if the treatment is applied to the ballasttank discharge. In this case, large volumes of very warm water will be discharged outside theship, which could conceivably cause localized effects to the environment. If the dischargingship is underway at moderate speed, the affects will be minimized. However the if thedischarge is conducted in confined waters (e.g., while at berth), the affects could be significant(e.g., heat stress to native flora and fauna). The design and construction of an efficient systemcan reduce the concern of thermal pollution, as well as save energy, by using the heated waterleaving the treatment boiler to preheat the water coming into the boiler. Onix Corporation presented information to Battelle indicating that substantial energy recoverycan be achieved by preheating of boiler-intake water. With an assumption that the intake wateris 35/F (2/C), and water exiting the boiler at 170/F (77/C), Onix reports that the intake watercan be elevated to approximately 140/F (60/C). Aside from substantial benefit of energyconservation [needing only to elevate treatment water 30/F (∆ 16/C), instead of 105/F (∆75/C)], the reduction of boiler water temperature from 170/F to 45/F will limit potentialnegative effects associated with expansion/contraction of ballast tank structures that couldoccur if the 170/F water were pumped directly to the ballast tanks. Correspondingly, if heattreatment is applied to ballast water as it is discharged from the ship, scavenging heat fromwater exiting the boiler will substantially lessen thermal pollution to the environment.As for boiler exhaust impacts, we assumed that the heat treatment boilers would be kept ingood operational conditions. However, considering that it is very likely for the treatmentprocess to be applied in port (when ballast is being taken up or discharged), regional airimpact could be significant. Air pollution from many ships in port undergoing heat treatmentcould be a significant incremental pollution impact, as many port regions have preexisting air-quality problems.Regarding venting of boiler exhaust gases, we assume that in most cases treatment boilerexhaust will be either routed to the main stack onboard the ship or a separate stack will beconstructed (particularly if topside boiler installation is necessary). Adding an auxiliary exhauststack to a ship might present engineering problems (Tagg, 1998), safety problems, andobstruct deck activities, but it is not, in itself, expected to cause additional environmentalimpacts.

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Heat ExchangersHeat exchangers are marketed for a variety of industrial purposes and come in a range of sizesand designs depending on their application. The purpose of these devices is to transfer heatbetween two fluids, such that one fluid is heated and the other fluid cooled. Heat exchangersused in a ballast-water heat treatment system can increase total treatment plant performanceand energy efficiency. Heat sources for heat exchangers can be independent treatment-systemboilers, coolant water ('jacket water") from the ships' propulsion engines, or auxiliary steamfrom the ships' boilers. The feasibility of using any of these three heat source options isdependent on ship specifications, desired treatment rate, and target temperature and exposureperiod to achieve necessary biological effectiveness. To simplify the presentation of data andcalculations, the following discussion focuses primarily on the use of an independent boiler toheat ballast water to 150/F (65.5/C) at 1,200 GPM. Technical specifications are presented inTable 4-2.

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How it worksHeat exchangers passively transfer heat between two liquids by circulating them through astack of metal plates. Heat moves across the plates (across the thermal gradient), lowers thetemperature of the hot liquid, and raises the temperature of the cold liquid. The effectivenessof the heat transfer depends on the thermal gradient, which equates to the temperature andamount of heated liquid (i.e., water) or steam that is circulated through the hot side of theexchanger, as well as the temperature and amount of cold liquid circulated through the otherside (Figure 4-2). For example, data provided by Alfa Laval, Inc. indicate that 1,700GPM ofwater heated to 170E F is needed to raise the temperature of seawater from 40E F to 150E F ata rate of 1,200GPM. On a ship, there are three possible heat sources for temporarily elevating the temperature ofthe ballast water in a "closed" system: (1) steam from the main boiler system, (2) hot waterfrom the engine cooling jackets, and (3) a standalone boiler specifically for ballast watertreatment plant.

Heat exchanger

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Ballast water management and treatmentA heat exchanger unit using hot water from the cooling jackets of a ship's propulsion plantrequires that hot coolant water to be sent from the engine to the exchanger. The exchangerthen uses the hot coolant to heat the ballast, and then either discharges the cooled coolantwater from the ship or recirculates it back to the engines.

