bachelor of science agriculture vi semestertheory: importance of post harvest technology in...
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SUNRISE UNIVERSITY, ALWAR
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AGRICULTURE VI SEMESTER
College of Agriculture Sunrise University Alwar B.Sc (Hon’s) Agriculture
Scheme of Session 2019 - 2020
Code Subject
Maximum Marks
T P MS1 MS2 IA
EA
Total
6BAG001 Farming Systems, Sustainable
Agriculture and Organic Farming 2 0 10 10 20 60 100
6BAG002 Principles of Seed Technology 2 0 10 10 20 60 100
6BAG003 Extension Methodologies for
Transfer of Agricultural
Technology
2 0 5 5 10 30 50
6BAG004 Livestock Production and
Management 2 0 10 10 20 60 100
6BAG005 Environmental Science** 2 0 10 10 20 60 100
6BAG006 Post-harvest management and
value addition of fruits and
vegetables
2 0 10 10 20 60 100
6BAG007 Diseases of Horticultural Crops
and their management 2 0 5 5 10 30 50
6BAG008 Fundamentals of Agri. Business
Management 2 0 5 5 10 30 50
Total 650
6BAG001 : Farming Systems, Sustainable Agriculture and Organic farming
Theory:
Sustainable agriculture: definition, current concept ; Factors affecting ecological balance and
ameliorative measures; Land degradation and conservation of natural resources; Low external
input agriculture (LEIA) & high external input agricultural (HEIA); Irrigation problems; Waste
lands and their development; Differences between conventional and sustainable agricultural
systems; Organic farming: definition, principles , components and relevance in present context;
Organic production requirements; Biological intensive nutrient management-organic manures,
vermicomposting, green manuring, recycling of organic residues, biofertilizers; Soil amendments;
Integrated diseases and pest management – use of biocontrol agents, biopesticides, pheromones,
trap crops, bird perches; Organic produce: quality considerations, certification, and accreditation;
Farming systems: definition, principles and components, Intergrated farming system (I F S)
models for wetland, irrigated dryland and dryland situations.
Practical:
Preparation of cropping scheme for irrigated situations; Preparation of cropping scheme for
dryland situations; Study of existing farming systems in nearby villages; Preparation of integrated
farming system model for wetlands; Preparation of integrated farming system model for drylands;
Preparation of enriched Farm Yard Manure; Preparation of Vermicompost; Study of profitable
utilization of agricultural wastes; Visit to poultry and
6BAG002 : Principles of Seed Technology
Theory
Importance of improved seed in agriculture. Seed technology-definition, objective, relationship with other
sciences. Seed quality-definition, characters of good quality seed and classes of seed. Seed policy, seed
demand forecasting and planning of certified, foundation and breeder seed production. Determination of
crop seed varieties, factors affecting deterioration and their control; Maintenance of genetic purity during
seed production. Steps involved in development of seed progeramme and seed multiplication. Production
of nucleus of & breeder seed, Maintenance and multiplication of pre-release and newly released varieties
in self and cross pollinated crops. Seed production- foundation and certified seed production of
maize,bajra,sorghum( hybrids,synthetics and composites),rice,cotton,tomoto and hybrids:chillies and
cucurbits(varieties and hybrids) : seed production of wheat,barley, gram and rape seed mustard. Seed
certification phases of certification, procedure for seed certification and field inspection, fields counts.
Seed act 1966 and Seed act enforcement, Central seed committee, Central Seed Certification Board, State
Seed Certification Agency.Central and State Seed Testing Laboratories;Duties and powers of seed
inspectors,offences and penalities. Seed control order:Seed control order 1983.Intellectual Properties
Rights, Patenting,WTO,Plant Breeders Rights and Farmer,s Right.Seed drying-Forced air seed
drying,principle,properties of air and their effect on seed drying,moisture equilibrium between seed and
air.Seed processing-planning and establishment of seed processing plant;air screen machine and its
workingprinciple, different upgrading equipment and their use.Principles of seed treatment , Seed storage;
stages of seed storage, factors affecting seed longevity storage and conditions required for good storage,
general principles of seed storage. Seed marketing- marketing structure, marketing organization.
Practical:
Seed sampling principles and procedures.Physical purity analysis of field and horticultural crops; Moisture
testing; Germination analysis and viability test of field and horticultural crops; Vigour test of field and
horticultural crops; KOH and NaOH test for varietal identification; Visit of GOT field at University farms;
Varietal identification in seed production plots;Planting ratio,Minimum seed certification standards of
important crops in the vicinity.
6BAG003 : Extension Methodologies for Transfer of Agricultural Technology
Theory :
Communication - Meaning, Definition, Models, Elements and their Characteristics, Barriers in
Communication. Extension Programme Planning - Meaning, Definition of Planning, Programme,
Project, Principles and Steps in Programme Planning Evaluation - Meaning, concept and types.
Extension Teaching methods - Meaning, Definition and Classification. Individual contact methods
– Farm and Home visit, Telephone call, E-mail. Group contact methods – Group discussion,
Method and Result demonstrations; Small group discussion techniques – Lecture, Panel,
Workshop, Syndicate group, Brain Storming, Seminar, Conference and Buzz group. Mass contact
Methods- Campaign, Exhibition, Kisan Mela, Radio & Television -Meaning, Importance, steps,
Merits & Demerits. Factors influencing in selection of Extension Teaching methods. Innovative
Information sources – Internet, Cyber Cafes, Video and Tele conferences, Kisan call centers.
Diffusion-Meaning, Definition and Elements. Adoption Process- Meaning, Stages, Innovation
decision process, Adopter categories and their characteristics, Factors influencing adoption
process.
Practical:
Organization of Group discussion and Method demonstration. Planning and Writing of scripts for
Radio and Television. Preparation of selected audio-visual aids- Charts, Posters, Over Head
Projector(OHP) Transparencies, Power Point Slides. Leaflet, Folder, Pamphlet, News Stories and
Success Stories. Handling of Public Address Equipment (PAE) System, Still Camera, Video
Camera and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projector.
6BAG004 : Livestock Production and Management
Theory:
Place of livestock in the national economy. Different livestock development programs of
Government of India. Important exotic and Indian breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and swine.
Measures and factor affecting fertility in livestock. Reproductive behaviors like puberty, estrus,
pregnancy and parturition. Milk secretion, milking of animal and factor affecting milk yield and
composition. Selection and breeding of livestock for higher milk and meat production. Feeding
and management of calves, growing heifers and milch animals. Housing principles, space
requirements for different species of livestock. Disease control measures, sanitation and care.
Breeding, feeding and production records. Breed characteristics of poultry. Systems of housing,
feeding and management. Incubation, hatching and brooding. Vaccination and prevention of
diseases, Preservation and marketing of eggs, its economics and keeping quality. Cost of
production of milk.
Practical:
Identification, handling and restraining of farm animals. Judging and culling of dairy cattle and
poultry. Feeding and ration formulation for categories of livestock. Housing and management of
poultry. Visit to livestock farms. Economics of livestock production
6BAG005 : Environmental Science
Theory:
Scope and importance of environmental studies and biological chemistry. Renewable resources : Forest, Water, Food, energy
and land - various environmental cycles viz. carbon, nitrogen and water etc. Energy flow in the ecosystem : concept of
photosynthesis and respiration. Woman and child welfare – food, balance diet, vitamins and minerals etc. HIV/AIDS – viruses
and nucleic acids, modification and propagation. Role of information technology on environment and human health –
nutrition/malnutrition in communities. Concept of biological processing of industrial wastes. *
Ecology : Definition and scope. Ecosystems: Definition, types, concept, structure, functions, components and food pyramids.
Producers, consumers and decomposers of an ecosystem. Bio-diversity: Definition, classification, threats to biodiversity and
its conservation. The Environment Protection Act, The Air Act, The water Act, The Wildlife Protection Act and Forest
Conservation Act.**
Environmental pollution: Causes, effects and control of air, water, soil, thermal, noise and marine pollution. Causes, effects
and management of soil nuclear hazards and industrial wastes.***
Practical:
Estimation of chlorophyll content of fresh water/sea water ecosystem. Study of transpiration and water balance in plants.
Estimation of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Community survey for nutritional health status. Estimation of proline as stress
indicator in plants. *
Estimation of pesticide contamination in Agro-Ecosystem. Determination of sound level by using sound level meter.
Estimation of respirable and non respirable dust in the air by using portable dust sampler. Estimation of species abundance of
plants. Visit to ecosystems and study of biodiversity. **
Collection, processing and storage of effluent samples; Determination of Bio-Chemical oxygen demand (BOD) in effluent
sample; Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in effluent sample; Estimation of dissolved oxygen in effluent
samples; Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS) in effluent samples; Estimation of nitrate contamination in ground
water. Analysis of temporary and total hardness of water sample by titration. Determination of heavy metals in sewage and
sludge. ***
6BAG006 : Post Harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables
Theory:
Importance of post harvest technology in horticultural crops. Maturity indices, harvesting and post-harvest
handling of fruits and vegetables. Classification of fruit crops on the basis of ripening and ripening process. Factors
affecting ripening of fruits and vegetables. Pre- harvest factors affecting quality on post-harvest shelf-life of fruits
and vegetables. Factors responsible for detioration of harvested fruits and vegetables. Chemicals used for hastening
and delaying ripening of fruits and vegetables. Primary processing of fruits and vegetables. Methods of storage –
pre-cooling, pre-storage treatments, low temperature storage, controlled atmospheric storage, hypobaric storage,
irradiation and low cost storage structures. Various methods of packing, packaging materials and transport.
Importance and scope of fruit and vegetable preservation in India. Principles of preservation by heat, low
temperature, chemicals and fermentation. Unit layout– selection of site and precautions for hygienic conditions of
the unit. Preservation through canning, bottling, freezing, dehydration, drying, ultraviolet and ionizing radiations.
Preparation of jams, jellies, marmalades, candies, crystallized and glazed fruits, preserves, chutneys, pickles,
ketchup, sauce, puree, syrups, juices, squashes and cordials Spoilage of canned products, biochemical, enzymatic
and microbial spoilage. Laws prohibiting processed fruit and vegetables food adulteration in India
Practical:
Practice in judging the maturity of various fruits and vegetables. Construction of zero energy cool chambers for on
farm storage. Determination of physiological loss in weight (PLW), total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars, acidity
and ascorbic acid content in fruits and vegetables. Effect of ethylene on ripening of banana, sapota and mango.
