bab 13 - lighting

7/28/2019 Bab 13 - Lighting

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Berbagi dan Menyebarkan Ilmu Pengetahuan Serta Nilai-Nilai Perusahaan 1

PT. PLN (PERSERO)

PUSAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN LIGHTING

13. LIGHTING

13.1 BACKGROUND

The major objectives of energy audit in lighting system include:

Measurement and comparison of illumination levels at various locations

Measurement of total power consumption of all lighting feeders

Calculate the installed load efficacy in terms of lux/watt/m (existing vs design) for

general lighting installation.

Compare calculated value with the norms for specific types of interior installations for

assessing improvement options.

To suggest ways and means to optimize the illumination levels and to optimize the

power consumption at different locations.

To identify energy saving measures and quantifies the energy and cost savings.

13.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING THE ENERGY AUDIT

The steps involved in conducting energy audit of lighting plant are:

Data collection

Observations, measurement and Analysis

Exploration for energy conservation measures with detailed techno-economic

calculations

Report preparation

13.3 DATA COLLECTION

Collect the single line diagram of electrical drawing pertaining to lighting

Obtain the lighting fixture details for each section

Typical format for data collection of lighting details is given Table 13-1


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PT. PLN (PERSERO)


Table 13-1: Typical Data parameters

Section/Department

FixtureType &ballast type

Wattageof eachfitting

No offixtures

Totalconnectedwattage

Feederdetails

Other energyConsumerdetails

Roomdimensions

Illuminesrequired

Remarks

In case if the details are not available it is suggested to conduct a survey and obtain the above

details. In the above table under other energy consumers column provide the details of fans,

air conditioners, computers, photocopiers, etc which are connected to lighting circuit to be given.

For illumination level required refer Annexure-13.1, where recommended illumination values as

per IS: 3646 (Part-1) 1992 for various areas in power stations are provided.

If the plant has separate transformers for lighting circuit, provide the details of

transformer

Details of energy saving retrofits installed in the plant (such as voltage controllers,

sensors, controllers, timers, etc)

Details of on & off mechanism of lighting circuits

Details of energy meters provided in the lighting circuit and sections served by these

meters

Details of energy consumption monitoring of lighting systems

Energy consumption of lighting circuit

13.4 Instrument Required

The following instruments are required for conducting the energy audit of lighting system

Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electrical parameters such as

kW, kVA, pf, V, A and Hz of class 0.5 accuracy

Lux meters

Measuring tape

On line energy meter instruments (calibrated)


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13.5 Measurements & Observation to Be Made

While conducting the audit carryout a detailed survey for the following

Monitor the condition of lighting fixtures

Lux measurements at various places (Number of measurement to be carried out is given

in the following sections)

Measurement of power parameters kW, kVA, Current, Voltage, power factor, harmonics,

frequency of all feeders

Room dimensions

Counting of installed fixtures Vs number of fixtures in operation

Maintenance practices for cleaning, replacement, etc

13.6 Observations And Analysis

13.6.1 System familiarization and operational details

Detailed interactions with the plant personnel have to be carried out to get familiarization forsystem detail and operational details. Pre visit to the plant can be made to get familiarization of

lighting system

13.6.2 Measurements & Evaluation

The summary of lighting measurements and calculations are shown Table 13-2.

Table 13-2: Summary of lighting measurements and calculations

Location/Room No

Type of lampsMeasured Average

Lux levelStandard Lux level(as per I S 3646)

MeasuredPower (kW)


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Observations on housekeeping and maintenance practices Interactions and surveys to be

carried out on

House keeping measures in up keeping of luminaries

Failure rate of lamps and ballasts

Replacement procedure of failed lamps

Procurement options

Maintenance practices

Operational practices (on / off controls)

If any energy saving retrofits are installed in the plant then the operational status of the

retrofits can be assessed Identify the areas where poor illumination and excess illumination is provided

Assess the various alternate lamps / luminaries applicable for various sections

Type of panel lamps or sign lamps used to explore possibility of using LED lamps

Observations on other loads which are connected to the lighting circuit and their energy

consumption

13.6.3 Exploration of energy conservation possibilities

While conducting the energy audit explore for various energy conservation measures such as

Look for natural lighting opportunities through windows and other openings. Derive way

to improve natural lighting during the day time

In the case of industrial lighting, explore the scope for introducing translucent sheets

Use of energy efficient lighting methods / products / equipment / retrofits

Maximize sunlight use through use of transparent roof sheets, north light roof, etc.

Examine scope for replacements of lamps by more energy efficient lamps, with due

consideration to luminaries, color rendering index, lux level as well as expected life

comparison. Replace conventional magnetic ballasts by more energy efficient ballasts, with due

consideration to life and power factor apart from watt loss.

Select interior colours for light reflection.

Assess scope for delamping

Assess scope for re-arrangement of lighting fixtures

Modify layout for optimum lighting.

Providing individual / group controls for lighting for energy efficiency such as:

On / off type voltage regulation type (for illuminance control)

Group control switches / units


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Occupancy sensors

Photocell controls

Timer operated controls

Modify switches / electrical circuit

Install input voltage regulators / controllers for energy efficiency as well as longer life

expectancy for lamps where higher voltages, fluctuations are expected.

Replace energy efficient displays like LED's in place of lamp type displays in control

panels / instrumentation areas, etc.

Opt for better reflector in lighting

Cleaning of reflector at regular interval

In power plant, locations like HT/LT switchgear rooms, cable galleries etc which sites /

locations are rarely visited, lighting circuits may be modified in such a way that keeping

25% to 30% lights always ON and remaining lights controlled by simple ON /OFF

switch provided at the entrance of the room / hall

Opportunities to reduce the power consumption/ improve the energy efficiency of other

loads which are connected to the lighting circuit

Some good practices in lighting are:

Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of "Conventional" fluorescent

lamps.

Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.

Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps.

Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for applications where

colour rendering is not critical

Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps.

Light Control

Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility in lighting control

Installation of microprocessor based controllers

Optimum usage of day lighting

Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting

Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder

Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts


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13.6.4 Recommendations

Each energy conservation measure should discuss

The back ground

Analysis and suggestion

Energy savings evaluation (Estimated before and after)

Impact on energy consumption after implementation

Economic feasibility

Investment required and payback period

Monitoring and verification of energy savings after implementation Efforts and resources required for sustainability of energy savings

The vendors/ suppliers/ manufactures details

bab 13 - lighting

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