• A heat exchanger unit using steam, takes steam from the main boiler system, and runsit through the exchanger. Once through the exchanger, it would be returned to theboiler system as either steam or condensate.

• A heat exchanger system with a standalone boiler would be configured similar to thejacket water system with a second heat exchanger recouping energy from the heatedballast water. This system is shown in Figure 4-3B. The second heat exchanger iscalled the "recovery heater." The recovery heater dramatically improves the energyefficiency of the system by scavenging heat from the hot ballast water before the waterenters the ballast tanks.

Installing heat exchanger systems on ships is possible with presently available products. Heatexchangers are common in industrial processes and are readily available from severalmanufacturers. The use of standard equipment that conforms to current Coast Guard andindustry regulations would be configured to complete the system. The caveat for heatexchangers is similar to that of a standalone, flow-through boiler (see Figure 4-3A) in that theenergy/fuel supply requires definition before the system can be designed. The source of heatfor use in exchangers (especially water vs. steam) is a critical parameter in selecting equipmentfor a heat treatment plant. Because of the many variables in a hypothetical heat treatment plant incorporating heatexchangers, it is very difficult to predict installation and O&M expenses. However, assumingthat shipboard space is adequate, a heat plant using heat exchangers is significantly moreefficient than an equivalent system without heat exchangers. Alfa Laval provided a value of 65million Btu/hr to raise the temperature of seawater from 40E F to 150E F for the treatment of1,200GPM with no heat recovery (S. Seirfert, pers. comm., Aug 1998). Approximately 475gallons of No.6 heavy fuel oil is required to produce this much energy. At a cost of roughly$0.25/gallon for No.6 fuel oil, the cost is $118.75 /hr (Macomber, pers. comm., August 1998).According to Alfa Laval, the use of a recovery heater will reduce fuel consumption byapproximately 50% (i.e., to approximately 238 gallons GPH).

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Boiler

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Parts ofa heat exchanger

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Ballast water management and treatmentHeat Treatment method

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UV treatment systemUV treatment system

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Ballast water management and treatmentUV Treatment Technology Description How it worksUltraviolet radiation (UV) is light energy between 100 and 400nm wavelength, between the X-ray portion of the spectrum and the visible portion (Figure 2-1). In most UV disinfectionapplications, the short wave portion of the UV spectrum is used. This section is referred to asUV-C and spans from 200-280nm. In general, UV radiation of microorganisms causeschemical bonds to form in cellular DNA. The exposure thus interrupts normal DNAreplication and organisms are killed or rendered inactive. UV disinfection of water is currentlyused in the drinking water, wastewater, and aquaculture industries. The development of UVtechnology for use in these industries has defined the operational parameters that influence theeffectiveness of UV in water disinfection systems.

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Ballast water management and treatmentUV TreatmentUV Treatment

If using a benchtop and meocosm-scale system, it was determinded that an effective UV treatment for ballast waterwould require a dose in the region of 200 mW sec cm² at flowrates above 1000 gallons per min.To effectivley treat large vessels many systems would have to be mounted in parallel and the over power requirements would bein the megawatt range.

Maintenance coasts seems in the moment also higher than thought.UV bulbs are expensive. Exchanging of these bulbs seems to be also not so easy. On the other hand UV treatment is only useful in tanks with noshadow parts. UV will not effective in darkness.