Identification of equipment and machinery used in preservation of fruits and vegetables. Preservation by drying
and dehydration. Preparation of jam, jelly and marmalades. Preparation of squash, cordials and syrups. Preparation
of chutneys, pickles, sauces and ketchup. Visit to processing units, market yards, cold storage units and packing
industries.
6BAG007 : Disease of horticulture crops their management
Theory: Economic importance, symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management
of diseases of citrus (canker,dieback); mango ( malformation and black tip); banana
(panama wilt and sigatoka); grapevine (downy mildew and anthracnose);
pomegranate (bacterial blight); papaya (foot rot and ring spot); guava (wilt and Zn
deficiency); apple (scab); ber (powdery mildew): potato (late blight and black heart);
tomoto (early blight and leaf curl); chilli (anthracnose); brinjal (Phomopsis blight
and little leaf disease); bhindi (yellow vein mosaic); pea (powdery mildew); cabbage
(black rot); cucurbits (downy mildew ); onion (purple blotch); ginger (rhizome rot)
and rose (powdery mildew).
Practical: Study of symptoms, etiology, host-parasite relationship and control
measures of diseases of citrus, mango, grapevine, pomegranate, papaya, guava, ber,
potato, tomoto, chilli, brinjal, bhindi, pea, onion. Field visits at orchards and vegetable
fields during the semester.
6BAG008 : Fundamentals of Agri -business management
Theory -
Agribusiness: Meaning. Definition, Structure of Agribusiness, (Input. Farm. Product Sectors). Importance
of Agribusiness in the Indian Economy, Agricultural Policy. Agribusiness Management. Distinctive
features, Importance of Good Management. Definitions of Management. Management Functions,
Planning. Meaning, Definition, Types of Plans (Purpose or Mission. Goals or Objectives. Strategies,
Polices. Procedures, rules. programmes, Budget) characteristics of sound plan, Steps in planning,
Organisation. Staffing, Directing. Motivation, Ordering, Leading. Supervision, Communication, control.
Capital Management. Financial Management of Agribusiness: Importance of Financial Statements,
Balance sheet, Profit and Loss Statement, Analysis of Financial statements. Agro-based Industries:
Importance and Need, Classification of Industries, Types of Agro-based Industries. Institutional
arrangement, Procedure to set up agro-based industries, Constraints in establishing agro-based industries.
Marketing Management: Meaning, Definitions. Marketing Mix. 4Ps of Marketing. Mix, Market
segmentation, Methods of Market. Product life cycle. Pricing policy, Meaning. pricing method. Prices at
various stages of Marketing. Project, definitions, project cycle. Identification, Formulation. Appraisal,
Implementation. Monitoring and evaluation, Appraisal and Evaluation techniques, NPW, BCR. IRR, N/C
ratio, sensitivity analysis. characteristics of agricultural projects: preparation of project reports for various
activities in agriculture and allied sectors: Dairying, poultry, fisheries. agro-industries etc.
Practical:
Study of input markets: seed. fertilizers, pesticides. Study of output markets. grains, fruits, vegetables,
flowers. Study of product markets. retail trade commodity trading, value added products. Study of
financing institutions cooperatives commercial banks, RRBs. Agribusiness Finance Limited, NABARD:
Preparations of projects. Feasibility reports; Project appraisal techniques: Case study of agro-based
industries.
Farming Systems, Sustainable Agriculture and Organic farming
Unit No Description
1 Concept
2 Definition
3 Principles
4 Components
5 Conclusion
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Farming system is The scientific integration of different
interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the
efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm
family which provide year round Income to the farmers year
round income to the farmers specially located in the
handicapped zone
Farming system
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
What is it
Farming system approach envisages the integration of agroforestry, horticulture, dairy, sheep
and goat rearing, fishery, poultry, pigeon, biogas, mushroom, sericulture and by-product
utilization of crops with the main goal of increasing the income and standard of living of
small and marginal farmers.
Role of Farming System
Food security
Provide balanced food
Quality food basket
High productivity and enhanced farm income
Effective recycling of resources Minimizing environmental pollution
Employment generation
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Role of Farming System
Food security:
Food security is defined as the balanced food supply and effective demand for food.
Ensuring food security to the individual wards off the gender- based intra-household discrimination.
Thus food security needs to be redefined as “livelihood security for the household and all members
within, which ensures both physical and economic asses to balanced diet, safe drinking water,
environmental sanitation, primary education and basic health care.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
There is need of farming system which has several components like dairy, poultry, goatry, fisheries etc.
along with crop production.
In this way, farming system would not meet the food for but also cater the need of protein, fat, vitamins
and minerals required for good health.
Conjunction of horticulture and agroforestry with cropping would ensure the seasonal access to fruits,
fuel, fodder and fibre.
Provides Balanced Food
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
As the living status is improved the requirement of cereals will be decreased and supplemented by other
items viz. milk, egg, meat, fruit etc.
Integration of allied enterprises with cropping increase the nutritive value of the products.
Cropping with pigeon+fish+mushroom founds to have the
highest protein of 1963 kg.
Integration of cropping with fish + mushroom and pigeon/poultry could result in 31 to 52 %
higher protein yield than cropping alone.
Quality food basket
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Higher productivity and enhanced farm income
• Integration of fish in rice system decreasing the rice grain yield due to presence of fish trenches
occupying 10% of the rice area, however, additional income increased.
• The profit can be increased more when fish, vegetable system and livestock include in rice – rice farming
system.
Effective recycling of resources
The effective recycling of farm resources is possible by adoption of farming system research.
Crop by-product is utilized as fodder for animals, and animal by-product i.e. milk, and dung may be
utilized for increasing income and soil fertility, respectively.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Minimize environmental pollution
• In Punjab, Haryana and western Utter Pradesh, burning of rice residue is common
practice, which increased the concentration of green house gases in atmosphere, in
addition to huge amount of nutrient loss.
• Such situation could be avoided by introduction of some more enterprises like
animal husbandry on the farm.
• Rice straw may be used as animal feed.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Farming System Research
Farming System Concept was developed in 1970.
It is designed to understand farmer priorities, strategies and resource allocation decisions.
Used in conjunction with on-farm research to identify and adopt technologies useful to
location specific problems of farmers.
Farming systems research and development approach associated with small farmers and focuses on their
conditions and aspirations.
Its goal to develop sustainable land use system which will optimize
resource use and increase income and employment for farm families.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Integrated farming system
• Integrated Farming Systems a component of farming
system research introduces a change in farming
techniques for maximum production in a cropping
pattern and take care of optimal utilization of
resources.
• It focused round a few selected, inter-dependent, inter-
related and often systems inter-linking production
• Animals based on few crops, and related subsidiary
professions.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Field crops Crop production
Vegetables Fruit cultivation
Poultry farming Livestock
integration Duckery
Aquaculture Agroforestry
Bee- keeping Mushroom cultivation
Bio-gas plant
Different component of Integrated Farming System
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Integrated approach in wetland situation
• Rice based cropping with poultry-cum-fish culture
• Crop-poultry-fishery
• Cropping with dairy
• Cropping with goat rearing
• Cropping with aquaculture
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Objectives of Integrated farming systems
To identify existing farming systems in specific area and assess their relative viability.
To formulate farming system models involving main and allied enterprises for different farming
situations.
To ensure optional utilization and conservation of available
resources and effective recycling of farm residues within system.
To maintain sustainable production system without damaging resources base environment.
To raise overall profitability of farm household by complementing
main allied enterprises with each other..
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Analysis of existing farming systems in terms of resource use efficiency, production and productivity,
income, employment and sustainability across different agro-climatic zones.
Evaluation and identification of farming system through participatory approach that ensures threshold
level of income for the livelihood security.
Developing appropriate institutional and market linkage including value addition for
enhancing sustainability.
Imparting training and capacity building of various stakeholders on IFS.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Goal of Integrated Farming Systems
Maximization of yield of all component enterprises
Provide steady and stable Income
Rejuvenation of system’s productivity
Achieve agro-ecological equilibrium
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Advantages of Integrated Farming System
• Increased Productivity
• Profitability
• Sustainability
• Balanced Food
• Environmental safety
• Recycling of resources
• Income round the Year
Adoption of New Technology
Meeting fodder crisis
Solving Fuel and Timber crisis
Employment generation
Improves literacy
Increasing the standard of living of the farmer
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Constraints and Opportunities
. 1. Lack of appropriate technology
2. Lack of farmers participatory research
3. Inadequate Training
4. Lack of rural infrastructure
5. Policy implication
6. Inadvertent avoidance of farm women
7. Socio-economic constraints
8. Inadequate institutional support
.
.
.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Future research thrust
Need to study the sustainability of the identified systems under different topographical situations in the
long run including high value crops.
Need to study the nutrient dynamics of soil with continuous cropping and recycling of manurial
resources with different systems over time.
Modeling of the identified farming system options to suit a given agro-climatic and socio-economic
situation.
Need to identify the constraints in adoption of identified farming systems by the farmers for further
refinement.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
Conclusion
Efficient utilization of scarce and costly resources is the need of the hour to make crop production a viable
proposition in the present day competitive scenario.
Following the concept of Integrated farming systems through supplementation of allied agro-enterprises by
recycling the waste of one enterprise in another is a right step in this direction
It provides alternate and sustainable avocation to marginal and sub-marginal farmers. Fruit, mushroom,
apiary, animal production and poultry have been more viable with them.
The crop residues and biomass available in plenty in the crop production system need to be properly
managed to harness full benefits.
Improving the integrated approach not only enhances farm income but also overcomes environmental
pollution.
A better planning and utilization of the available resources will usher in bright prospects for the farm
economy as a whole.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG001
13. Focus on earning respect instead of laughs.
It can be tempting to communicate with others in a lighthearted way; after all, this can be a
good way to make friends in a professional setting. But remember that the most successful
communicators are those who have earned respect, rather than laughs. While telling a joke or
two to warm up an audience can be effective, avoid ending a presentation with a laugh.
B.Sc. 30
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 2nd Semester Subject Code : EXTED 122
Principles of Seed Technology
Unit No Description
1 Introduction
2 Advantages
3 Seed processing steps
4 pre conditioning and pre cleaning
5 Cleaning
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Introduction
• Seed processing is a vital part of the seed production needed to move the improved genetic
materials of the plant breeder into commercial channels for feeding the rapidly expanding
world population. The farmer must get the quality seed that is free from all undesired materials
because farmers entire crop depends on it.
• Seed processing is that segment of the seed industry responsible for upgrading seed (Fig.
