skin diseases report

7/28/2019 Skin Diseases Report

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SKIN

DISEASESTINEA CAPITIS

TINEA CORPORIS

TINEA VERSICOLOR


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TINEA CAPITIS

commonly known as

ringworm of the scalp

Causative agent :

Dermatophyte fungal

infection mainly of two

genera Microsporum

and Trichophyton.

Dermatophyte


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DERMATOPHYTES like to live on warm and moist area of the skin,

such as places where there are skin folds.

can also live on household items, such as

clothing, towels and bedding.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

males are more susceptible as compared to

females.

children aged 3-7 years old are at the greater

risk.


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MODE OF TRANSMISSION usually by direct contact with a human or animal

source ( including dogs, cats and cattle)

can also be transmitted by inanimate infected objects

such as the back of the seats, combs, brushes, or

hats.

INCUBATION PERIOD it has an incubation period of10-14 days.


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Itching - The affected area of the scalp may itch due to the

fungal infection. It worsens when the scalp is very dry and as the

fungus spreads.

Irritation - Individuals may also experience irritation in the

affected area of the skin region. This may include a slighttingling or burning sensation with redness. It is usually provoked

with excessive scratching.

Lesions - The affected area of the scalp may show presence of

circular pus filled lesions or sores (kerions). It may not be

easily spotted as the typical red ring lesion of a fungal (ringworm)

infection until the hair falls out.

Rashes - Skin rashes are typically red with a raised border. The

inner part of the rash may be red or white with crusting skin.

These types of rashes may also appear in pets that have similar

fungal infections which can be transmitted to humans.


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Dots - The affected area of the scalp may sometimes also show

presence of black dots. This occurs due to breaking of the hair

at the roots. White balls attached to these remnants of the hair

follicle may also be seen.

Smooth skin - The affected area of the skin becomes smoothafter the skin peels off. It may also be smoother than normal once

the infection is treated and the skin heels.

You may have a low-grade fever of around 37.78-38.3C or

swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Hair loss - is the most common complaint of tinea capitis

patients as the fungi affects the scalp region, which results in

loss of hair in the affected area.


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PREVENTIONS Wash your hands regularly.

Shampoo your hair regularly.

Don't share headgear, brushes, or combs.

Wash towels, clothes, and any shared items used by aninfected person to prevent spreading it to others in the

household.

Take your pets to the veterinarian for treatment if they

develop skin rashes.


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NURSING INTERVENTIONS Administer prescribed medications, including

griseofulvin, an antifungal agent. Topical agents do not

provide an effective cure because the infection occurs

within the hair shaft and below the surface of the scalp.

Instruct the client and his family to use separate combs

and brushes and to avoid exchanging hats and other

headgear.

Encourage the client that all family members and

household pets must be examined, because familialinfections are relatively common.


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MEDICAL TREATMENT The health care provider will prescribe a special medicine you take

by mouth to treat ringworm in the scalp.

Griseofulvin, terbinafine, and itraconazole are used to treat this

condition

You take the medicine for 4 - 8 weeksKeep the area clean. A medicated shampoo, such as one that contains

ketoconazole or selenium sulfide, may slow or stop the spread of

infection through the air. However, the shampoo alone cannot get rid of

the ringworm.

Other family members and pets should be examined and treated, ifnecessary.

Other children in the home may want to use the shampoo 2 - 3 times

a week for around 6 weeks.


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MEDICAL TREATMENT Adults only need to wash with the shampoo if they have

signs of tinea capitis or ringworm.

Once the shampoo has been started:

Wash towels in warm, soapy water and dry each timethey are used by someone who is infected

Soak combs and brushes for 1 hour a day in a mixture of

one-half bleach and one-half water. Do this for 3 days.

No one in the home should share combs, hairbrushes,hats, towels, pillowcases, or helmets with other people.


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TINEA CORPORIS

commonly known as

ringworm of the body

Causative agent :

Dermatophyte fungalinfection mainly of two

genera Microsporum

and Trichophyton.


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MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Sex: Males are infected more than females.

.Age: Tinea corporis affects persons of all age groups,

but prevalence is highest in preadolescents (10-13

yrs. old).

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Exposure to contaminated soil

Exposure to infected animals or people (cattle, kittens,puppies, guinea pigs, mice and horses)


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INCUBATION PERIOD has an incubation period of between 1 to 3 weeks.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Itching Rashes that begins as a small area of red, raised spots

and pimples. The rash slowly becomes ring-shaped, with

a red-colored, raised border and a clearer center. The

border may look scaly. The rash may occur on the arms, legs, face, or other

exposed body areas.