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Ballast water management and treatmentProblem of suspended sediment. Water clarity (transmissivity), exposure period, andradiation energy are the three factors that affect the performance of a UV disinfection plant.These three factors must be balanced to treat large volumes of water quickly, safely, andeconomically. In a shipboard application, removing suspended sediment and other particulatesvia primary filtration treatment is the most significant way to increase treatment effectiveness.Filtration allows exposure periods and energy consumption to be decreased, and flow ratesincreased. Optimal treatment effectiveness is achieved when the transmissivity of the waterapproaches 100 percent. While filtration of suspended matter (achieved by reverse osmosis orrelated technology) is obviously impracticable and uneconomical for ballast treatment,shipboard UV treatment is significantly improved with fine scale filtration (e.g., <100µ ).Treatment apparatus. UV ballast water treatment, like other water disinfection processesrequire that the water flow through a treatment "chamber" where it is "dosed" to disinfect it ofthe target microorganisms. The treatment chamber must be installed in the ballast water supplypipe between the primary filtration system (if available) and the ballast tanks of the vessel.Additional space may also be required in order to support the control and power modules thatare associated with the different technologies. Tables 2-1 and 2-2 summarize technicalspecification for 1,200-gpm and 8,000-gpm treatment plants, respectively. Treatment PerformanceUV radiation as a disinfecting technique has been proven in multiple industrial applications,including drinking water disinfection and wastewater treatment. The effectiveness of thistechnology is directly related to the amount of UV radiation received by the target organisms.In considering UV treatment in ballast water systems, several factors must be addressed.

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Ballast water management and treatmentUV Treatment method

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Hydrocycloneequipment

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UV Treatment in Combination with UV Treatment in Combination with FiltrationFiltration

Experiments showed that UV procedures by filtration toremove sediments and larger organism as having the mostpotential as an effective ballast water treatment at doseswhich could be cost effective.Ultraviolet light and membrane filtration will disinfect theballast water.

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CombinedHydrocyclone and UV System

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Using 200mW sec cm² with a 32 kW system,flow rate ca. 350tons/ h and two biocides, about 94% of the zoo-plankton was killed.The combination out of all three treatments were effective in inhibiting phytoplankton growth at lower doses.

No primary separation / filtration is required

Disadvantages of the UV treatment see previous slide.

Combined UV -Combined UV - Biocide Biocide Treatment Treatment

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Ultra Sonic SystemUltra Sonic System

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Ballast water management and treatmentUltrasonic Treatment Technology Description

How it worksUltrasonic liquid treatment uses high frequency energy to cause vibration in liquids to producephysical or chemical effects. Ultrasound, part of the sonic spectrum that ranges from 20 kHzto 10 MHz, is generated by a transducer that converts mechanical or electrical energy intohigh frequency acoustical (sound) energy. The sound energy is then fed to a horn thattransmits the energy as high frequency vibrations to the liquid being processed. A typicalultrasonic processing chamber is shown in Figure 3-1.When liquids are exposed to these high frequency vibrations, both physical and chemicalchanges occur as a result of a physical phenomenon, known as cavitation. Cavitation is theformation, expansion, and implosion of microscopic gas bubbles in liquid as the molecules inthe liquid absorb ultrasonic energy. Compression and rarefaction waves rapidly move throughthe liquid media. If the waves are sufficiently intense they will break the attractive forces in theexisting molecules and create gas bubbles. As additional ultrasound energy enters the liquid,the gas bubbles grow until they reach a critical size. On reaching a critical size, the gas bubblesimplode or collapse (Figure 3-2). The energy that exists within the cavity and in the immediate vicinity of the gas bubbles justbefore collapse causes both physical and chemical effects in the liquid. Physical effects resultwhen cavitation is intense enough to rupture cell membranes, free particulates from solidsurfaces, and destroy particles and organisms through particulate collisions or by forcing themapart. Chemical effects result because the conditions immediately proceeding collapse of acavitation bubble are similar in magnitude to ultra-high energy combustion conditions. Withinthe cavitation bubble and the immediate surrounding area, temperatures range from 2000 to5000E C, and pressure reaches 1800 atmospheres. These extreme temperatures and pressures,which last only microseconds, do not exist long enough to heat the liquids being processed.However, the localized temperature and pressure increases are sufficient to increase chemicalreactivity, polymer degradation, and chemical free-radical production (IES, 1998).