1), improving planting condition of seed, and applying chemical protectants to the seed.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Advantages
• Make possible more uniform planting rates by proper sizing
• Improve seed marketing by improving seed quality
• Prevent spread of weed seed
• Prevent crops from disease by applying chemical protectants
• Reduces seed losses by drying
• Facilitate uniform marketing by providing storage from harvest time until the seed is
needed for planting.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Seed production
Availability of quality seeds of improved cultivars is considered crucial for realizing
productivity and adoption of cultivars in different agro-climatic conditions. The quality of
seed alone is known to account for at least 10-15% increase in the productivity (ICAR 1993).
However, lack of quality seed continues to be one of the greatest impediments to bridging the
vast yield gap. Therefore, to approach the potentially realizable yield of a cultivar, production
and distribution of quality seed is essential. The good quality seed should have the following
characters: Genetic purity, and uniformity and should conform to the standards of the
particular cultivar. Disease free, viable seeds. Free from admixtures of other crop seeds,
weeds and inert matter. Acceptable uniformity with respect to size, shape and color.
Systemized crop production is known as seed production. In seed production adequate care is
given from the purchase of seeds upto harvest adopting proper seed and crop management
techniques. The benefits of seed production are
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Scope and importance of seed production
Indian Agriculture has made enormous progress in the last 50 years. Food grains production has
risen from 50 million tons in 1947 to 212 million tons in 2003-04. The country has advanced from a
situation of food scarcity and imports to that of food security and exportable surpluses. The Green
Revolution of India has been universally acclaimed as a successful enterprise of the farmers, the
Scientists and the Government. The land mark achievements in agriculture in the 60s and 70s were
the result of a combination of inputs like introduction of high yielding varieties, increased fertilizer
use, expansion of irrigation facilities, massive extension efforts, improved farm practices and, above
all, ingenuity and industry of the Indian farmers. However, the growth of agriculture sector has not
kept pace with the growth of the population and has stagnated. The unsatisfactory growth of
agriculture, Principles of Seed Technol
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Scope and importance of seed production Cont.. • apart from serious implications for food security of the country, has been adversely impacting
the growth rate of country‟s economy. The imperative of National food security, nutritional
security and economic development demand a very focused and determined approach to raise
productivity and production in agriculture. In view of the fact, that the area under cultivation
is unlikely to increase significantly, thrust will have to be on raising productivity per unit of
cultivated land. Substantial increase in yield and quality of crops depends upon a number of
factors viz., inputs like fertilizers, irrigation and plant protection measures and suitable
agronomic practices. However, the use of high quality seed thus plays a pivotal role in the
crop production. The use of poor quality seeds nullifies the utility of all agronomic practices
and every other input applied to the crop no matter how lavishly they are applied.
Economically, the cost of seed is a very small component of the total cost of production.
Sindhur Sen (1974) summarizes the importance of seed quality thus “What are known as the
seeds of hope may turn into seeds of frustration” if they are not of high quality. It is therefore,
important to use the seed confirming to the prescribed standards in terms of high genetic
purity, physical purity, physiological quality and health quality. Since ages, Indian farmers
were mostly dependent on traditional varieties; therefore seed requirements were met through
farm saved seeds. The use of traditional varieties coupled with farm saved seeds whose
quality is not guaranteed, resulted in drastic reduction in production. Seed is the critical
determinant of agricultural production on which depends the performance and efficacy of
other inputs. Quality seeds appropriate to different agro-climatic conditions and in sufficient
quantity at affordable prices are required to raise productivity. Availability and use of quality
seeds is not a onetime affair. Sustained increase in agriculture production and productivity
necessarily requires continuous development of new and improved varieties of crops and
efficient system of production and supply of seeds to farmers.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Demand Forecasting of seed
In adequate estimation of demand and the consequences of over production or under
production can cause serious financial consequences for a seed company. Too many
carryovers and stock write-offs will prove to be expensive, while lack of seed means a loss of
revenue and a source of frustration for the sales force and the dealer network. This
combination of special features in the seed industry makes the accurate assessment of demand
even more critical. Some of these features are
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Steps involve in seed processing
• Step 1- Pre-conditioning and pre-cleaning
• Step 2- Cleaning
• Step 3-Cleaning and Grading
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Pre conditioning and pre cleaning
• Pre conditioning:- Isolation of seed from plant parts with which it was harvested. e.g.
Shelling
• Pre cleaning:- Removal of external materials like trash, stones, clods which are either in
larger size or lighter in weight. No pre cleaning is required for hand harvested and
winnowed seeds
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Seed Scalper
It removes the larger inert matter
from the seeds. If it contains a
single sieve it is called as
scalpers, two sieves – rough
cleaners. The unit consists of a
vibrating or rotating screen or
sieve having perforation large
enough to allow the rough seed
pass through readily.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Debearders
The machine has horizontal
beater with arms rotating inside a
steel drum. When the seeds pass
through it do the action of
rubbing the seeds and clip the
seeds of oats, debeard barley,
thresh white cap in wheat,
remove awns and beards, de hull
some grass seeds and polish the
seed.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Other equipments
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Step-2-Cleaning
• The second stage of cleaning is carried out with air blasts and vibrating screens and is
applicable to all kinds of seeds. It is essentially the same as scalping but more refined. It
is performed mostly by one machine known as air-screen cleaner.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Air-Screen cleaner cum grader
The air-screen machine is the
basic cleaner in most seed
processing plants. Almost all
seed must be
cleaned by air-screen cleaner
before specific specifications
can be attempted. Machine size
varies from small, two- screen
farm models to large industrial
cleaners with 7-8 screens
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Step-3- Cleaning and Grading
• To obtain quality seed, it is necessary to clean the seed
obtained from the farm to get rid of inert materials,
weed seeds, other crop seeds, other variety seeds,
damaged and deteriorated seed. Different kinds of
seeds can be separated when they differ in one or more
physical characteristics. Physical characteristics
normally used to separate seeds are size, shape, length,
weight, colour, surface texture, affinity to liquids,
electrical conductivity, etc. The problem lies in
identifying the most important property and use the
machine that separates seed using the identified property.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
upgrading
• Seed lots require further cleaning treatment to remove adulterants that are similar to pure
seed in size and shape, to be separated by air screen cleaner. Removal of seeds larger or
smaller than required size (sizing) and removal of cracked, damaged or otherwise
defective seeds (grading) is accomplished in this final stage of processing.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Some of the identified properties and machines operating by following the properties are listed below:
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Specific Gravity separator
This method makes use of a
combination of weight and
surface characteristics of the
seed to be separated
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Spiral separator
The separator, which classifies
seed according to its shape and
rolling ability, consists of sheet
metal strips fitted around a
central axis in the form of a
spiral.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Other useful equipments
• Colour separator
• Magnetic separator
• Intended cylinder etc.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG002
Extension Methodologies for Transfer of Agricultural Technology
Unit No Description
1 Communication
2 Teaching Method
3 Techniques
4 Information Sources
5 Factors
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods
“What a man hears, he may doubt. What he sees he may possible
doubt.
But what he does himself he cannot doubt.”
Seaman Knapp
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods
• Program based on the needs of people
• Plan of Work, Plan of Action
• Implementation
• Evaluation
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods by Nature of Contact
• Individual Contact
– Farm or Home Visit
– Office Visit
– Telephone Calls
– Personal Correspondence
– Result Demonstrations
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods by Nature of Contact
• Group Contact
– Meetings, Workshops and Short Courses
– Method Demonstrations
– Leader Training
– Tours and Field Days
– Organized Clubs
– Camps
– Teleconferences
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods by Nature of Contact
• Mass Contact
– News Stories and Personal Columns
– Radio and Television
– Newsletters
– Publications
– Exhibits
– Interactive and Computer-aided instruction
– Telephone Message Services
– Web Sites
– Satellite and Internet Conferences
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods by Form of Communication
• Written
– Bulletins, Fact Sheets, Publications, Newsletters, News Articles, and
Personal Letters
• Spoken
– Meetings, Farm and Home Visits, Office Visits, Calls, Radio
• Visual
– Demonstrations, Exhibits, Slides, Videos, Television, Web Pages
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Extension Methods by Function
• Information Delivery
– Meetings, newsletters, bulletins, correspondence
• Skill Building
– Workshops, demonstrations, role- playing
• Problem Solving, knowledge applying
– Synthesis of information and skills to solve real world problems of
farms, families and communities
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Advantages of Individual Contacts
Individualized instruction
First hand knowledge of local problems
Climate of readiness for learning
May be a quick and easy way to give information
Immediate feedback
Builds confidence in agent as a source of help Can be used to
contact hard to reach
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Disadvantages of Individual Contacts
• High cost per contact
• Limits the total number of contacts
• Requires good time management
• Time for follow-up
• Public perceptions if replies are not timely
• May not reach priority audiences
• Responses may not be well planned
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Advantages of Group Contacts
• Low cost per participant
• Can reach large audiences
• Adaptable to different learning styles
• Experiential learning, group learning process
• Use of demonstration methods
• Programs can be repeated with one preparation
• Recognizes need for social contact
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Disadvantages of Group Contacts
Requires high level of organization, equipment, resources
Requires showmanship and skills at public speaking Ability to use
variety of teaching techniques
Limits meetings to locations appropriate to groups Programs must be
presented when a group can attend
Instruction must be planned for diversity of audience needs and interests
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Advantages of Mass Contacts
Reaches large audience
Reaches those who might not attend meeting Can be very timely, reaches
audience quickly Builds recognition and reputation of Extension Adaptable to
variety of topics and audiences
Used at learner’s convenience Can build a sustainable
audience
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Disadvantages of Mass Contacts
• May be more expensive
• Requires constant revision to stay current
• Limited interaction or feedback
• May create poor image if not well done
• Radio and TV at convenience of station
• May require extensive production time
• Competes with “entertainment” programs
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Newest Delivery Methods
• Web Sites
• Interactive Video Conferences
• Interactive Web Conferences
• Other New Methods
• Pros and Cons
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Week Six Discussion Questions
• Identify at least six “Extension Teaching Methods”
• Determine if the method is designed for: individual contact, group contact or mass contact.
I prefer that your methods cut across more than one group.
• For each of the six methods, describe the strengths and weaknesses of each method
and be prepared to share in class discussion.
• Think about which methods are more cost effective and which are higher in teaching and
learning effectiveness
• Think about what methods may be emerging and what methods may be decreasing in
popularity.
