bacteria what diseases are caused by bacteria?. survey of bacterial diseases diseases of the skin ...

BacteriaBacteria

What diseases are caused by bacteria?

What diseases are caused by bacteria?

Survey of Bacterial Diseases


Diseases of the skin Staphylococcus aureus skin infections – the

organisms cause both invasive skin diseases characterized by pus production and skin diseases caused by toxin production. Invasive infections: Pimples – are infections of hair follicles (folliculitis).

If the hair follicle is an eyelash the disease is called a sty

Furuncles (boils) – this is where an abscess develops from a pimple and is characterized by a region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Diseases of the skin Staphylococcus aureus skin infections – the

organisms cause both invasive skin diseases characterized by pus production and skin diseases caused by toxin production. Invasive infections: Pimples – are infections of hair follicles (folliculitis).

If the hair follicle is an eyelash the disease is called a sty

Furuncles (boils) – this is where an abscess develops from a pimple and is characterized by a region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

FolliculitisFolliculitis



Carbuncles - are a series of interconnected furuncles with more extensive tissue invasion

Septicemia – from carbuncles the organism may spread to the bloodstream to cause septicemia

Staph. aureus may also cause impetigo (see Strep. skin infections), mainly in newborns

Skin conditions due to toxin production: Scalded skin syndrome – this condition occurs when

the organism produces an exotoxin called the exfoliative or epidermolytic toxin. The toxin causes the outer skin to peel away in layers.

Toxic shock syndrome – exfoliation of the skin may also occur in cases of toxic shock syndrome involving tampon use in menstruating women. This is due to the effects of toxic shock syndrome toxin, type I.

Carbuncles - are a series of interconnected furuncles with more extensive tissue invasion

Septicemia – from carbuncles the organism may spread to the bloodstream to cause septicemia

Staph. aureus may also cause impetigo (see Strep. skin infections), mainly in newborns

Skin conditions due to toxin production: Scalded skin syndrome – this condition occurs when

the organism produces an exotoxin called the exfoliative or epidermolytic toxin. The toxin causes the outer skin to peel away in layers.

Toxic shock syndrome – exfoliation of the skin may also occur in cases of toxic shock syndrome involving tampon use in menstruating women. This is due to the effects of toxic shock syndrome toxin, type I.

Scalded skin syndromeScalded skin syndrome



Streptococcal skin infections –like S. aureus, Strep. pyogenes causes either invasive skin infections or skin conditions caused by toxin production. Invasive skin diseases: Impetigo – the disease is characterized

by pustules that become crusted and rupture. This is very contagious and is easily spread from child to child in a day care setting.

Streptococcal skin infections –like S. aureus, Strep. pyogenes causes either invasive skin infections or skin conditions caused by toxin production. Invasive skin diseases: Impetigo – the disease is characterized

by pustules that become crusted and rupture. This is very contagious and is easily spread from child to child in a day care setting.

ImpetigoImpetigo

Strep pyogenes infectionsStrep pyogenes infections

Wound infections – occasionally causes wound infections following trauma. Usually due to simple contamination of the wound.

Cellulitis – infection of subcutaneous tissue and may be accompanied by lymphangitis and abscess formation.

Nectotizing fasciitis – when there is destruction of the fiberous tissue deep in skin including destruction of the sheath of tissue that covers the muscle. (“flesh eating bacteria”)

Wound infections – occasionally causes wound infections following trauma. Usually due to simple contamination of the wound.

Cellulitis – infection of subcutaneous tissue and may be accompanied by lymphangitis and abscess formation.

Nectotizing fasciitis – when there is destruction of the fiberous tissue deep in skin including destruction of the sheath of tissue that covers the muscle. (“flesh eating bacteria”)

Nectotizing fasciitisNectotizing fasciitis


Myositis – is a result of Strep. invasion of muscle tissue resulting in extensive muscle necrosis and overwhelming sepsis. This is usually fatal.

