13. examples of lighting concepts

Handbook ofLighting Design

E EditionRüdiger GanslandtHarald Hofmann

Vieweg

1,70 m

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45˚

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Title Handbook of Lighting Design

Authors Rüdiger GanslandtHarald Hofmann

Layout and otl aicher andgraphic design Monika Schnell

Drawings otl aicherReinfriede BettrichPeter GrafDruckhaus Maack

Reproduction Druckhaus Maack, LüdenscheidOffsetReproTechnik, BerlinReproservice Schmidt, Kempten

Setting/printing Druckhaus Maack, Lüdenscheid

Book binding C. FikentscherGroßbuchbinderei Darmstadt

© ERCO Leuchten GmbH, LüdenscheidFriedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesell-schaft mbH, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden1. edition 1992

The Vieweg publishing company is a Ber-telsmann International Group company.

All rights reserved. No part of this publi-cation may be reproduced in any form orby any means without permission fromthe publisher. This applies in particular to(photo)copying, translations, microfilmsand saving or processing in electronic systems.

Printed in Germany

Downlight

Track-mounted spotlight

Downlight, asymmetricalwallwasher, washlight

Double washlight

Corner washlight

Square luminaire

Square luminaire,asymmetrical

Louvred luminaire

Spotlight, directional spotlight

Louvred luminaire,asymmerical

Light structure with track

Light structure withlouvred luminaire

Light structure with pointlight sourcesDownlight withemergency lightingSquare luminaire with emergencylightingLouvred luminaire withemergency lighting

Singlet

Light structure

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts

In the preceding chapters qualitativelighting design has been depicted as acomplex process involving the considera-tion of functional, psychological andarchitectural requirements appertainingto specific tasks. When dealing withproject-related design concepts the scopeand limits of a set of standard designexamples soon become apparent.

In fact, standard solutions should beavoided at all costs. They may appear to be easy to transfer to any kind of lightingproject, but they can never meet the requirements of individual, task-relatedsolutions.

Analysing designs that have alreadybeen implemented is equally not easy. It is admittedly possible to demonstratethe various aspects of a differentiated,pur-posefully planned solution taking aspecific project as an example, but it ispractically out of the question to transferthis concept onto another set of task-oriented criteria.

If a handbook of qualitative lightingdesign concepts is to do more thanprovide the technical basics and a list ofplanning requirements, it must limit itselfto presenting general concepts as exam-ples of applications, which will serve as a basis and a source of ideas for planningof greater relevance relating to specificsituations.

The examples of lighting concepts given in this chapter intentionally avoidgoing into detail. This would only be valid for a defined room situation anda prescribed set of tasks. This appliesabove all to the provision of illuminancelevels and exact lamp data. With a fewexcep-tions, floor plans and sections areon a 1:100 scale to provide comparabledimensions of the spaces and lighting in-stallations. The choice of luminaires ispurposefully limited to the standard equip-

ment applicable to architectural lighting.Decorative luminaires and custom de-signed fixtures, as frequently applied withinthe framework of individual concepts, are only found in a few cases.

The aim of presenting these examplesis to provide a series of basic conceptswhich may serve as a basis for a wide va-riety of unique solutions. Considerationhas only been given to the general re-quirements to be observed for a particulararea of planning, which neverthelessincludes the aspects that deserve specialattention regarding planning functional,architectural or perception-orientedlighting. Taking this as a basis, a range ofalternative design concepts have beenproposed that comprise the selection ofappropriate light sources and luminairesand arrangement of equipment in accor-dance with the lighting requirements andthe architectural design.

The task of lighting design is to alignthe stated concepts to the requiredlighting quality, the conditions laid downby the users of the space and the archi-tectural design in every specific case, tomodify them or expand them through the application of decorative luminairesand lighting effects – in short, to usegeneral basic concepts to create individuallighting solutions.

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Luminaire symbolsused in the reflectedceiling plans in thechapter: Examples ofdesign concepts.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.1 Foyers

4.1 Foyers Foyers are spaces that link a building withthe outside world; they serve as entrancearea, reception and waiting areas, andalso provide access to internal areas of thebuilding. As foyers are usually unfamiliarenvironments, one of the main tasks of thelighting is to provide clear orientation.This means providing calm, non-dramaticambient lighting to elucidate the archi-tectural structure of the space and avoidaccentuating additional structures, whichmay cause confusion. The next task is to draw attention to essential focal areas.