• Please base this weeks study on more than the reading assignments. Think about your
own program observations and what you know of different teaching methods in
Extension.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Audience Guidelines Individuals
Treat clients as equals rather than as persons of lower rank
Listen and guide interaction through open-ended questions
Be empathic rather than neutral, self-centred or judgmental
Discuss problems descriptively rather than evaluatively Make sure advice is appropriate
for the individual
Be able to demonstrate nutrition behaviour(s) recommended
Help people find individual solutions to their nutrition- related problems
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Groups
Acknowledge group members and their individual experiences
Tolerate silence
Halt side conversations
Help the groups stay on the topic
Guide and encourage involvement without intimidation
Know when and how to resume control Discourage unpleasant or dominant
interactions
Balance speaking with listening and asking questions
Extension work requires numerous methods and teaching tools.
Each has its place, and they supplement one another.
Together they provide the stimulus for interest, desire, action, and achievement.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG003
Livestock Production and Management
Unit No Description
1 Introduction
2 Livestock Census
3 Livestock Production
4 Importance of livestock farming
5 Transformation in the utility of livestock
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Introduction
• India‟s livestock sector is one of the largest in the world.
Sl.N
o.
Species Population % share in world’s
livestock
1. Cattle 190.9 million 12.5% (2nd)
2. Buffalo 108.7 million 56.7% (1st)
3. Sheep 65 million 2.4%
4. Goat 135.1 million
5. Pig 10.29 million 1.5%
6. Poultry 729.2 million 3.1%
Total livestock 512.05 million -------
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock Census
• First livestock census was conducted in the year 1919
• So far, 19 such censuses have been conducted
• Last livestock census: 19th Livestock Census (2012)
• Forthcoming: 20th livestock census (2017)
• Funding agency: 100% funding from Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
(DAHD&F), Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
• Census conducting agency: State Department of Animal Husbandry
• Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 25.6% of Agricultural GDP and 4.11% of
National GDP is from livestock sector (in 2012).
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock Production
• Livestock Production and Agriculture are intrinsically linked, each being depending on the
other and both crucial for overall food security.
• According to estimates of the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the value of output from
livestock sector at current prices was about Rs. 7,33,054 crore during 2014 which is about
28.7% of the value of output from agricultural and allied sector. At constant prices the value
of output from livestock is about 27.8% of the value of output from total agriculture and
allied sector
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Importance of livestock farming
• Animal husbandry is an integral component of agriculture
• Supporting livelihood of more than 2/3rd of the population.
• Livestock provide
Nutrient-rich food products (milk, meat, egg) Draught power
Dung as organic manure and domestic fuel
Hides & skin
Regular source of cash income Natural
capital
As a insurance against income shocks of crop failure
Employment generation
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Transformation in the utility of livestock
• Influenced by changes in agriculture and food consumption patterns
• The non-food functions of livestock are becoming weaker
• Importance of livestock as source of „draught power‟ has declined
• Use of dung manure is increasingly being replaced by chemical fertilizers.
• On the other hand, their importance as a source of quality food has increased.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Scope for growth in livestock sector
• Sustained income and economic growth
• Fast-growing urban population
• Burgeoning middle income class
• Changing lifestyles
• Increasing proportion of women in workforce
• Improvements in transportation and storage practices and rise of supermarkets
• Increase in consumption of animal food products
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Scope for growth in livestock sector
• Demand for animal food products is responsive to income changes and is expected to increase
in future
• Between 1991-92 and 2008-09, India‟s per capita income grew at an annual rate of 4.8% and
urban population at a rate of 2.5%.
• By the end of 12th Plan (2012-2017) demand, for milk is expected to increase to 141 million
tons and for meat, eggs and fish together to15.8 million tons.
• Global market for animal products is expanding fast and is an opportunity for India to
improve its participation in global market.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Growth rate in livestock sector
• Livestock sector grew at an annual rate of 5.3% during 1980s 3.9% during 1990s and 3.6%
during 2000s.
• Despite deceleration, growth in livestock sector remained about 1.5 times larger than the crop
sector
• It implies the critical role of livestock sector in cushioning agricultural growth
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Land and livestock holding
• Distribution of livestock is more equitable than that of land.
• Marginal farm households (≤1.0 hectare of land) who comprised 48% of the rural households
• But they control
More than 50% of country‟s cattle and buffalo
2/3rd of small animals 2/3rd of
poultry and 24% of land.
• Nearly 70% of the rural household keeps one or other form of
livestock
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Economic contribution of livestock
• Livestock has been an important source of livelihood for small farmers.
• Livestock contributed about 16% to small farmer‟s income,
more so in states like
Gujarat :24.4%
Haryana 24.2%
Punjab 20.2% and
Bihar 18.7%.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock and poverty alleviation
• The distribution patterns of income and employment show that small farm households hold
more opportunities in livestock production.
• The growth in livestock sector is demand-driven, inclusive and pro-poor.
• Incidence of rural
Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
poverty is less in states like Punjab,
Kerala,
Gujarat, and Rajasthan where livestock accounts for a sizeable share of agricultural income as
well as employment.
• Empirical evidence from India as well as from many other developing countries suggests that
livestock development has been an important route for the poor households to escape poverty.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Poverty Linek
• Based on the Suresh Tendulkar panel's recommendations in 2011-12, the poverty line had been
fixed at Rs 27 in rural areas and Rs 33 in urban areas, levels at which getting two meals may
be difficult.
• Rural area: If a person earning less than Rs.9855 per annum he will be considered as poor.
• Urban area: If a person earning less than Rs.12045 per annum he will be considered as poor.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Latest Poverty Line
• Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be considered poor
• Those spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be
considered poor-RBI Governor.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Need for policy interventions
• There are number of socio-economic and environmental challenges that need to be
overcome through
• Appropriate policies
• Technologies and
• Strategies in order to exploit the pro-poor potential of livestock.
Contribution of single hen in poverty alleviation
• If a farmer keeps one Non-descript hen: in a year, he can earn net income of Rs. 565.3 under
scavenging system. Hence, single hen is helping to alleviate 5.7% of poverty in an
individual.
• If a farmer keeping one Kadaknath Hen: in a year, he can earn net income of Rs. 2240 under
scavenging system (Kadaknath: Egg and Black meat fetches higher market value because of
medicinal value).
Hence, single hen is helping to alleviate 18.59% of poverty in an individual.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Productivity of livestock in India and World
• Improving productivity in a huge population of low-producing animals is one of the major
challenges.
• The average annual milk yield of Indian cattle is 1172 kg which is only about 50% of the
global average and much less than developed countries.
Country Average annual milk yield per cow
India 1172 kg
New Zealand 3343 kg
Australia 5600 kg
UK 7101 kg
US 9332 kg
Israel 10214 kg
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Productivity per animal
• Average daily milk yield of cattle and buffalo in 2009-10 Crossbred cows 6.87 kg
Buffaloes 4.57 kg
Indigenous cow 2.14 kg
• The meat yield of most species is 20-60% lower than the world average.
• Average daily milk yield of cattle and buffalo in 2014-15
Exotic/Crossbred Cows
(kg/day)
Indigenous/Non-
Descript Cows
(kg/day)
Buffalo
(kg/day)
Goat
(kg/day)
7.15 2.54 5.15 0.46
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Production potential and yield
• The growth in milk production decelerated from 4.4% during 1990s to 3.9% during 2000s.
• There remains a huge gap between the potential and the realized yields in Indian livestock.
• Only 27-75% of the dairy animal potential yield is realized in different regions of the country
because of constraints related to
Feeding Breeding
Health
Management
Technologies
Marketing Inputs
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Milk production status
Year Production (Million
tons)
Per capita availability
(gm/day)
2010-11 121.8 281
2011-12 127.9 290
2012-13 132.4 299
2013-14 137.7 307
2014-15 146.3 322
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Crossbreeding programme
• Crossbreeding of indigenous species with exotic stocks to enhance genetic potential of
different species has been successful only to a limited extent
• Limited AI services, deficiency in quality germ-plasm, infrastructure, technical manpower,
poor conception rate
• After more than three decades of crossbreeding, the crossbred population is only 16.6% in
cattle, 21.5% in pigs and 5.2% in sheep.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Feed and fodder scenario
• Livestock derive major part of their energy requirement from agricultural byproducts and crop
residues
• Hardly 5% of the cropped area is utilized to grow fodder
• India is deficit in
• Dry fodder by 11%
• Green fodder by 35% and Concentrates
feed by 28%.
• The common grazing lands too have been deteriorating quantitatively and qualitatively.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock health status
• Frequent outbreaks of diseases like FMD, BQ, PPR, Influenza etc. continue to affect livestock
health and productivity.
• India has about 55000 veterinary institutions including polyclinics, hospitals, dispensaries and
stockman centers.
• Veterinary and animal health services are largely in the public sector domain and remain poor.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Indirect losses due to FMD
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock and Environment
• India‟s huge population of ruminants remains a major source of greenhouse gases adding to
global warming.
• Reducing greenhouse gases through mitigation and adaptation strategies will be a major
challenge.
• Over grazing in pasture and forest area is resulting in pasture degradation and deforestation.
• Reducing the carbon footprint in livestock production is
essential for earning carbon credits.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Budget spending on livestock sector
• Livestock sector did not receive the policy and financial attention it deserved.
• The sector received only about 12% of the total public expenditure on agriculture and allied
sectors
• It is disproportionately lesser than its contribution to agricultural GDP.
• The sector too has been neglected by the financial institutions.
• The share of livestock in the total agricultural credit has hardly ever exceeded 4% in the total
(short-term, medium-term and long-term).
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock insurance
• The institutional mechanisms to protect animals against risk are not strong enough.
• Currently, only 6% of the animal heads (excluding poultry) are provided insurance cover.
• Livestock extension has remained grossly neglected in the past. Only about 5% of the farm
households in India access information on livestock technology.
• These indicate poor outreach of the financial and information delivery systems.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Livestock market
• Access to markets is critical to speed up commercialization of livestock production.
• Lack of access to markets may act as a disincentive to farmers to adopt improved
technologies and quality inputs.
• Except for poultry products and to some extent for milk, markets for livestock and livestock
products are underdeveloped, irregular, uncertain and lack transparency.
• Further these are often dominated by informal market intermediaries who exploit the
producers
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Pro-poor livestock potential
• The extent to which the pro-poor potential of livestock can be harnessed would depend on
how technology, institutions, policies and financial support address the constraints of the
sector.
• The number-driven growth in livestock production may not sustain in the long run due to its
increasing stress on the limited natural resources.
• The future growth has to come from improvements in technology and service delivery
systems leading to accelerated productivity, processing and marketing.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG004
Environmental Science
Unit No Description
1 Importance
2 Biological Effect
3 Ecology
4 Bio Diversity
5 Pollution
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Environment
• Environmental Science: “The systematic & scientific study of our environment and our role
in it. This branch include the knowledge of Pure science & to some extent Social Sciences”.