Myositis – is a result of Strep. invasion of muscle tissue resulting in extensive muscle necrosis and overwhelming sepsis. This is usually fatal.

Scarlet feverScarlet fever

Skin conditions due to toxin production The rash seen in scarlet fever is due to an

erythrogenic toxin:

Skin conditions due to toxin production The rash seen in scarlet fever is due to an

erythrogenic toxin:


Erysipelas – a diffuse, erythematous skin infection that is most often on the face following pharyngitis (due to toxin production)

Erysipelas – a diffuse, erythematous skin infection that is most often on the face following pharyngitis (due to toxin production)



Propionibacterium acne – involved in the pathogenesis of acne as previously discussed.

Bacterial infections of the eye Conjunctivitis – as discussed previously, is an

infection of the membranes that cover the eye and lining of the eyelid May be caused by many different organisms Contagious conjunctivitis (pinkeye) is caused by

Haemophilus aegyptius. Gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmitted to newborns during the birth process as

the baby moves down through the birth canal

Propionibacterium acne – involved in the pathogenesis of acne as previously discussed.

Bacterial infections of the eye Conjunctivitis – as discussed previously, is an

infection of the membranes that cover the eye and lining of the eyelid May be caused by many different organisms Contagious conjunctivitis (pinkeye) is caused by

Haemophilus aegyptius. Gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmitted to newborns during the birth process as

the baby moves down through the birth canal

Gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

Gonococcal opthalmia neonatorum

Ophtalmia neonatorum caused by Neisseria gonorrheaeSource: Microbiology Perspectives, 1999

Neisseria gonorrhea Causes Neonatal Blindness



Prevented by giving all newborns eye drops containing antibiotics at birth

Trachoma Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Transmitted by direct contact Is the single most common cause of

blindness in underdeveloped countries

Prevented by giving all newborns eye drops containing antibiotics at birth

Trachoma Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Transmitted by direct contact Is the single most common cause of

blindness in underdeveloped countries

TrachomaTrachoma



Bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract Pharyngitis = sore throat

Caused mainly by Streptococcus pyogenes (The classic Strep. throat)

Transmitted by respiratory secretions Symptoms include inflammation of the

throat and fever Can lead to tonsilitis and middle ear

infections

Bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract Pharyngitis = sore throat

Caused mainly by Streptococcus pyogenes (The classic Strep. throat)

Transmitted by respiratory secretions Symptoms include inflammation of the

throat and fever Can lead to tonsilitis and middle ear

infections

PharyngitisPharyngitis



Diphtheria Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that has

been lysogenized by a phage encoding the “tox” gene

Starts with a sore throat and fever followed by general malaise and swelling of the neck

A tough grayish membrane may form in the throat in response to the infection. This can cause suffocation

The bacteria are not invasive, but when they liberate their exotoxin, death may occur due to its effects on the heart and kidneys

D part of DPT vaccine

Diphtheria Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that has

been lysogenized by a phage encoding the “tox” gene

Starts with a sore throat and fever followed by general malaise and swelling of the neck

A tough grayish membrane may form in the throat in response to the infection. This can cause suffocation

The bacteria are not invasive, but when they liberate their exotoxin, death may occur due to its effects on the heart and kidneys

D part of DPT vaccine

DiphtheriaDiphtheria



Otitis media (middle ear infection) Is an uncomfortable complication of the

common cold or any infection of the nose or throat

More common in children because the auditory tube is so small

Most commonly caused by Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Strep. pyogenes, Staph. aurues, and Branhamella catarrhalis

Otitis media (middle ear infection) Is an uncomfortable complication of the

common cold or any infection of the nose or throat

More common in children because the auditory tube is so small

Most commonly caused by Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Strep. pyogenes, Staph. aurues, and Branhamella catarrhalis



Whooping cough Caused by Bordetella pertussis Transmitted by respiratory secretions The organism is not invasive, but it attaches to

respiratory epithelia, impeding their action. This causes a build-up of mucous.

