balancing the grid with the increase in renewables · balancing the grid with the increase in...

Balancing the Grid with the

Increase in Renewables Marietta de Rooij - ITEW 2015 Oulu

4/20/2015 Flexible Energy Technology

Power system

4/20/2015 Flexible Energy Technology 3

Coal power plant (RWE) - simplified


Generator: rotating inertia (E-supply by decrease of speed)

Electricity and heat demand

Electricity, The Netherlands, 2011


Heat, Switzerland, 2005 Demand variability

• Imperfectly predictable

• Follow load

Dispatching power plants

• Merit order - performance

• Flexibility and Efficiency

Storing primary resources

Electricity supply by technology


France, 2013

The Netherlands, 2006

Coal

Renewable

Gas

Nuclear

Oil

Other

Water

Groningen energy demand (2012)

• Exclusive mobility, exclusive big industrial users (data hotel etc.)


Gas demand = 4x electricity demand

Gas capacity = 7x electricity capacity (very cold winter day: 10x)

My energy bill in 2013: €2289


31%

12%

19%

17%

10%

7% 1% 1%

gas elektriciteit ecotax

BTW distributie E distributie G

vastrecht transport E transport G

TSO

(Gasunie)

Gas:

• Guarantee supply:

– Storage

– Transport

• Ensure quality:

– Pressure

40 - 80 bar

– Flow < 10 m/s

H, G, L- gas


Gasunie grid


Volume ~125 bcm gas p/y

Length transport grid ~15.500 km

Compressor stations 22

Blending stations 19

Pressure regulating stations 93

Gas delivery stations 1.300

Export stations 14

LNG ( incl peakshaver) 2

Nitrogen facility 2

Underground gas storage

1

Underground nitrogen storage

1

Gas infrastructure

Main elements

• Infrastructure Pressure

Location

• Production wells 200-300 bar (“Siberia”)

• Upstream pipelines* 80-150 bar (“to Europe”)

• Storages 100-300 bar (“Norg”)

• Downstream pipelines 40-80 bar (“Gasunie”)

• Distribution 1-8 bar (“Enexis”)

• Household 25 mbar (“my house”)

*Alternative: Liquefaction – LNG vessel – LNG Terminal

Temperature of LNG = -162 oC (1 m3 LNG = 600 m3 gas)


Gasunie Energy Stock


• Gas storage in underground salt

caverns – Opening phase 1: 27 January 2011 (4 caverns)

– Completion phase 2: 1 January 2014 (1 cavern)

– Tubings per cavern: 2

– Working gas volume: approx. 200 million m3

(2014: approx. 300 million m3)

– Total withdrawal capacity: 1.6 million m3/h

– Total injection capacity: 0.8 million m3/h

LNG is booming


Development of LNG terminals

`


Declining indigenous Dutch production

Source: Dutch Government

Mind the Gap !!

GATE terminal Rotterdam

LNG for Transport


Examples

Gas Infrastructure is rather cheap

(per m3)


• 200 km pipeline + compression: € 500 mln

– Dependent on size, geography, population density, river & road crossings, permitting requirements, access possibilities, construction market, steel prices, etc.…

• The energy capacity of pipelines is huge

– Typical 2 mln m3/hr (= 20 GW 20 power stations)

• Hence, although capital intensive, transport costs per m3 of gas are low

– “1% of gas price per 100 km”

Typical investment process

takes 5-7 yrs


Bottleneck

identification Feasibility

studies

Concept selection FEED

-50/+50%

-40/+40%

-30/+30%

-20/+20%

Execution

-10/+10%

Accuracy of cost

estimate

6-12 months 3-9 months 6-12 months 24-36 months

Permitting process

Long lead items & tendering

Gas Transportation costs are 10-

20x less

than Power Transmission costs


10 power transmission lines are equal to 1 gas pipeline

The Netherlands United Kingdom

Power-Britned Gas – BBL

260 km & € 600 mln 230 km & € 500 mln

1 GW 20 GW

230 € per kW/100 km 11 € per kW/100 km

TSO

(Tennet)

Power:

• Guarantee supply:

– Power balancing

• Ensure quality:

– Frequency control

50 Hz

– Voltage control

110 – 380 kV


TenneT: cross-border TSO


• TenneT monitors the continuity of

electricity supplies in the Netherlands

and Germany

• TenneT is responsible for maintaining

the power balance between supply and

demand

• TenneT is responsible for providing an

adequate transmission grid

• TenneT takes care of efficient and safe

transport and systems services

• TenneT facilitates the market

18


Future interconnectors

-Doetinchem-Wesel

- NorNed2/ NORD.LINK

(under study)