• Environmental Studies: “The branch of Study concerned with environmental issues. It has a
broader coverage than environment science and includes the social aspects of the
environment”.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Most Precise Definition of Environment
• Environment is Define as “The Complex of Physical, Chemical & Biotic factors affecting an
organism and ultimately determining its form and survival” is known as Environment.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Ecology
• Definition:- Ecology is derived from two Greek words “Oikos” &
“Logos”
• Ecology= Oikos + Logos
• Oikos means house or dwelling place
• Logos means study of
• Thus Ecology can be define as “Study of organisms with respect to their house or dwelling
place”.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Ecosystem
• Definition:- Ecosystem is Define as “Natural Functional Ecological Unit Comprising of living
organisms & their non living environment which interact to form a self supporting system” is
known as Ecosystem.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Components of Environment
Biotic
i.e. Living
Components
Abiotic
i.e. Non-Living
Components
Environment
• Environment can be divided into following Components
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Components Of Environment
• Biotic: It Includes all the living organisms.
e.g. plants, animals, birds etc.
• Abiotic: All the non living things are included in this category.
e.g. Climatic conditions, soil, minerals etc.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Components of Environment
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Environment
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
• Environment can also be classified into various Physical Components
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Components of Environment
• Atmosphere: The region surrounding the earth is known as
atmosphere.
Atmosphere is generally a mixture of gases surrounding the earth.
• Hydrosphere: All the water bodies on the earth surface are included in hydrosphere. It
includes Oceans, rivers, glaciers, lakes, ponds, etc.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Components of Environment
• Lithosphere: The uppermost part of the earth crust is known as Lithosphere. Lithosphere
includes, soil and its particles, rocks, metal. etc.
• Biosphere: The life supporting mantle of the earth extending from few kilometer into the
atmosphere to the deep ocean is known as Biosphere
The region of the earth where life exist is known as
Biosphere.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Objectives of Environmental Education
• Awareness: To help individuals and social groups to acquire basic
awareness of and sensitivity towards the environment & its related
problem.
• Knowledge: To help individuals and social groups to acquire basic
understanding of the environment, its associated problems and their
responsible role towards the betterment of the environment.
• Attitude: To help individuals and social groups to acquire social values,
strong feeling of concern for the environment and the motivation for
actively participating in its protection and improvement.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
• Skills: To help individuals and social groups to acquire the
skills for solving environmental problems.
• Evaluation ability: To help individuals and social groups to
evaluate environmental measures and education program in
terms of ecological, political, economical, social, aesthetic
and education factors.
• Participation: To help individuals and Social groups to
develop a sense of responsibility and urgency regarding
environmental problems to ensure appropriate action to
solve those problems.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
Q. Man and environment relationship.
• Environment Man
The relationship between humans and environment has varied from the early periods of human
settlement on the earth to the present day. The relationship between environment and human beings
has also being varying from place to place at any given period of time. For example, early humans
considered the environment to be dominant. They were afraid of lightning and thunder, dense
forests, wild animals, vast oceans and large rivers, to name a few.
The environment has considerably affected human beings right from his evolution. The
environment affects humans in many ways. Population on the earth varies due to variation in the
environment. The main factors which affect the distribution of population and human settlement
are:
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
1) Topography of Land
The populations in the high mountainous areas, such as the Himalayas in India, Andes in South
America, Rocky in North America, etc., have very low settlement level. This is because the relief
is rugged here which represents obstacles in the construction of roads, railways and
communication. Due to steep slopes, agriculture is done with a great difficulty and industries also
could not be established. These places having very less economic activity have less population and
hence have small isolated settlements.
Whereas the plain areas of the world are most suitable for human settlement. Fertile plains of
Ganga in India, Indus in Pakistan, Hwang-Ho in China and plains of Europe have huge population
concentration having compact or huge semi-compact type of settlement.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
2) Climate
Most of the areas of the earth having density less than two persons/sq. km are not favorable for
settlement because of their unfavorable climate.
Areas of cold climate-North Siberia, North Canada, Alaska etc. have low density of population.
Hot and arid regions of -Sahara, Kalahari Desert in Africa, Great Australian Desert etc. are not
suitable for human settlement. In tropical regions due to heavy rain and temperature, the density
of population is very low, example in Amazon basin population density is less than two persons/sq.
km. But places with favorable climate and favorable terrain, have dense population and hence have
compact settlement.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
• 3) Soils
• Fertile alluvial soils encourage dense population which in turn gives rise to compact type of
settlement. This is so because alluvial soils give rise to agricultural activities. Java Islands of
Indonesia has fertile soil of young volcanic material and agriculture is an important activity, hence
dense and compact settlements are found here. Whereas in Sumatra, due to infertile soil, the
population density is very low.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
• 4) Mineral Deposits
• Mineral wealth is yet another factor responsible for population distribution and density. The
presence of coal and iron-ore in different parts of the world has attracted huge population. Coal
mining regions have become regions of dense population for example, Jharkhand in India and gold
mines in Australian desert.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
• 5) Water supply
• Population distribution is very much affected by water supply. The earliest settlements or
civilizations developed on the banks of major rivers, example-Nile, Indus, etc. Adequate water
supply provides irrigation facilities to farmers and hence population increases due to increase in
primary activities. In dry regions, population is concentrated in those areas where there is water,
hence nucleated- circular settlements are found.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Man –Environment Relationship
• Thus it can be said that the environment plays an important role in deciding population
distribution, density, settlement type and pattern.
• The Industrial Revolution which provided mechanical power, invention of steam engine and
other machinery, greater use of metals etc. gave them opportunities to modify the environment.
At the same time agriculture provided abundant food so that they could settle down
permanently. The family grew in size and people migrated to different parts, via rail, road and
sea, because of improvement in transport system, example the new lands in America and
Australia were settled by people from Europe.
• Another development which enabled humans to survive was the use of preventive and
cumulative steps taken to protect them from epidemics and diseases-it increased the span of
human life and reduced death rate.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Environment: the total of our surroundings
• All the things around us with which we interact:
• Living things
• Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Non-living things
• Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks
• Our built environment
• Buildings, human-created living centers
• Social relationships and institutions
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Humans exist within the environment
• Humans exist within the environment and are part of nature.
- Our survival depends on a healthy, functioning planet.
• The fundamental insight of environmental science is that we are part of the natural world.
- Our interactions with its other parts matter a great deal.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Humans and the world around us
• Humans depend completely on the environment for survival.
- Enriched and longer lives, increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time
But natural systems have been degraded
- Pollution, erosion, and species extinction
- Environmental changes threaten long-term health and survival.
Environmental science is the study of:
- How the natural world works
- How the environment affects humans and vice versa
With environmental problems come opportunities for solutions.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Renewable resources:
- Perpetually available: sunlight, wind, wave energy
- Renew themselves over short periods of time: timber, water, soil
- These can be destroyed
Non-renewable resources: can be depleted
- Oil, coal, minerals
Natural resources: vital to human survival
Natural resources = substances and energy sources needed for survival
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Global human population growth
•
•
More than 6.7 billion humans Why so
many humans?
- Agricultural revolution
- Stable food supplies
- Industrial revolution
- Urbanized society powered by fossil
fuels
- Sanitation and medicines
- More food
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Thomas Malthus and human population
• Thomas Malthus
• Population growth must be controlled,
or it will outstrip food production.
• Starvation, war, disease
• Neo-Malthusians
• Population growth has disastrous
effects.
• Paul and Anne Ehrlich, The Population
Bomb (1968)
• Agricultural advances have only
postponed crises.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Resource consumption exerts impacts
• Garret Hardin‟s “tragedy of the commons” (1968)
• Unregulated exploitation causes resource depletion
• Grazing lands, forests, air, water
• No one has the incentive to care for a resource.
• Everyone takes what he or she can until the resource is depleted.
• Solution?
• Private ownership?
• Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use?
• Governmental regulations?
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
The “ecological footprint”
• The environmental impact of a person or
population
- Amount of biologically productive
land + water
- For resources and to
dispose/recycle waste
Overshoot: humans have surpassed the Earth‟s
capacity to support us
•
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Environmental science
• Can help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations
- Human survival depends on how we interact with our environment.
- Our impacts are now global.
- Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting their resources.
The lesson of Easter Island: people
annihilated their culture by destroying
their environment. Can we act more
wisely to conserve our resources?
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Environmental science is not environmentalism
• Environmental science
• The pursuit of knowledge about the natural
world
• Scientists try to remain objective
• Environmentalism
• Environmental activism
• A social movement dedicated to protecting the
natural world
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
The nature of science
• Science:
- A systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it
- The accumulated body of knowledge that results from a dynamic process of observation,
testing, and discovery
• Science is essential:
- To sort fact from fiction
- Develop solutions to the problems we face
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Applications of science
Energy-efficient methanol- powered fuel cell car from DaimlerChrysler
Restoration of forest ecosystems altered by human suppression of fire
Policy decisions and management
practices Technology
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG005
Post Harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables
Unit No Description
1 INTRODUCTION
2 AREAS OF VALUE-ADDED FLORICULTURE
3 VALUE ADDED TECHNOLOGY
4 DIFFERENT VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
5 WHY USE VALUE ADDITION IN FLORICULTURE
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
INTRODUCTION
• Value addition is a process in which for the same volume of a primary product, a high price is realized by
means of processing, packing, upgrading the quality or other such methods.
• Value-added floriculture refers most generally to manufacturing process that increases the value of primary
commodities.
• Value-added floriculture may also refer to increasing the economic value of a commodity through particular
production process eg. organic produce, or through regionally branded products that increase consumer
appeal and willingness to pay a premium over similar but differentiated products.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
• Value-added floriculture is regarded by some, a significant rural development strategy.
• Value added floriculture is a process of increasing the economic value and consumer appeal of any floral
• Commodity through changes in genetics, processing and packaging diversification with this profitability of
a commodity is increased especially small scale floriculture industry.
• Profit potential is increased when an indistinctive raw commodity is converted into a unique product.
• The value addition for marketing flowers includes adoption of postharvest technology and improved
logistics.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
AREAS OF VALUE-ADDED FLORICULTURE
• Essential oil extraction from flowers
• Cut flower production for occasion/flower forcing
fresh
dried
• Live plant/potted plant
• Foliage and other parts of plants
fresh
dried
potpourri
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
VALUE ADDED TECHNOLOGY
• Working with flowers is of course a benefit, but a successful operation requires a great deal of
highly specialized knowledge and skills, since the industry is highly technical and scientific.