The disease occurs in 3 stages Catarrhal stage - symptoms similar to the common cold Paroxysmal stage – characterized by prolonged sieges

of coughing as the patient tries to get rid of the mucous that has built up. Gasping of air occurs between the coughs causing a whooping sound. Lasts 1-6 weeks

Whooping cough Caused by Bordetella pertussis Transmitted by respiratory secretions The organism is not invasive, but it attaches to

respiratory epithelia, impeding their action. This causes a build-up of mucous.

The disease occurs in 3 stages Catarrhal stage - symptoms similar to the common cold Paroxysmal stage – characterized by prolonged sieges

of coughing as the patient tries to get rid of the mucous that has built up. Gasping of air occurs between the coughs causing a whooping sound. Lasts 1-6 weeks



Convalescent stage – lasts several months P part of DPT vaccine

Tuberculosis Both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis can cause Tb,

but M. bovis is rare in the U.S. The organism can gain entrance by many portals

of entry with inhalation being the most common Tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung

are ingested by macrophages Enzymes and cytokines are released to start an

inflammatory response to wall off the organism (tubercle formation), but the inflammatory response also causes lung damage.

Convalescent stage – lasts several months P part of DPT vaccine

Tuberculosis Both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis can cause Tb,

but M. bovis is rare in the U.S. The organism can gain entrance by many portals

of entry with inhalation being the most common Tubercle bacilli that reach the alveoli of the lung

are ingested by macrophages Enzymes and cytokines are released to start an

inflammatory response to wall off the organism (tubercle formation), but the inflammatory response also causes lung damage.



After a few weeks many of the macrophages die, releasing tubercle bacilli and forming a caseous center inside the tubercle. In healthy individuals, the disease is usually arrested at this time and the lesions may may become calcified. Tubercle bacilli may remain dormant in the lesion and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease.

When the defenses fail, a mature tubercle may form and then the bacilli multiply.

The tubercle eventually ruptures, releasing tubercle bacilli that can disseminate throughout the body.

This is the progressive form of the disease and symptoms include weight loss, coughing with blood, and loss of vigor.

After a few weeks many of the macrophages die, releasing tubercle bacilli and forming a caseous center inside the tubercle. In healthy individuals, the disease is usually arrested at this time and the lesions may may become calcified. Tubercle bacilli may remain dormant in the lesion and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease.

When the defenses fail, a mature tubercle may form and then the bacilli multiply.

The tubercle eventually ruptures, releasing tubercle bacilli that can disseminate throughout the body.

This is the progressive form of the disease and symptoms include weight loss, coughing with blood, and loss of vigor.



Pneumonia Characterized by fever, difficult breathing, and chest

pain May be caused by many different organisms;

Strep. pneumoniae – usually occurs following a primary infection elsewhere

Klebsiella pneumoniae – permanent lung damage often occurs

Mycoplasma pneumoniae – called walking pneumonia because individuals often do not know that they have the disease. Is also called an atypical pneumonia because the cough is not productive

Legionellosis – caused by Legionella pneumpophilia Is transmitted by aerosols from contaminated water More common in older males

Pneumonia Characterized by fever, difficult breathing, and chest

pain May be caused by many different organisms;

Strep. pneumoniae – usually occurs following a primary infection elsewhere

Klebsiella pneumoniae – permanent lung damage often occurs

Mycoplasma pneumoniae – called walking pneumonia because individuals often do not know that they have the disease. Is also called an atypical pneumonia because the cough is not productive

Legionellosis – caused by Legionella pneumpophilia Is transmitted by aerosols from contaminated water More common in older males



Bacterial diseases of the CNS Meningitis

Can be caused by many different bacteria, but most cases are caused by:

Neisseria meningitidis The disease starts out as a sore throat which

progresses to bacteremia and then meningitis which is characterized by a severe headache, neck and back pain and stiffness.

The endotoxin causes extensive blood vessel damage with petechiae being a hallmark symptom

There is a vaccine against the most commonly encountered virulent types.