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Table 3-1. HPUP Ultrasonic System EquipmentGeneral Operating Specifications for 50 - 600 GPM Systems1

Equipment Weight Sub-unit Dimensions

•Treatment Unit •Generator Tower

Variable Example dimensions for the 6-chamber, 600-gpm system shown in Figure 3-3:

•36 inches diameter ' 54-60 inches high (91 ' 137-152.4 cm) •72 ' 24 ' 18 inches (183 ' 61 ' 45.7 cm) (height/length/width)

Energy Requirements • 40 kW/hr (1,000 gpm) to 294 kW/hr (7,350 gpm) Connections/Fittings/Equipment Room/Environment

• Intake diameters: 6 B 8 inches (15 B 20 cm) • Maximum intake pressure: 70 PSI is acceptable, but best known

performance when intake pressure is <50 PSI • Temperature is not a limit for this technology

Operation Concerns • Maintenance • Environmental • Safety

• Minimal, if any, maintenance required. • Systems should operate 12,000+ hrs without any maintenance • No known environmental concerns • High temperatures generated in the transducer necessitate circulation

of cooling water to keep the transducer from overheating. Filtration Effects A BiologicalA Operational

• Filtration will increase performance by removing organisms that havehigher resistance to the treatment. Correspondingly, however, filtrationmay decrease effectiveness on smaller organisms by removingparticulate matter that would increase kills through collision.

• Filtration is unnecessary for optimal operational performance. Performance Issues • Essentially no moving parts (friction surfaces).

• Performance will not degrade over time. • Operational performance is known to be optimal at intake pressures of

50 PSI. However, the effects of pressures above this limit are unknown. Equipment Capital PurchaseCost

• It is estimated that each 600-gpm unit would cost $250,000. • Price per unit expected to decrease with a multiple-unit purchase • Excludes installation

1 The equipment flow rates presented in this table are variable because of modular design. Additional moduleswill increase flow rates in a linear progression, limited only by available space and energy requirements.

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Technology ApplicationsBecause of the physical and chemical effects of the vibratory energy on liquid media,ultrasonic techniques are used in the processing of liquids for numerous applications. Currentapplications include emulsification, dispersion, disruption of biological cells, removal oftrapped gases, cleaning of microscopic contamination, and acceleration of chemical reactions. Applications in the waste-treatment and environmental fields have emerged only within the lastfew years as the technology been researched for its efficiency, effectiveness, and scale-uppotential for large-volume treatment applications. Recent and current research forenvironmental applications focus on the use of ultrasound for the treatment and destruction ofpathogens in wastewater, intake-pipe anti-fouling (particularly zebra mussels and Asiaticclams), and as a fish deterrent to reduce entrainment.

Battelle's survey of vendors in the ultrasonic industry revealed that traditional ultrasoundtechnology is currently applied to the processing of low volumes and flow rates, typically inthe range of 60-100 gpm. Many of the contacted vendors were uncertain that the technologycould be scaled up to handle the flows necessary to treat ballast water in a full-size commercialvessel. The one technology that shows promise for economical and efficient scale up uses a high-energy ultrasonic system. This system, referred to as High Power Ultrasonic Process (HPUP),delivers energy vibrations into the liquid at a much greater intensity than conventional systems.Compared to other systems, HPUP produces more intense cavitation. Thus, necessaryexposure time for mortality or destruction of biological organisms is reduced, and high flowrates of the treated liquid are possible. Table 3-3 shows the operating requirements andspecifications for a 600-gpm HPUP system, composed of six treatment chambers, each withthe capacity flows of 100 gpm.The HPUP system that would be applicable to treatment contains six 100-gpm cylinders set ina circular configuration (Figure 3-3), allowing one treatment unit the capability to treat a flowof 600 gpm. Therefore, two treatment units would be needed to treat the specified 1,200 gpmflows and 13 units would be necessary to treat a scaled up flow of 8,000 gpm. Since thediameter of one 600gpm system is three feet, space requirements become the limiting factor ofthis treatment option especially at scaled up flow levels. Distances and positioning among thetreatment units and generator tower can be variable. However, the threshold of distanceamong treatment units has not been determined.