• It includes preparation of garlands, bouquets, veni, button-hole, flower baskets, floats, floral
wreaths, corsages etc can add value up to 5-10 times from flowers and green foliages
• It also includes making of dry flowers and extraction of essential oil or pigments.
• These new models of value addition in flower have high export potential and can play a
significant role in generation a new flower market strategy.
• Even making of value added products is an artistic and creative work much more closely
related with women.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
• No much scientific technology is needed for preparation of these products except some
training and economic support.
• This couldn‟t be seen in isolation as income generating activity.
• Infect it is supplemental to existing income.
• In case of urban or rural women, they can attend to their daily house hold maid or labour.
• Just some extra time & effort to earn some extra income is needed.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
DIFFERENT VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
• Flower ornaments
• Flower bouquets
• Floral handicrafts
• Garlands
• Flower baskets
• Floral wreath
• Potpourri
• Flower arrangement
• Edible flowers
• Essential oils
• Fragrance
• Phyto chemical
• Herbal medicine
• Plant pigments
• Dye yielding
• Ornamentals
• Tinting of flowers
• Drying of flowers
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
Garland
Veni
Gajra
Crown
Flower ornaments
Corsages
Buttoneries
Bouquets
Dry Flower Basket
WREATH
FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS IN SEALED GLASS CONTAINERS
WHY USE VALUE ADDITION IN FLORICULTURE
• Unstable prices for raw commodities
• Federal farm policies
• Changing consumer preferences
• Make more money by cutting out the middle man.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
METHODS OF VALUE ADDITION OF FLOWERS
• Flower Ornaments and Flower arrangement are the important method of value addition.
• Value addition of flower crops also includes post-harvest and processing technologies.
• Post-harvest includes:
Stage of harvest
Grading
Pulsing
Packing
Increasing the vase life
• Processing includes:
Drying of flowers,
Potpourris
Tinting of flowers
Extraction of essential oil, dyes and drugs.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
OBJECTIVES OF VALUE ADDITION
• To improve quality.
• To enhance selling.
• To gain higher profit.
• To reduce post harvest loss.
• Can provide demand for high quality.
• Use of unsold flowers (unmarketable) i.e. roses used gulkand.
• Increase export.
• To generate employment.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
NEED FOR VALUE ADDITION
• To improve the profitability of farmers
• To empower the farmers and other weaker sections of society especially women through
gainful employment opportunities and revitalize rural communities.
• To provide better quality, safe and branded products to the consumers.
• To emphasize primary and secondary processing.
• To reduce post harvest losses.
• Reduction of import and meeting export demands.
• Way of increased foreign exchange.
• Encourage growth of subsidiary industries.
• Reduce the economic risk of marketing.
• Increase opportunities for smaller farms and companies through the development of markets.
• Diversify the economic base of rural communities.
• Overall, increase farmers‟ financial stability.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
CHOICE FOR VALUE ADDITION
• Any attempt for value addition should focus for following parameter for deriving maximum
benefit.
• Unique - The product we develop should be one of its own kinds for which crop and
variability indigenous to our country should be exploited.
• Novelty - The product should be new and unusual like blue or black rose and likewise so that
no one can compete.
• Export potential - The product developed should have demand in international market for
higher return and appreciation of benefit of global trade.
• High value - The product should have high value for low volume for ease of trading and
distribution and the extracts from Indian spices and herbal medicinal plants can fulfill this
requirement.
• Availability - Consistent availability of the product in required quantity should be ensured for
stable market and faith.
• Market - Any product that is developed must have market because market is the key for
success of any product.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
WAYS TO ADD VALUE
• Process the raw material
• Pre cut, wrap and package
• Take a unique approach
• Label the product
• Distinct product appearance
• Increase shelf life
• Provide recipes/cookbook
• Gift baskets or multi-pack
• Build reputation, relationship
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
CHALLENGES
• Varieties as per market preference
• Technology for value added products
• Knowledge of standards
• Synergy in the plan and approach of agencies at various levels in different functional areas
viz. Research, extension, finance, quality assurance and certification.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG006
Disease of horticultural Crops & their management
Unit No Description
1 Diseases of Citrus
2 Diseases of Mango
3 Diseases of Banana
4 Diseases of Grapes
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Gummosis: Phytophthora parasitica, P. palmivora,P. citrophthora
Symptoms- The symptoms appear as yellowing of leaves, followed by cracking of
bark and profuse gumming on the surface. The main source of infection is infected
planting material. As a result of severe gumming, the bark becomes completely rotten
and the tree dries owing to girdling effect. Prior to death, the plant usually blossoms
heavily and dies before the fruits mature. In such cases, the disease is called foot rot
or collar-rot.
Pathogen -Aseptate, intercellular & intracellular hypha. Sporangia are ovoid or
ellipsoid. Sporangium attached with the sporangium at the right angles sporangia
germinate to release zoospore.
Management -Preventive measures like selection of proper site with adequate
drainage, use of resistant rootstocks and avoiding contact of water with the tree trunk
by adopting ring method of irrigation are effective. Alternatively the disease portions
are scraped-out with a sharp knife and the cut surface is disinfected with Mercuric
chloride (0.1%) or Potassium permanganate solution (1%) using a swab of cotton.
Painting 1 m of the stem above the ground level with Bordeaux helps in controlling
the disease. Also spraying and drenching with Ridomil MZ 72@ 2.75 g/l or Aliette
(2.5 g/l) is effective in controlling the disease.
149
Diseases of Citrus
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Mango
150
The disease appears on young leaves, stem, inflorescence and fruits. Leaves show
oval or irregular, greyish-brown spots which may coalesce to cover larger area of the leaf.
The affected leaf tissues dry and shred. Leaves on infected petioles droop and fall. On
young stem, grey- brown spots develop. These enlarge and cause girdling and drying of
the affected area. The disease appears on young leaves, stem, inflorescence and fruits.
Often, black necrotic areas develop on the twigs from the tip downwards causing a
dieback. In humid weather, minute, black dots develop on the floral organs. The infected
flower- parts ultimately shed resulting in partial or complete deblossoming. Latent
infections of fruit are established before harvest. The ripening fruits show typical
anthracnose. Black spots appearing on skin of the affected fruits gradually become sunken
and coalesce.
Pathogen
Mycelium septate and coloured. Conidia Single celled, hyaline, small and elongated.
Mode of survival and spread
On dried leaves, defoliated branches mummified flowers and flower brackets. Contact
with diseased fruit during transport and storage. The secondary spread is through airborne
conidia.
Favourable conditions
Temperature of 25°C and Relative Humidity 95-97%]
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Disease Cycle
Spores blown wind from infected areas readily adhere to hairy, unopened
flowers near tip of the inflorescence and germinate in five to seven hours. Fungus
grows rapidly during cloudy weather accompanied with heavy morning mist. Warm,
humid weather and low night
temperatures favour dissemination of the pathogen. Overall disease development is
favoured by high humidity.
Management
Dusting the plants with fine sulphur (250-300 mesh) at the rate of 0.5 kg/tree. The
first application may be soon after flowering, second 15 days later (or) spray with
Wettable sulphur
151
(0.2%), (or) Carbendazim (0.1%),(or) Tridemorph ( 0.1%),(or)
Karathane (0.1%).
Mango malformation : Fusarium moliliforme var. subglutinans
Symptoms
Three types of symptoms: bunchy top
phase, floral malformation and vegetative
malformation. In bunchy top phase in nursery
bunching of thickened small shoots, bearing
small rudimentally leaves. Shoots remain
short
stunted giving a bunchy top appearance. In
vegetative and malformation, excessive
vegetative
Pathogen
Micro conidia are one or 2 celled, oval to fusiform and produced from
polyphialides. Macro conidia are rarely produced. They are 2 -3 celled and falcate.
Chlamydospores are not produced.
Mode of spread
Diseased propagatives materials.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Stem end rot: Diplodia natalensis
152
The dark epicarp around the base of the pedicel. In the initial stage the affected
area enlarges to form a circular, black patch. Under humid atmosphere extends rapidly
and turns the whole fruit completely black within two or three days. The pulp becomes
brown and somewhat softer. Dead twigs and bark of the trees, spread by rains
Pathogen- The fungus produces brown to black, globose to sub globose, pyriform,
erumpent pycnidia that are ostiolate. They are 120-155x370-465 micron meter. Two
types of conidia are produced within a pycnidium. One is hyaline, thin walled and
unicellular.Tha another one is thick walled and bicelled with four to six longitudinal
striations.
Management -Prune and destroy infected twigs and spray Carbendazim or
Thiophanate Methyl(0.1%) or Chlorathalonil (0.2%) as fortnightly interval during
rainy season.
Red-rust: Cephaleuros virescens
Symptoms -Algae attacks foliage and young twigs. Rusty spots appear on leaves,
initially as circular,
slightly elevated, coalesce to form irregular spots. The spores mature fall off and leave
cream to white valvet texture on the surface of the leaves.
Symptoms
B.Sc (Hon’s) Agricultur 6BAG007 Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Banana Panama disease :Fusarium oxysporum f. spcubense
Economic Importance -The first major disease which attacked
banana was called Panama disease from the area where it first
became serious. Banana wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease and
gets entry in the plant body through roots and wounds caused by
nematodes. It is most serious in poorly drained soil. Disease
spreads through infected suckers.
Symptoms
153
Yellowing of the lower most leaves starting from margin to midrib of the leaves.
Yellowing extends upwards and finally heart leaf alone remains green for some time and it is
also affected. The leaves break near the base and hang down around pseudostem. Longitudinal
splitting of pseudostem. Discolouration of vascular vessels as red or brown streaks. The fungus
spreads through use of infected rhizomes Continuous cultivation results in build up of inoculum.
Pathogen -Mycelium is septate, hyaline and branched. Fungus produces micro, macro
conidia and also chlamydospores. Micro conidia - Single celled or rarely one septate hyaline
elliptical or oval. Macro conidia - Sickle shaped hyaline, 3-5 septate and tapering at both ends.
Chalamydospores - Thick walled, spherical to oval, hyaline to slightly yellowish in colour.
Mode of spread and survival -The pathogen is soil borne. It survives in soil as chlamydospores
for longer periods. The primary spread of the disease is through infected rhizomes and
secondary spread is through irrigation water. Continuous cultivation results in build up of
inoculum.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Management
Avoid growing of susceptible cultivars viz., Rasthali, Monthan, Red banana and
Virupakshi. Grow resistant cultivar Poovan. Since nematode predispose the disease
pairing and prolinage wit Carbofuran granules. Corm injection of 3 ml of 2%
Carbendezim injected in the
corm by making a hole to a depth of 10cm with 45 0 angle on 5 th and 7 th month as
mentioned earlier.