Bacterial diseases of the CNS Meningitis

Can be caused by many different bacteria, but most cases are caused by:

Neisseria meningitidis The disease starts out as a sore throat which

progresses to bacteremia and then meningitis which is characterized by a severe headache, neck and back pain and stiffness.

The endotoxin causes extensive blood vessel damage with petechiae being a hallmark symptom

There is a vaccine against the most commonly encountered virulent types.

Petechial rashPetechial rash



Haemophilus influenzae – caused by organisms containing the type b capsule

Most commonly seen in children between the ages of two months to four years

Hib vaccine Strep. pneumoniae

Occurs most in immunocompromised individuals, the very young and the elderly

There is a high mortality rate E coli, type K1 and Strep. agalactiae –

Are the two most common causes of this disease in newborns

The mortality rate is high

Haemophilus influenzae – caused by organisms containing the type b capsule

Most commonly seen in children between the ages of two months to four years

Hib vaccine Strep. pneumoniae

Occurs most in immunocompromised individuals, the very young and the elderly

There is a high mortality rate E coli, type K1 and Strep. agalactiae –

Are the two most common causes of this disease in newborns

The mortality rate is high



Tetanus Caused by Clostridium tetani Disease is due to the toxin tetanospasmin. Spores are found in feces, soil, and dust. Spores

enter the body through penetrating wounds where they germinate into vegetative cells and subsequently produce toxin

Symptoms begin with cramps and twitching of muscles around the wound. Headache and neck stiffness also occur. These are followed by trismus (lockjaw) and more generalized symptoms. Death, if it occurs, results from respiratory failure

Tetanus Caused by Clostridium tetani Disease is due to the toxin tetanospasmin. Spores are found in feces, soil, and dust. Spores

enter the body through penetrating wounds where they germinate into vegetative cells and subsequently produce toxin

Symptoms begin with cramps and twitching of muscles around the wound. Headache and neck stiffness also occur. These are followed by trismus (lockjaw) and more generalized symptoms. Death, if it occurs, results from respiratory failure

TetanusTetanus



Botulism Caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium

botulinum In the U.S. botulism usually occurs

following ingestion of the toxin in inadequately processed home-canned food.

The first symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea followed by symmetric, descending paralysis (eyes, throat, neck, trunk, and then the limbs).

Death is from respiratory failure

Botulism Caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium

botulinum In the U.S. botulism usually occurs

following ingestion of the toxin in inadequately processed home-canned food.

The first symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea followed by symmetric, descending paralysis (eyes, throat, neck, trunk, and then the limbs).

Death is from respiratory failure



Leprosy Also called Hansen’s disease Caused by Mycobacterium leprae The disease is contagious, but requires prolonged,

fairly intimate contact for transmission There are two major forms of the disease

Tuberculoid – is characterized by lesions of the skin that have lost sensation

Lepromatous – is characterized by disfiguring nodules that form mainly on the colder areas of the body – death occurs from complications of other bacterial infections

Leprosy Also called Hansen’s disease Caused by Mycobacterium leprae The disease is contagious, but requires prolonged,

fairly intimate contact for transmission There are two major forms of the disease

Tuberculoid – is characterized by lesions of the skin that have lost sensation

Lepromatous – is characterized by disfiguring nodules that form mainly on the colder areas of the body – death occurs from complications of other bacterial infections

Tuberculous form of leprosy

Tuberculous form of leprosy

Lepromatous form of leprosy

Lepromatous form of leprosy



Bacterial diseases of the cardiovascular system Septicemia – a condition in which

bacteria are actively multiplying in the blood. One symptom of this is lymphangitis where red streaks are seen in the skin radiating out from the initial site of infection

Bacterial diseases of the cardiovascular system Septicemia – a condition in which

bacteria are actively multiplying in the blood. One symptom of this is lymphangitis where red streaks are seen in the skin radiating out from the initial site of infection