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Ballast water management and treatmentTable 3-2. Treatment Effectiveness for Various Organism Sizes andTypeOrganism Type Size PerformanceZebra Mussel Veligers Mollusk 70 microns 100% mortality1

Poliovirus Virus < 5 microns 7 log10 reductionHeliminth ova, Ascaris Nematode 8-10 microns 100% inactivationCryptosporidium parvum Bacteria ~ 5 microns 6 - 7 log10 reductionData source: Innovative Environmental Solutions, Inc. Advance, NC1 100% mortality of zebra mussel veligers has also been demonstrated in 600gpm-flow systemsIn summary, a wide range of organism size is effectively treated with ultrasonic technology.One-hundred percent kill or inactivation is achieved in larger organisms and 99.9999 -99.99999% (6log to 7log) reduction is achieved in bacterial and viral communities. Bacteriaand viral community recolonization under ballast-tank conditions following a 6log B 7logreduction has not been studied.IES has no HPUP mortality data on potential nuisance species, such as Gymnodiniumdinoflagellate cysts. However, HPUP and other ultrasonic treatments have demonstrated thatsufficient energy and conditions are present to break zebra mussel shells. It is thereforespeculated that ultrasonic treatment technology is capable of killing dinoflagellate cysts, one ofthe hardiest forms of biota in ballast tanks. Relatively simple laboratory tests would benecessary to test this hypothesis.

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SafetyThere are several ultrasonic safety concerns that should be addressed relative to shipboardapplication of this technology. The first issue is the use of high voltage (220 V) electricity topower the system. Considering that other shipboard machinery runs on high voltage (220 and440V) this should not be a major factor assuming that shipboard safety requirements for highvoltage electricity will to be adhered to during the installation process.Heat build up in the transducer is the other safety concern. In the IES HPUP system, thetransducer requires a circulating water-cooling unit whenever it is in operation. If the coolingsystem is operating properly, there should be no reason for safety concerns. All heated metalparts are out of contact and housed within the cooling unit. If, however, the transducer'scooling system does not work properly, the transducer could overheat and fail. Risk fromburning or explosions of the transducer are considered extremely remote.

Ultrasonic system

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Ballast water management and treatmentEnvironmental ConcernsThere are no additives introduced into the ultrasonic system and no by-products generated byultrasonic technology. Therefore, there are no anticipated environmental concerns associatedwith this technology.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) CostsThe O&M costs associated with the IES HPUP system are minimal, with the exception ofenergy costs. Energy consumption for operation of the HPUP system is shown in Table 3-3.As stated previously, about two hours of cleaning maintenance is required every 12,000 hoursof operation (for each 100-gpm-treatment chamber)

Table 3-3. Summary of HPUP Operation Costs

Water Flow Treated(gpm)

Power Consumption(kW)

Cost of Power(cents/kWh)

Cost of Power Consumption($/month)11

1,000 28 3 6057,350 206 3 4,450

30,000 840 3 18,144SOURCE: Innovative Environmental Solutions, Inc. Advance, NC1 Cost of power consumption is based on 24-hour/day operation.

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Potential Modification for InstallationPotential Modification for Installationof Ballast Treatment Technology In a Retrofitof Ballast Treatment Technology In a Retrofit

SituationSituation

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Ballast water management and treatmentTable 5-1. Potential Modifications for Installation ofBallast Treatment Technology In a Retrofit Situation

Treatment Potential ModificationsHeat • Installation of a suitable (e.g., 250-µ m) pretreatment filtration system

• Plumbing modifications to accommodate likely "offline" location of theboiler

• Construction of deck shelter to house system if no below-deck locationavailable

• Plumbing for a sufficient by-pass system to prevent disruption toballasting operation should the system fail

• Routing of fuel lines and potential installation of an additional fuel tank • Routing boiler exhaust to main stack or other exhaust system

UV • Installation of a 25-µ m pretreatment filtration system. • Plumbing modifications • Installation of complex mounting units with sacrificial anodes • Protection of nearby plastic pipework from fugitive UV radiation • Plumbing for a sufficient bypass system in case of system failure

Ultrasonic • Installation of a suitable (e.g., 250-µ m) pretreatment filtration system. • Plumbing modifications • Installation of complex mounting units with sacrificial anodes • Plumbing for a sufficient bypass system in case of system failure

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Table 5-2. Capital Costs for 1,200 – 8,000 GPM Ballast Water Treatment PlantExcludes installation and O&M equipment, supplies, and labor