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PREVENTIONS Washing hands after handling animals, soil, and plants.

Avoiding touching characteristic lesions on other people.

Wearing loose-fitting clothing.

Practicing good hygiene when participation in sportsinvolves physical contact with other people.

Wash all towels in warm, soapy water and then dry

them.

Use a new towel and washcloth every time. Clean sinks, bathtubs, and bathroom floors well after

using.

Wear clean clothes every day and do not share clothes


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NURSING INTERVENTIONS Administer prescribed medications, which may include

topical antifungalmedication. Instruct the client to use a

clean towel and washcloth daily.

Instruct the client to thoroughly dry all skin areas and

skin folds that retain moisture.

Encourage the client to wear clean cotton clothing next

to the skin.

Instruct the client to be careful around pets and pet

objects.


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MEDICAL TREATMENT Consult your doctor or dermatologist as soon as

possible. If the rash is accompanied by redness,

swelling, drainage, or fever, seek immediate medical

attention.

Mild conditions: topical antifungal creams,

Severe conditions; griseofulvin or terbinafine.

In severe cases, where the infection has spread deeper

into the skin or into hair follicles, an oral prescription

medication may be prescribed. These include

itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan),

ketoconazole (Nizoral), and terbinafine (Lamisil).


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TINEA VERSICOLOR

(Pityriasis Versicolor)

Causative organisms:

caused by yeast

called Malassezia

fur furthat normally lives onthe skin of most adults

without causing problems.

Malassezia fur fur


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Malasseziais a lipid-dependent, dimorphic fungus

that is a component of normal skin flora.

Transformation ofMalassezia from yeast cells to a

pathogenic mycelial form is associated with the

development of clinical disease. External factorssuspected of contributing to this conversion include

exposure to hot and humid weather, hyperhidrosis,

and the use of topical skin oils.

Malassezia furfur


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EPIDEMIOLOGY Race:Although the alteration in skin pigmentation is more

apparent in darker-skinned individuals, the incidence of

tinea versicolor appears to be the same in all races.

Sex: Several studies have addressed the frequency of tinea

versicolor based on sex, and no dominance of either sex isapparent.

Age: In the United States, tinea versicolor is most common

in persons aged 15-24 years, when the sebaceous glands

are more active. The occurrence of tinea versicolor before

puberty or after age 65 years is uncommon. In more tropical countries, age frequency varies; most cases

involve people aged 10-19 years who live in warmer, humid

countries, such as Liberia and India.

Highest incidence is found in tropical climates.


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MODE OF TRANSMISSIONNot contagious but here are some of the predisposing factors:

Removal of the adrenal gland

Cushing's disease

Pregnancy

Malnutrition

Burns

Steroid therapy

Suppressed immune system

Oral contraceptives

Excess heat Excess humidity

Can be spread through: skin-to-skin contact or by coming in contact

with contaminated articles such as towels, clothing or bedding.


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INCUBATION PERIOD Because yeast normally dwells on the skin in minute

amounts, the incubation period is unknown. The

timeframe can range from weeks to months, and the

disease typically begins during or just after the

warmest months of the year.


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSFirst sign of tinea versicolor is often spots on the skin.

The spots are lighter (sometimes darker) than the surrounding skin.

The color of the spots can be white, pink, salmon, red, tan, or brown.

The spots can appear anywhere on the body.

Spots can be dry and scaly.

Skin may itch where the spots appear.

Spots become more noticeable as the skin tans. The yeast prevents

the skin from tanning.

Spots grow slowly.

As the yeast grows, the spots can combine and form patches of

lighter (or darker) skin.

The spots may disappear when the temperature drops and return in

the spring or summer when the air gets warm and humid.


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PREVENTIONS Avoid close contact with those who have tinea versicolor.

Keep your skin clean and dry: Bathe after physical exertion

and sweating.

Good personal hygiene

Wash personal items regularly:

Bedding

Clothes

Linens Do not share personal care items:

Towels

Razors

Wash your hands frequently.


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NURSING INTERVENTIONS Advice not to avoid too much exposure to heat.

Advice to give importance in personal hygiene especially in

taking a bath.

Advice to give importance in hand washing.

Advice not to share personal things to others.

MEDICAL TREATMENT Topical anti-fungals. These products are applied directly toyour skin and may be in the form of lotions, shampoos,

creams, or soaps. They keep the growth of the yeast under

control

Anti-fungal pills. These may be used to treat more serious or

recurrent cases of tinea versicolor.

Medicine applied to the skin: This is the most common

treatment. There are anti-fungal shampoos, soaps, creams,

and lotions that can keep the yeast under control.


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