Septicemia with lymphangitis

Septicemia with lymphangitis



Endocarditis – is an inflammation of the endocardium which is the lining of epithelial cells in the heart and its valves Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Occurs in individuals with an abnormal heart valve Due usually to viridans group Strep. and follows

dental work or a primary infection elsewhere. Clots form and may break off to impair the function

of the heart Symptoms include fever, anemia, general

weakness and a heart murmur

Endocarditis – is an inflammation of the endocardium which is the lining of epithelial cells in the heart and its valves Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Occurs in individuals with an abnormal heart valve Due usually to viridans group Strep. and follows

dental work or a primary infection elsewhere. Clots form and may break off to impair the function

of the heart Symptoms include fever, anemia, general

weakness and a heart murmur



Acute bacterial endocarditis Occurs in all individuals following a primary

infection elsewhere Is characterized by rapid destruction of the

heart valves

Acute bacterial endocarditis Occurs in all individuals following a primary

infection elsewhere Is characterized by rapid destruction of the

heart valves

Bacterial endocarditisBacterial endocarditis

Survey of bacterial diseases


Rheumatic fever Is an autoimmune complication of Strep.

pyogenes pharyngitis Can lead to heart damage, arthritis, and death

Tularemia Also called rabbit fever because it is usually

acquired by contact with infected rabbits Caused by Francisella tularensis Local inflammation may lead to septicemia,

pneumonia and abscesses throughout the body

Rheumatic fever Is an autoimmune complication of Strep.

pyogenes pharyngitis Can lead to heart damage, arthritis, and death

Tularemia Also called rabbit fever because it is usually

acquired by contact with infected rabbits Caused by Francisella tularensis Local inflammation may lead to septicemia,

pneumonia and abscesses throughout the body

Rheumatic feverRheumatic fever



Brucellosis Also called undulent fever Caused by Brucella species Most commonly transmitted by unpasteurized milk A fever spike commonly occurs in the evening

Anthrax Caused by Bacillus anthracis Is mainly a disease of grazing animals Can come in through a variety of portals of entry in man

(skin, respiratory, GI tract) If it comes in through the skin a characteristic malignant

pustules will result at the site of entry. The disease can progress to septicemia and death Death is usually due to the effects of a toxin produced by the

organism

Brucellosis Also called undulent fever Caused by Brucella species Most commonly transmitted by unpasteurized milk A fever spike commonly occurs in the evening

Anthrax Caused by Bacillus anthracis Is mainly a disease of grazing animals Can come in through a variety of portals of entry in man

(skin, respiratory, GI tract) If it comes in through the skin a characteristic malignant

pustules will result at the site of entry. The disease can progress to septicemia and death Death is usually due to the effects of a toxin produced by the

organism

AnthraxAnthrax



Plague Caused by Yersinia pestis which is endemic in the

mountains in Southern California There are two forms of the disease – bubonic plaque

and pneumonic plague Bubonic plague is transmitted by rat fleas

The organism gets into the bloodstream and makes its way to the regional lymph nodes which become painful and enlarged (called buboes and hence the name bubonic plaque). The mortality rate in untreated cases is high.

When the organism gets into the lungs it can cause pneumonic plague which is transmitted from person to person via droplet infection. Has a higher mortality rate than bubonic plague (close to 100%)

Plague Caused by Yersinia pestis which is endemic in the

mountains in Southern California There are two forms of the disease – bubonic plaque

and pneumonic plague Bubonic plague is transmitted by rat fleas

The organism gets into the bloodstream and makes its way to the regional lymph nodes which become painful and enlarged (called buboes and hence the name bubonic plaque). The mortality rate in untreated cases is high.