UV Treatment PlantAll modules $10,200 B 545,000Heat Treatment Plant--Boiler only--Plate Exchanger

$60,000 B 200,000$28,000-$45,000 (Heat Exchanger)$88,000 (Recovery Heater)

Ultrasonics Treatment Plant--All modules--Estimate is sum of two 600-gpm plants--Costs will decrease with multiple unit purchases andfurther R&D

$500,000

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Table 5-3. Comparison of Three Potential Secondary TreatmentTechnologies for Biological Effectiveness and Shipboard Application

Evaluation Factor Ultraviolet Heat UltrasonicBiological EffectivenessOperational requirements

• Space requirements • Energy/Fuel requirements • Installation modifications • Maintenance Requirements • Training Requirements

Technological DevelopmentCapital CostsSafety ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns

Low Moderate

High Potentially Prohibitive

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Oxygen DeprivationOxygen Deprivation

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Oxygen DeprivationOxygen Deprivation

This method is using the reduction of oxygen in the ballast water to kill organism. The level of oxygen must be lowered to less than 3 mg l(-l)The effect is that it kills the Urdaria zoospores and Coscinasteriascalamaria larvae

This kind of method have to more proofed and more re -searches have to be done.

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Oxygen and Oxygen and Reduct Reduct treatment systemtreatment system

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Oxidat Oxidat and and Reduct Reduct treatmenttreatment

The whole system is based on two components, the Oxidat and the Reduct.It is a chemical - electrical system, also knownas diaphragmalyse system.This system has a nearly 100% killing effect of alloceanic organism. The secound effect : The ballast water tank himselfwill also disinfected and no bacteria will be left overThe third effect: During discharging of ballast water,the exchange will be controlled and by means of apump additional disinfectant will treat the ballastwater. No harm to the environment. - Safe in use

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The system is compatible with other systems,takes not so much space ( interesting for smaller ships ) and meets the criteria of theIMO . Is cost effective.

The Oxidat/Reduct system can be also used ,as well as the UV light treatment, for disinfectingthe freshwater, sewage water etc. The system will reach his best effect, with a primary filtration system ( 50µm ). Results up to 100%.

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Mechanical separationMechanical separation

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Mechanical separationMechanical separation

Most of the mechanical separation methods are based ona filtration system and a secondary UV light treatment. For theUV treatment a Hydrocyclone UV unit will be used.

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Mid - Ocean Ballast water exchangeMid - Ocean Ballast water exchange

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Ballast water management and treatmentMid - Ocean Ballast water exchangeMid - Ocean Ballast water exchange

The aim is to understand the behaviour of ballast water tank sediments and identify procedures to minimise the transfer of marine organism.This system ( see also ballast water management ) is unsafe as a general practise on board of ships. The bending and shear forces, indicated whilst emptying and refilling ballast, can drastically influence the ships construction.This methods must meet a three tank volume exchange of ballast water. The effectiveness and efficiency was less.

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Reballasting method

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Flow through method

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Ozone TreatmentOzone Treatment

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Ballast water management and treatmentOzone TreatmentOzone (O3) is the triatomic form of oxygen, and has been used for the disinfection of watersupplies since 1886. Ozone has also been used for the control of microbial contamination inthe aquaculture, aquaria, and power-plant cooling systems industries since the 1970's. Inindustrial applications, ozone is not used to eliminate microbial populations, but rather to limitpopulation growth (Oemcke and van Leeuwen 1998).Ozone is unstable at atmospheric pressure and therefore must be generated at the point of use.It is also a greenhouse gas and is toxic at high concentrations. These environmental and safetycharacteristics are strong negatives relative to shipboard treatment of ballast. However, thetechnology is relatively simple, effective, capital and operational costs are comparable to thethree technologies evaluated in this report, and safety and environmental concerns aremanageable.Ozone is generated using UV light, electrolysis, or the cornea-discharge process. Electrolysisgeneration is not commercially available. The three modules of an ozone treatment system area generator, ozone contact chamber, and ozone destructor. The contact chamber is where theozone is introduced to the water stream. Like with other ballast treatment systems, biologicaleffectiveness is a function concentration (equates to energy) and exposure period. The moreozone in the water, the higher is the microorganism mortality. The longer the ozone-contacttime, the higher is mortality. For this reason, low-flow ozone treatment systems often useventuri-type contact chambers, while industrial systems use a "bubble contractor" chamberthat maximizes ozone exposure.

