pre and post harvest management of seeds among horticultural crops
TRANSCRIPT
PRE AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF SEEDS
AMONG HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Dr A K Tiwari Sr. Scientist, Floriculture and Lanscaping
Directorate of Seed Research
DIRECTORATE OF SEED RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION “SUBEEJAM SUKSHETRE JAYATE
SAMPADDYATE”. “GOOD QUALITY SEED SOWN IN
GOOD FIELD YIELDS IN PLENTY”. NOTHING CAN IMPROVE IF SEED
IS NOT GOOD. ALL PRODUCTIVITY MOVES
AROUND SEEDS POTENTIALS.
INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY
40% PUBLIC SECTOR
60% PVT SECTOR75%
ORGANISED 25%
UNORGANISED
70% SAVED SEEDS
30% MARKETED SEEDS
Size=Rs.14000 crore seed industry
Decision MakingDecision Making
Changing NeedsChanging Needs
Quality Management Quality Management
PricingPricing
ForecastingForecasting
Proactive ResearchProactive Research
Timely AvailabilityTimely Availability
After Sales ServiceAfter Sales Service Complaint HandlingComplaint Handling
BURNING ISSUES BURNING ISSUES
FOCUS ISSUES OF FUTURE QUANTITY vs. QUALITY VOLUME vs. VALUE GMO vs. NON GMO SUBSISTENCE vs.
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE vs. INDUSTRY
mid 1980s - 1990s
Seed industry boomed as a result of several Govt. initiatives
Foreign direct investment allowed and encouraged
Imports of improved varieties and breeding lines liberalized
Trade regulations liberalized
Current statusThough nascent, yetprivate sector accounts for 70% turnover in seed domestically and is internationally recognised
Due to varied agroclimatic conditions and natural resources, R&D hubs are being created. Almost 1/3 companies have a global technology/ financial partner
Private seed companies are spending 10-12% of their turnover in R&D
R&D budget of medium sized companies is growing @ 20% p.a.
1960s – mid 1980s
Minimal private sector partici-pation
R&D in public domain
Restrictions on germplasm exchange, foreign ownership, etc.
Evolution of the Indian seed industry
EVOLUTION OF SEED TECHNOLOGY
MASS
SELECTION
GMO SEEDS
HYBRID SEEDS
IMPROVEDVARIETIES
HYBRID SEEDS
WITH VALUE
ADDITION
SYNTHETICS
The Seed Industry Today
1.Increasing global seed market
2.Growing use of hybrid seed with several technological components(e.g. seed coatings)
3.Growing international seed trade
4.Increasing number of regulations
5.Increasing number of multinational companies
Global Seed Market Split
Cotton 3%
Canola 5%
Vegetables 18%
Corn 32%
Rice 10%
Other 6%
Potato 4% Sunflower 2%
Barley 2%
Sugar Beet 2%
Wheat 4%
Soybean 12%Tomato fresh indet. 11%
Cabbage 7%
Sweet pepper 7%
Lettuce 7%
Watermelon 5 %
Onion 5%
Seed Vegetable seed
Melon 5 %Chinese cabbage 5 %
Hot pepper 5%Carrot 4%
Tomato fresh set. 3%
Internal assessment
CROP IMPROVEMENT
EVOLUTION vs. REVOLUTIONSlow RandomStability ?Focus ?Environment
GERMPLASM BASE
VARIETAL BREEDING
PEDIGREE BREEDING
G x E INTERACTION
ACCESSION OF GENES
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
ACCELERATED INTROGRESSION
THROUGH MAB
Fast SpecificStableFocused
GENE HUNTING
Discovery research
Lab research (REFINEMENT)
Transformation Protocol Development
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
GENE CLONING
GENE FUNCTIONS
GENEMODIFICATI
ON
GENE CONSTRUCT
Regeneration protocol developmentof target plant species Transformation stabilization
Selection of best transformtionfor fertilizationProduct development with
trait
SEED PRODUCTION ISSUES
• Large area for seed production to achieve the SRR targets
• Seed production systems have to be improved
• Seed production contract should be legal to avoid cross purchases
• Seed production per unit area needs improvement
• CMS or other systems to be introduced in some crops like cotton and many vegetable crops
• Seed production areas should be ear marked as seed valleys
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
1. Visible aspects (In case of plants propagated
through budding or grafting. e.g.: rose, Mango etc.)
Homogeneity of plants
– growth differences in the production field. Source of
rootstock and bud wood is important.
Diameter of rootstock indicates the grade of rootstock
and quality of the growth process.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds ProductionWell-developed fibrous root system.
Strong outgrowth of bud or graft.
No mechanical damage, no visible pests and diseases.
Healthy appearance. No growth abnormalities, green
branches.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
2. Intrinsic aspects
1.Strong physiological potential.
Stress-free growth during the plant production period
will enable the plant to re-grow easily after planting in
the field or green house, because plants have stored
reserve food.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
2. Healthy reproduction material and genetic
Homogeneity. Selection of source for reproduction
material is based on healthy growth and material i.e.
bud wood and root stock, true to variety.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
3. Free of non-visible diseases
Agrobacterium, Verticillium. uprooted, these
diseases, if in the early stage, are not visible. During
the plant production process this has to be controlled.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
3. Sources of quality planting materiaShould be collected from the genuine and reliable source. Efforts should be made to identify nodal centers for supply of elite planting material of important ornamental plants in our country. 4. Nursery preparation and sowing of seeds
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
5.Genetic Integrity:
•Properly identify and label plants.
•Plant on clean land which has not been used to grow
the same crop in the past cycle.
• Isolate plants from cross-pollination.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
4. Plant at least 200 plants for cross-pollinated crops
and 50- 100 plants from self-pollinated crops (this
number varies dependent on who you talk to).
5. Rogue off-types. Rogue:
Rogue plants should be removed as soon as possible in
order to protect the genetic integrity of the variety.
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
5. Reproductive Isolation
i.Isolation strips
ii.Distance Isolation
iii.Caging and Artificial Barriers
iv.Time Isolation
Various aspects of Pre- Harvest Management of Seeds Production
5. Hand-pollination
B. Post Harvesting management of seeds of Horticultural
Crops
Labels and Records:
Harvesting Methods
Seed Cleaning
Seed Storage
Germination Testing