When the organism gets into the lungs it can cause pneumonic plague which is transmitted from person to person via droplet infection. Has a higher mortality rate than bubonic plague (close to 100%)

BuboesBuboes



Relapsing fever Caused by Borrelia species other than Borrelia burgdorferi Transmitted by ticks and lice Disease is characterized by high fever, jaundice, and rose

colored spots Relapses occur because the organism undergoes

antigenic variation. Each relapse is less severe than the preceding one

Lyme disease Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi Transmitted by ticks Disease starts with a characteristic rash at the bite site

(erythema chronicum migrans) followed by flu-like symptoms

Relapsing fever Caused by Borrelia species other than Borrelia burgdorferi Transmitted by ticks and lice Disease is characterized by high fever, jaundice, and rose

colored spots Relapses occur because the organism undergoes

antigenic variation. Each relapse is less severe than the preceding one

Lyme disease Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi Transmitted by ticks Disease starts with a characteristic rash at the bite site

(erythema chronicum migrans) followed by flu-like symptoms

ECM – from Lyme diseaseECM – from Lyme disease



Years later neurological and heart problems as well as arthritis may occur and this is probably due to an immune reaction to remaining organisms

Typhus – is characterized by a high, prolonged fever, stupor and small red spots Transmitted by human lice (epidemic)

and rat flead (endemic) Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii

(epidemic) and R. typhi (endemic)

Years later neurological and heart problems as well as arthritis may occur and this is probably due to an immune reaction to remaining organisms

Typhus – is characterized by a high, prolonged fever, stupor and small red spots Transmitted by human lice (epidemic)

and rat flead (endemic) Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii

(epidemic) and R. typhi (endemic)



Rocky mountain spotted fever Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii Transmitted by ticks Symptoms include high fever, headache,

and a rash over the entire body

Rocky mountain spotted fever Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii Transmitted by ticks Symptoms include high fever, headache,

and a rash over the entire body

Rocky mountain spotted fever

Rocky mountain spotted fever



Diseases of the digestive system Dental caries – cavities caused by

bacteria (species of Strep.) that ferment sugar releasing acid that destroys the enamel and dentin

Dysentery = severe diarrhea with blood and/or pus

Gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa

Diseases of the digestive system Dental caries – cavities caused by

bacteria (species of Strep.) that ferment sugar releasing acid that destroys the enamel and dentin

Dysentery = severe diarrhea with blood and/or pus

Gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa



Two basic types of disease may occur in the lower intestinal tract; Infection in which the organism attaches, invades, and

multiplies. There is a delay in the appearance of symptoms as the

organism multiplies. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea (dysentery may occur),

nausea and possibly, vomiting. Organisms that may cause infection are Salmonella

species, including Salmonella typhi which causes typhoid fever, Shigella species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni, and certain strains of E. coli.

Intoxication – here disease is due to the ingestion of a preformed toxin or to a toxin produced by an organism which is not invasive, but multiplies at the intestinal mucosa while liberating toxin.

Two basic types of disease may occur in the lower intestinal tract; Infection in which the organism attaches, invades, and

multiplies. There is a delay in the appearance of symptoms as the

organism multiplies. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea (dysentery may occur),

nausea and possibly, vomiting. Organisms that may cause infection are Salmonella

species, including Salmonella typhi which causes typhoid fever, Shigella species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni, and certain strains of E. coli.

Intoxication – here disease is due to the ingestion of a preformed toxin or to a toxin produced by an organism which is not invasive, but multiplies at the intestinal mucosa while liberating toxin.



Symptoms do NOT include fever, but may include abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.

Organisms that may cause this type of intoxication include Staph. aureus, Vibrio cholera, and certain strains of E. coli

Bacterial diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary

bladder and symptoms include dysuria (difficult or painful urination) and pyuria (WBCs in the urine)

Symptoms do NOT include fever, but may include abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.

Organisms that may cause this type of intoxication include Staph. aureus, Vibrio cholera, and certain strains of E. coli

Bacterial diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary

bladder and symptoms include dysuria (difficult or painful urination) and pyuria (WBCs in the urine)



The most common cause of cystitis is E. coli, but other enterics as well as G+ bacteria may also cause the infection

Gonorrhea Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and usually

transmitted by direct sexual contact. Those infected commonly have a concomitant

Chlamydia trachomatis infection Asymptomatic infections- Males= 10%, Females= 20-

75%. The problem with asymptomatic individuals is that they are carriers and can transmit the disease to others.