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Ballast water management and treatmentReaction with water impurities. Low concentration of organics matter can cause rapiddissipation. When used to treat seawater or brackish water, various organic and inorganicoxidants are formed (Crecelius, 1979). Bromide ion in seawater can oxidize to hypobromousacid, bromate, and bromine. Hypobromous acid can react with aquatic organics to producebromoform, and iodide and chloride can be oxidized by ozone. Decomposition. After generation, ozone will decompose to oxygen through a cyclic set ofreactions. Intermediaries include OH, O3-, and O2-. Terminators such as carbonate andbicarbonate react with OH radicals to stop the reactions. Stripping of ozone to the atmosphere. The primary purpose of the ozone destructor unit in the treatment system is to limit theamount of ozone that is stripped to the atmosphere, where, as previously discussed, it is agreenhouse gas and toxic at high concentrations.Feasibility of Ballast Water Treatment. Oemcke and van Leeuwen (1998) conclude that theuse of ozone for shipboard treatment is hindered by the relatively long exposure periodsrequired and the variable pumping rates of ballast systems on large bulk carriers. Oemcke andvan Leeuwen state that a shipboard ozonation plant would probably need to have variable-speed pump or gearbox so that could adjust the ozonation process to the flow rate of theballast water. They also discuss that dinoflagellate cysts appear to be resistant to ozonationtreatment, and that filtration will enhance effectiveness for other microorganisms.Oemcke and van Leeuwen's estimates for capital costs (1996 US$) for shipboard ozone plantsrange between $0.4M [4,400-gpm (1,000 m3/hr) plant producing 5 mg/L ozone] and $20M[17,600-gpm (4,000 m3/hr) plant producing 25 mg/L ozone]. Additional capital expendituresare also required for associated pretreatment filtration.

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Other treatment systemsOther treatment systems

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Ballast water management and treatmentElectro-Ionization/Magnetic Separation (EIMS)Electro-Ionization/Magnetic Separation (EIMS) technology is currently in use in severalindustrial applications, including metal finishing, food processing, electronics, wastewatertreatment, textiles, and drinking water treatment. This technology uses a process ofcoagulation and filtration to remove and disinfect water of various contaminants. Thefollowing description by WSI (1998) is an overview of the sequential processes with EIMS.

A continuous flow of ionized oxygen/nitrogen plasma gas is introduced into the watersubjected to treatment.

Air is passed through strong concurrent ultraviolet and magnetic field energies creating a"cold plasma" of magnetic oxygen and positive nitrogen ions. The injected gas plasmaions function a coagulating/oxidizing agents and generate oxidizing ozone-derivativeions

The ionized gas plasma stream is injected into the water stream, causing a coagulationprocess referred to as "electro-ionization." At this stage, positive nitrogen ions andnegative oxygen ions act as flocculating agents, which gather and enhance colloids andparticles that are electrically clustered.

The clusters of solids are flocculated out of suspension and separated by "magneticseparation" (MAG-SEP) filtration

This process removes virtually all particles larger than 1F m. In some industrial applications,EIMS-treated water is then filtered and treated with UV radiation to further disinfect thewater.Feasibility of Ballast Water Treatment. The current EIMS equipment supplied by WSI has arelative large footprint (approx. 20 ' 20 feet) and complex instrumentation. These aspectsalone would probably preclude its use for shipboard ballastwater treatment. Furthermore, thecost of the treatment system is expensive relative to the three technologies evaluated in thisstudy. A single 100-gpm system from WSI costs approximately $200,000 and usesapproximately 30 K/hr. Scale-up potential and associated cost economies of scale areunproven. On the plus side, however, the EIMS system and filtration modules are self-contained apparatuses and there are no known environmental effects or significant operationalsafety concerns.

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Ballast water management and treatmentChemical Treatment

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ballast 1

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