154
Symptoms- Leaves become yellow and progress upwards. The petiole breaks and
leaves hang. When it is cut open discolouration in vascular region with pale yellow
to dark brown colour. The discolouration is in the central portion of the corm.
Internal rot of fruits with dark brown discoloration. When the pseudostem is cut
transversely bacterial ooze can be seen.
Pathogen -It is rod shaped, gram negative bacterium with one polar flagellum.
Management -Eradicate infected plant. Expose soil to direct sunlight. Use of clean
planting material. Fallowing and crop rotation is advisable.Disinfection of pruning of
tools. Providing good drainage.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Moko disease :
Pseudomonas
solanacearum /
Burkholderia
solanacearum
Diseases of Grapes Downy mildew: Plasmopara viticola
155
Premature defoliation. Dwarfing of tender shoots. Brown, sunken lesions on the
stem. White growth of fungus on berries which subsequently becomes leathery and
shrivels. Later infection of berries result in soft rot symptoms. No cracking of the
skin of the berries.
Pathogen -Mycelium is intercellular with spherical haustoria, coenocytic, thin walled
and hyaline. Sporangiophores arise from hyphae in the sub stomatal spaces. It
branched at right angle to the main axis and at regular intervals. Secondary branches
arise from lower branches.The sporangia are thin walled, oval or lemon shaped. The
Zoospores are pear shaped, biflagellate and 7 – 9 micron meter. The oospores are
thick walled.
Mode of Spread and Survival- Through sporangia by wind, rain etc. As oospores
present in the infected leaves, shoots and berries. Also as dormant mycelium in
infected twigs. Optimum temperature: 20-22°C. Relative humidity: 80-100 per cent.
Symptoms- Irregular, yellowish,
translucent sports on the upper surface of
the leaves. Correspondingly on the lower
surface, white, powdery growth on
leaves. Affected leaves become, yellow,
brown and gets dried.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Pomegranate and Papaya
Pomegranate
Cercospora fruit Spot: Cercospora s
156
Symptom
The affected fruits showed small irregular black spots, which later on coalesce, into big spots.
Management
The diseased fruits should be collected and destroyed. Two to three spray at 15 days interval
with Mancozeb 0.25%.
Leaf Spot or Blight: Colletotrichum gloesporioides; Pseudocercospora punicae; Curvularia
lunata and Cercospora punicae)
Symptom -The disease is characterized by appearance of small, irregular and water-soaked spots
on leaves.Affected leaves fall off.
Pathogen- Conidiophores are olivaceous brown, short, fasciculate, sparingly septate. Conidia are
hyaline to pale olivalceous cylindric and septate.
Mode of spread and survival -The pathogen spread through wind borne conidia.
Management- Spraying Mancozeb 0.25 % at 15 days interval gives good control of the disease.
Alternaria fruit spot: Alternaria alternata
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Powdery mildew – Oidium caricae
Symptoms -While mycelia growth appear on the upper surface
of the leaf, flower stalks and fruit. Seven attak causes yellowing and defiation of leaves.
Pathogen- It is an obligate parasite. The mycelium is hyaline, septate and haustoria develop in
epidermal cells. Conidia are hyaline.
Mode of spread and survival- The pathogen spread through wind borne conidia.
Management -Spray Wettable Sulphur 0.25% or Dinocap 0.05% or Chinomethionate 0.1% or
Tridemorph 0.1%.
Papaya ring spot – Papaya ring spot virus
Symptoms -Vein clearing, puckering and chlorophyll leaf tissues lobbing in. Margin and
distal parts of leaves roll downward and inwards, mosaic mottling, dark green blisters, leaf
distortion which result in shoe string system and stunting of plants. On fruits circular
concentric rings are produced. If affected earlier no fruit formation.
Pathogen -The virus particles are rod shaped and thermal inactivation point of the virus lies
between 54 and 60˚C.
Mode of spread- Vectored by aphids Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora and also spreads to cucurbits
not through seeds.
15
7
Disease of Guava
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Disease of Apple
Scab –Venturia inaequalis
158
Symptoms- Symptom appears on leaves and fruits. On lower side of the leaf
lesion appear as olivaceous spots which turn dark brown to black and become
velvety. On young foliage, the spots have a radiating appearance with a feathery
edge. On older leaves the lesions are more definite in outline. The lesion may form a
convex surface with corresponding concave area on the opposite side. In severe
infection leaf blade curved, dwarfed and distorted. Fruits show small, rough, black
circular lesions. The centre of the spots become corky and on mature fruits, yellow
halo is seen around the lesions.
Pathogen -The mycelium is internal. Ascospores are two celled, greenish, grey or
yellowish in color.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Chilli Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum
159
Symptoms: Seedlings killed before emergence. Water soaking and shrivelling of
stem. Factors favouring infection:Moist soils poordrainage 90-100% R.H soil temperature
20°C.
Pathogen Mycelium is hyaline, coenocytic and zoosporangia are lobed and branched.
Zoospores are biflagellate and oogonia are spherical with smooth walled.Antheridia are
monoclinous, intercalary or terminal. Oospores are aplerotic, single with thick wall.
Mode of spread and survival The pathogen is soil borne. Zoospores spread through
irrigation water. The disease spreads to main field by planting infected seedlings.
Management Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25%
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Brinjal Bacterial Wilt: Pseudomonas solanacearum
160
Symptoms -Bacterial wilt symptoms on leaf surface Wilting, stunting, yellowing of the
foliage and finally collapse of the entire plant are the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
Lower leaves may droop first before wilting occurs. The vascular system becomes brown.
Bacterial ooze comes out from the affected parts. Plant show wilting symptoms at noontime
will recover at nights, but die soon.
Pathogen -The bacterium is non acid fast, non spore forming, non capsulated and motile by a
polar flagellum. The bacterium produces acid but no gas in dextrose, sucrose, lactose and
glycerol. Starch hydrolyzed with slight liquefaction of gelatin.
Management -Use resistant variety .Crop rotation with cruciferous vegetables such as
cauliflower help in reducing the disease incidence. Fields should be kept clean and effected
parts are to be collected and burnt. Spray Copper fungicides to control the disease (2%
Bordeaux mixture.). The disease is more prevalent in the presence of root knot Nematodes, so
control of these nematodes will suppress the disease spread.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Bhendi Bhendi
Cercospora Leaf Spots:Cercospora malayensis, C. abelmoschi
161
Symptoms
In India, two species of Cercospora produce leaf spots in bhendi. C. Malayensis
causes brown, irregular spots and C. abelmoschi causes sooty black, angular
spots.Both the leaf spots cause severe defoliation and are common during humid
seasons.
Pathogen- Conidiophores are pale to medium olivaceous brown, multiseptate, some
times branched, geniculate and irregular. Conidia are obclavate to cylindric,
olivaceous brown and straight to curved.
Management- Spraying Mancozeb 0.25 % control the disease. Fusarium wilt:
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum
Symptoms-The conspicuous symptom is a typical wilt, beginning with a yellowing
and stunting of the plant, followed by wilting and rolling of the leaves as if the roots
were unable to supply sufficient water. Finally, the plant dies. If a diseased stem is
split lengthwise, the vascular bundles appear as dark streaks. When severely infected,
nearly the whole stem is blackend.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Potato Late blight of potato: Phytopthora infestans
162
Symptom: It affects leaves, stems and tubers. Water soaked spots appear on
leaves, increase in size, turn purple brown& finally black colour White growth develops
on under surface of leaves. This spreads to petioles, rachis& stems. It frequently
develops at nodes. Stem breaks at these points and the plant topples over. In tubers,
purplish brown spots and spread to the entire surface on cutting, the affected tuber show
rusty brown necrosis spreading from surface to the center.
Pathogen The mycelium is endophytic, coenocytic and hyaline which are inter cellular
with double club shaped haustoria type. Sporangiophores are hyaline, branched
intermediate and thick walled. Sporangia are thin walled, hyaline, oval or pear shaped
with a definite papilla at the apex. The sporangium may act as a conidium and
germinate directly to form a germ tube. Zoospores are biflagellate possess fine hairs
while the other does not.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Cucurbits
Cucumber and squash
Vascular Wilt: Erwinia tracheiphila
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Symptoms
Symptoms of the disease first appear on a single leaf which suddenly wilts and becomes
dull green. The wilting symptoms spread up and down the runner sometimes as a recurring
wilt on hot, dry days. Soon infected runners and leaves turn brown and die. The bacteria
spread through the xylem vessels of the infected runner to the main stem, then to other
runners. Eventually the entire plant shrivels and dies.
Less susceptible plants, such as certain squash varieties, may show dwarfing of growth
before the wilt symptoms become apparent.
Creamy white bacterial ooze consisting of thousands of microscopic, rod-shaped
bacteria may sometimes be seen in the xylem vascular bundles of an affected stem if it is
cut crosswise near the ground and squeezed. This bacterial ooze will string out forming
fine, shiny threads (like a spider's web) if a knife blade or finger is pressed firmly against
the cut surface, then slowly drawn away about 1 cm.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Management
Larger plantings must be protected by insecticides. Some carbaryl (Sevin), malathion, or
rotenone insecticides or combination products are registered to treat cucumber beetles. They
will provide control of the beetles if applied when beetles first appear in the spring. Early
control, beginning as soon as the plants emerge, is most important as a single beetle can
introduce the bacteria. One to four generations of the beetle may occur on unprotected plants
and applications
of these insecticides at weekly intervals may become necessary. Apply a light even coating of
the insecticide over the entire plant, especially where the stem emerges from the soil (that is
where
the beetles often congregate).
Scab: Cladosporium cucumerinum
164
B.Sc (Hon’s) Agricultur 6BAG007 Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Symptoms Scab lesions appear on all parts of the vine that are above ground. The first
symptoms appear as light water soaked or pale green spots on the leaves. These spots are
numerous and appear on and between veins. Similar elongated spots develop on petioles and
stems. Gradually, the spots turn grey to white and become angular.
The affected leaves near the tip of the vine may be stippled with dead and yellowish
spots, stunted and crinkled. Fruits are infected at all stages of growth but is most susceptible
while young. Fruit spots are grey, slightly sunken and about 2.0mm in dia.
Pathogen Conidia are oblong, dark, mostly aseptate.
Management Crop rotation with corn once in 4 years. Grow resistant varieties like Highmoor
and Maine no.2. Spray Mancozeb 0.2 %.