- COBRA (under study)

- EU market coupling

19

European Grid



Flows

21


2013-2022

EUR 3,7 miljard

• Ganderkesee-St Hülfe

• Audorf-Hamburg/Nord-Dollern

• Diele-Niederrhein

• Wahle-Mecklar

• Altenfeld-Redwitz

• St. Peter-Isar

• Stade-Dollern

• Wilhelmshaven-Conneforde

22

Onshore Projects


Offshore projects

23

Riffgat

KS Diele

KS Dörpen West

UW Emden Borssum

BorWin2

BorWin1

BorWin4

BorWin5

HelWin1

HelWin2

DolWin2 DolWin1

DolWin3

DolWin4

alpha ventus

BorWin3

UW Inhausen

Nordergründe

KS Büttel

KS Emden/Ost

UW Hagermarsch

SylWin1

SylWin2

Investering van EUR 4,5

miljard

in komende 10 jaar

Project Capaciteit

(MW) Ingebruik-

name

In bedrijf

alpha ventus 60 2009

BorWin 1 400 2010

In aanbouw/aanbesteed

BorWin2 800 2015

DolWin1 800 2013

DolWin2 900 2015

HelWin1 576 2014

HelWin2 690 2015

SylWin1 864 2014

Riffgat 108 2013

Nordergründe 111 2014

Dolwin 3 900 2017

Totale capaciteit 6.209

In aanbesteding

BorWin3 en BorWin4 1.800

24

20-4-2015 24

25

20-4-2015 25

Ancillary services

26

Operating reserves

Frequency control: (f = 49.8 - 50.2 Hz)

– Frequency response

• Continuous

• Inertia release

• Governor action

– Spinning reserves:

• Occasional

• Primary

• Secondary

– Standing reserves

• Tertiary

– Voltage control


Nuclear power plant - flexibility


In general:

• Traditionally base load

• New design (Generation

III/III+)

• e.g. EPR (1650 MW)

• (European PWR)

• Power increment: 25 -100%

• Power gradient: 2.5%/min

(up to 65 MW/min)

• Currently: Germany, France

Nuclear power plant - flexibility

• Which performance is achieved? And how?

• Outline

• Fuel heat mechancial electrical

• Power plant design (incl. Nuclear fusion)

• General operation

• Load following flexibility

– Cooling system

– Nuclear reactions

• Performance

– Technically: Flexibility and life time

– Economically: Energy efficiency


Nuclear power plant - simplified


Renewable energy supply

Supply variability:

• Imperfectly predictable

• Imperfectly controllable

• Steep ramp changes

Wind and solar:

• High residual load variation

• Low operational flexibility:

Capacity credit ~ 5-20% (IEA)

Distributed generation:

• National local scale AND

• Local national scale

Wind, Daily generation and demand

Solar, Yearly irradiation

4/20/2015 10 Flexible Energy Technology

Operational flexibility

Penetration rate >15 – 25%

• Flexibility management

– Forecasting models

– Market regulations

– Power system design (e.g. Energy storage)

• Demand-side management

• Connections adjacent markets

• Dispatchable power plants


Energy Storages: be aware about

the log-scales!!


References

• Freris Leon, Infield David. 2008. Renewable energy in power systems.

– Ch. 1 Energy and electricity

– Ch. 3 Power balance/Frequency control.

• Kehlhofer Rolf, Hanneman Frank, Stirnimann Franz, Rukes Bert. 1997.

Combined-cycle gas & steam turbine power plants.

– Ch. 8 Control and automation

– Ch. 9 Operating and part load behaviour.

• Boeker Egbert, van Gondelle Rienk. 2011. Environmental physics.

Sustainable energy and Climate change.

– Ch. 6 Nuclear power

• Lokhov A. 2011. Load-following with nuclear power plants. NEA news.

No 29.2.

• Ludwig Holger, Salnikova Tatiana, Stockman Andrew, Waas Ulrich.

2010. Load cycling capabilities of German nuclear Power Plants (NNP).

International journal for nuclear power. Vol. 55 Issue 8/9.

• EDF. 2013. Load following EDF experience feedback. IAEA

Technical meeting – Load following


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