Uncomplicated infections - in males symptoms include acute urethritis with profuse purulent discharge filled with GC. If untreated may spread to cause prostitis and epididymitis

The most common cause of cystitis is E. coli, but other enterics as well as G+ bacteria may also cause the infection

Gonorrhea Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and usually

transmitted by direct sexual contact. Those infected commonly have a concomitant

Chlamydia trachomatis infection Asymptomatic infections- Males= 10%, Females= 20-

75%. The problem with asymptomatic individuals is that they are carriers and can transmit the disease to others.

Uncomplicated infections - in males symptoms include acute urethritis with profuse purulent discharge filled with GC. If untreated may spread to cause prostitis and epididymitis

Uncomplicated GC infection

Uncomplicated GC infection



Uncomplicated infections in females - may have increased vaginal discharge, burning or frequency of urination and menstrual abnormalities.

Complicated infections- Occur more frequently in women - spread from the

cervix into the fallopian tubes resulting in endometritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis= pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Occurs in 10-20% of infected women. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge, and uterine tenderness. This can result in ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

Nongonococcal urethritis – caused by Chlamydia trachomatis with symptoms as above

Uncomplicated infections in females - may have increased vaginal discharge, burning or frequency of urination and menstrual abnormalities.

Complicated infections- Occur more frequently in women - spread from the

cervix into the fallopian tubes resulting in endometritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis= pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Occurs in 10-20% of infected women. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge, and uterine tenderness. This can result in ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

Nongonococcal urethritis – caused by Chlamydia trachomatis with symptoms as above

SalpingitisSalpingitis



Syphilis Caused by Treponema pallidum and is transmitted

by direct sexual contact The normal untreated course of the disease occurs

in several stages Primary stage – following penetration of the skin or

mucous membranes, a characteristic, painless hard chancre develops at the site of entry.

The chancre is highly contagious and filled with Treponemes.

Simultaneously the organism enters the lymphatics and becomes disseminated.

The chancre heals without treatment in a few weeks due to local immunity, but by that time the organism has already disseminated.

Syphilis Caused by Treponema pallidum and is transmitted

by direct sexual contact The normal untreated course of the disease occurs

in several stages Primary stage – following penetration of the skin or

mucous membranes, a characteristic, painless hard chancre develops at the site of entry.

The chancre is highly contagious and filled with Treponemes.

Simultaneously the organism enters the lymphatics and becomes disseminated.

The chancre heals without treatment in a few weeks due to local immunity, but by that time the organism has already disseminated.

Primary syphilisPrimary syphilis



Secondary stage – 4-8 weeks after the primary stage, the secondary stage develops.

Typically there are lesions (filled with treponemes) throughout the body including the skin, mucous membranes, organs, and eyes.

Most lesions are on the skin and mucous membranes.

The patient may also have a loss of hair, a mild fever, and the development of malaise.

This also heals without treatment and the patient may either spontaneously get well or develop a latent infection

Secondary stage – 4-8 weeks after the primary stage, the secondary stage develops.

Typically there are lesions (filled with treponemes) throughout the body including the skin, mucous membranes, organs, and eyes.

Most lesions are on the skin and mucous membranes.

The patient may also have a loss of hair, a mild fever, and the development of malaise.

This also heals without treatment and the patient may either spontaneously get well or develop a latent infection

Secondary syphilisSecondary syphilis



Tertiary syphilis – this stage is characterized by granulomatous lesions, called gummas, of the skin, internal organs, CNS, bones, eyes, and cardiovascular system.

They are caused by the body’s hyperimmune reaction to remaining spirochetes

Tertiary syphilis – this stage is characterized by granulomatous lesions, called gummas, of the skin, internal organs, CNS, bones, eyes, and cardiovascular system.

They are caused by the body’s hyperimmune reaction to remaining spirochetes

Tertiary syphilisTertiary syphilis

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