Musk melon and water melon
Gummy Stem Blight - Mycosphaerella melonis
165
B.Sc (Hons) Agriculture 6BAG007 Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
166
Symptoms Infected stems first appear water-soaked and then become dry, coarse
and tan. Older stem lesions (dead tissue) reveal small black fruiting bodies (pycnidia)
within the affected tissues. Large lesions girdle stems and plants wilt in the heat of the
day. Stem lesions on melons exude a gummy, red-brown substance which may be
mistaken for a symptom of Fusarium wilt.
country in the spring, pycnidia
are produced, giving rise to conidia, which serve as the primary inoculum. Conidia are
released through a pore (ostiole) in the pycnidia and if moisture is high, conidia exude
as "spore horns"
containing thousands of conidia. Conidia vary in size, are short and cylindrical, with
usually one septum near the middle, or they may be unicellular. Under moist conditions,
they are readily dispersed by splashing water.
Both temperature and moisture are critical for germination, sporulation,
penetration of conidia, and subsequent symptom development, but moisture (relative
humidity over 85 percent, rainfall and duration of leaf wetness from 1 to 10 hours) has
the greatest influence. The optimal temperature for symptom development varies
depending on the cucurbit for watermelon 75° F is optimal, for cucumber 75-77° F, and
for muskmelon 65° F. The optimal temperature for muskmelon reportedly is lower
because its resistance increases at high temperatures.
This can be significant to determine when early-season disease scouting should be
initiated for future control. Penetration by conidia is probably direct and does not need
to occur through stomata or wounds. Wounding, striped cucumber beetles, and aphid
feeding, along with
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Angular Leaf Spot - Pseudomonas
lachrymans
Symptoms
167
Symptoms of the disease firsts appear as small, angular, water-soaked lesions on
the leaves. When moisture is present, bacteria ooze from the spot in tear like droplets
that dry and form a white residue on the leaf surface. Water-soaked areas turn gray or
tan, die, and may tear away leaving irregular holes. Water-soaked spots may also appear
on the fruit and are frequently followed by soft rot bacteria.
Pathogen The bacterium is a rod with 1 – 5 polar flagella and forms capsule and a green
fluorescent pigment in culture. The colonies on beef – peptone agar are circular,
smooth, glistening,
transparent and white.
Management Angular leaf spot may be controlled by planting disease-free seed.
Rotating with unrelated crops, keeping workers out of fields when foliage is wet and
Spray 400ppm Streptomycin sulphate.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Crucifers Beet root
Leaf Spot: Cercospora beticola
168
Symptoms This is a commonly occurring disease on foliage of beet roots. High
humidity usually favours the spread of this disease. Numerous small circular spots appear
on the leaf surface. The spots increase in size, becoming brownish or purplish in color.
Individual spots are usually circular but several may coalesce into larger areas of dead
tissue. The spots dry up giving a shot- hole appearance to the leaves. In case of severe
infection spots cover the entire leaf surface resulting in pre-mature death and dropping of
the leaves. As leaves die, the crown becomes cone-shaped with a rosette of dead leaves at
the base. Defoliation occurs throughout the growing season resulting in reduction in root
size and yield. Older leaves are mostly affected.
Pathogen
Conidia are borne singly at the tip of conidiophores. They are hyaline, elongate,
filiform and multiseptate. Perfect stage is not known.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Management Removal and destruction of affected plants and practicing crop rotation are
beneficial in controlling the disease. Spraying with Copper oxychloride (0.3 %) thrice at
an interval of 15 days controls the disease effectively.
Downy Mildew: Perenospora schachtti
169
Symptoms The disease is mostly prevalent during the cooler months. Symptoms
appear as irregular greasy greyish areas on the leaves. Under moist conditions, these areas
expand rapidly and a white powdery growth appears on the lower surface of the affected
leaves. Affected leaf dries and shrivels quickly. Flower shoots on infected plants become
stunted and distorted. The entire inflorescence has a compact appearance and excessive
leaf development may give an appearance witches broom. The fungus survives on the crop
residues in the soil and is also carried by the seed.
Pathogen Peronospora produces sporangia abundantly on the cotyledons and is splashed
from there to other plants. The sporangia germinate by means of a germ tube and not by
zoospores.
Management Preventive measures such as good field sanitation, crop rotation and use of
resistant cultivars is recommended. Seed treatment with Thiram (2.5-3 g/kg of seed)
protects the emerging seedlings from the disease attack. Spraying with Dithane Z-78 (0.3
%) thrice at an interval of 15 days is also recommended as an effective control measure.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Diseases of Tomato Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum
170
Symptoms Damping off of tomato occurs in two stages, i.e. the pre-emergence and the
post- emergence phase. In the pre-emergence the phase the seedlings are killed just before
they reach the soil surface. The young radical and the plumule are killed and there is
complete rotting of the seedlings. The post-emergence phase is characterized by the
infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the ground level. The infected tissues
become soft and water soaked. The seedlings topple over or collapse.
Management Used raised seed bed. Provide light, but frequent irrigation for better drainage.
Drench with Copper oxychloride 0.2% or Bordeaux mixture 1%. Seed treatment with fungal
culture Trichoderma viride (4 g/kg of seed) or Thiram (3 g/kg of seed) is the only preventive
measure to control the pre-emergence damping off. Spray 0.2% Metalaxyl when there is
cloudy weather
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Bacterial Leaf Spot : Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
171
Symptom Moist weather and splattering rains are conducive to disease development.
Most outbreaks of the disease can be traced back to heavy rainstorms that occur in the
area. Infected leaves show small, brown, water soaked, circular spots surrounded with
yellowish halo. On older plants the leaflet infection is mostly on older leaves and may
cause serious defoliation.
The most striking symptoms are on the green fruit. Small, water-soaked spots first
appear which later become raised and enlarge until they are one-eighth to one-fourth inch
in diameter. Centers of these lesions become irregular, light brown and slightly sunken
with a rough, scabby surface. Ripe fruits are not susceptible to the disease. Surface of the
seed becomes contaminated with the bacteria, remaining on the seed surface for some
time. The organism survives in alternate hosts, on volunteer tomato plants and on infected
plant debris.
Pathogen The bacterium is gram negative, short rod shaped and has a single, polar
flagellum.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Management
Disease-free seed and seedlings should always be used and the crop should be rotated with
non-host crops so as to avoid last years crop residue. Seed treatment with mercuric chloride
(1:1000) is also recommended for control of disease. Spraying with a combination of copper and
organic fungicides in a regular preventative spray program at 5 to 10 day intervals or Spraying with
Agrimycin-100 (100 ppm) thrice at 10 days intervals effectively controls the disease.
Mosaic: Tomato mosaic virus (TMV)
172
Symptom-The disease is characterized by light and day green mottling on the leaves often
accompanied by wilting of young leaves in sunny days when plants first become infected. The
leaflets of affected leaves are usually distorted, puckered and smaller than normal. Sometimes the
leaflets become indented resulting in "fern leaf" symptoms. The affected plant appears stunted,
pale green and spindly. The virus is spread by contact with clothes, hand of working labour,
touching of infected plants with healthy ones, plant debris and implements.
Pathogen Virus paricles are rod shaped, not enveloped, usually straight and thermal inactivation
point is 85 - 90˚C.
Management Seed treatment with organomercurial and spraying the crop with zineb 0.2% gives
adequate protection against the disease.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG007
Fundamentals of Agri -business management
Unit No Description
1 Meaning
2 Planning
3 Advantage
4 Disadvantage
5 Stages of Growth
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
AGRI BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Agribusiness management Agriculture
Business
Management
Agriculture
Business
Art of cultivating various categories of crops including animal husbandry, forestry,
fishery and other related activities.
An economic unit , Aims to sell goods and services to customers
, At prices that will provide an adequate return to its owners,
Commercialization of any enterprise
Management A set of activities(planning & decision making, organizing, leading / directing &
controlling) directed at an organization‟s resources
human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving
organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
AGRIBUSINESS
Agribusiness is the sum total of
all operations involved in the manufacture and distribution of farm supplies;
production activities on the farm; and
the storage, processing and distribution of farm commodities and items made from them.
Refers to the various businesses involved in
food production, including farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm
machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing,
marketing, and retail sales.
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
Commercialization of Agriculture
Increase productivity
Use of modern technologies
Reducing cost of production
Value addition
Export agriculture
Higher farm income
Agribusiness - Objectives
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
Agribusiness is defined as all business enterprises that buy from or sell to farmers.
Transaction may involve either an input or a produce or service and Encompasses items such as:
Productive resources Agricultural commodities Facilitative services
AGRIBUSINESS
Productive resources
Seed, Fertilizer
Pesticides,
Equipment & machinery Energy,
Feed, etc.
Agricultural commodities
Raw & processed commodities of food
Eg. Paddy ,Rice, Ricebran & Ricebran oil
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
Facilitative services
Credit & insurance,
Storage, processing & marketing, Transportation,
Packing & distribution, Consultancy
AGRIBUSINESS
Important Features of Agribusiness
Agribusiness is a multifaceted point of view, complex vertical structure, largely depend
and partly independent.
Successful decision making at firm level is the basis for development in future.
Viability of the an industry is traceable to the viability of the firms.
Agribusiness is market oriented
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
Farm supplies
Production
Processing
Marketing
Research & Extension
Govt. Policies & Programmes
Major areas of Agribusiness
Scope for Agribusiness in India
India is endowed with varied ago-climate
(Facilitates production of temperate, sub- tropical and tropical agricultural
commodities)
Growing demand for agricultural inputs (Feed and fodder, inorganic
fertilizers, bio- fertilizers)
Biotechnology applications
(Production of seed, bio-control agents, industrial harnessing of microbes
for bakery products)
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
• Service
• Profit
• Community participation
• Growth
• Subsidiaries
Objectives
Characteristics
• Characterized by smallness
• Involves lesser capital
• Mostly one man venture
• They are highly diversified
• wide range of products
• Wide dispersal geographically
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
• Small Scale Industry (SSI)
• Ancillary Industry
• Tiny Enterprises
• Export Oriented Units
• Women Enterprises
• Village &Small Scale Industries
Types
Advantages • Less capital outlay but more employment
generation
• Does not require sophisticated technology
• Facilitates decentralization and dispersal of business units
• They offer a wide range of choices to consumers
• Can serve specialized needs
• Utilizes the resources in full without wastage
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
• Inadequate management ability
• Inadequate finance
• Poor competitive position
• Uncertain business continuity
Disadvantages
Stages of Growth
• First Stage - Owner managed
• Second Stage - Early Growth
• Third Stage – Middle management
• Fourth Stage – Multilayer Stage
Course Name : B.Sc. (Hon’s) Agriculture 6TH Semester Subject Code : 6BAG008
Thanking You
183