The first of these is the entrance.Attention can be drawn to this area viaincreased illuminance levels. It is also pos-sible to use a different luminous colourhere or an individual arrangement of lu-minaires in the ceiling. Other areas to be accentuated are the reception desk andwaiting areas, entrances to corridors,staircases and lifts.

As a transition zone between the out-side world and the interior of the buildinga foyer should also coordinate the diffe-

rent lighting levels inherent to these twoareas. It may be practical to install alighting control system that can be pro-grammed to handle daytime and night-time requirements. Systems adjusted tothe availability of daylight or user fre-quency can also contribute to the economicefficiency of an installation.

If the foyer has an image function, therequired atmosphere can be achieved viathe purposeful selection of light sourcesand luminaires, or by providing deco-rative sparkle effects and light sculptures.Clear views through the space should not be hampered by confusing structuresor an excess of competing visual stimuli.

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Daytime and night-time lighting are clearlydifferent. During the daytime pendantdownlights supplement the daylight pou-ring in through the glazed facade androof. The entrance is accentuated by inte-gral downlights; there is no additionalaccent lighting on the reception desk or inthe waiting area.

After dark the architectural structuresare emphasized by wall-mounted com-bined uplight and downlights and ceilingwashlights. The ambient lighting is produ-ced by reflected light, with accent lightingon the entrance.

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Pendant downlight forHIT lamps.

Combined uplight/downlight for halogenlamps or compact fluorescent lamps.

Ceiling washlights forhalogen lamps or com-pact fluorescent lamps.

Recessed downlightsfor low-voltage halogen lamps.


A suspended light structure carries thelighting equipment. During the daytime thelobby is lit by daylight, with the wallbehind the reception desk illuminated bywallwashers and the entrance accentua-ted by downlights. The area beneath thefirst floor ceiling is illuminated using surface-mounted downlights.

The accent lighting is maintained at night, and is supplemented by an illu-mination of the room surfaces by indirectluminaires mounted on the light struc-ture. The reception desk has received indi-vidual lighting from task lights.

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Light structure withintegral indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps and integraltrack to take wall-washers.

Surface-mounted downlight for compactfluorescent lamps.

Recessed downlight for low-voltage halogenlamps.

Task light for compactfluorescent lamps.


The luminaires are mounted on a load-bearing lattice beam with integral track.The reception desk is accentuated byspotlights, the entrance by downlights.Ambient lighting and the accentuating ofarchitectural structures is effected byflush-mounted ceiling panels with wall-washers. The waiting area beneath the first floor ceiling is illuminated by wall-washers mounted on a track recessed in the ceiling.

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Load-bearing latticebeam with integraltrack to take spotlightsor panels with wall-washers equipped withPAR 38 reflector lamps.

Track for wallwashersfor halogen lamps.



Recessed double focus downlights alongboth end walls provide ambient lighting.The entrance is accentuated by recesseddownlights, the reception desk by track-mounted spotlights; projectors are usedto create lighting effects on the wall. The area beneath the first floor ceiling isilluminated by recessed downlights.

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Double-focus down-light for metal halidelamps or halogenlamps.


Track with spotlightsand projectors.


The luminaires are mounted on a wide-span lighting structure. A series of minia-ture low-voltage halogen lamps make for specular effects on the lower side ofthe structure. After dark the architecture is accentuated by integral, indirect luminai-res, with additional accent providedby spotlights. Downlights accentuate theentrance and the edge of the first floorceiling.

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Wide-span system with track-mounted spotlights, miniaturelow-voltage lamps onthe lower side of thestructure and integralindirect luminaires for fluorescent lamps.



Recessed wallwashers illuminate the long walls, with reflected light creating theambient lighting. The reception deskhas received individual lighting using tasklights. Additional accentuation of theentrance is effected by downlights. The area beneath the first floor ceilingis illuminated by recessed washlights.

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Decorative recesseddownlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.

Recessed wallwasherfor PAR 38 reflectorlamps.

Recessed washlight forgeneral service lamps.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.2 Lift lobbies

4.2 Lift lobbies People have to be able to find lifts quickly,which is why lift lobbies should be illu-minated so that they stand out from theirsurroundings. Accentuation can be effec-ted by means of independent lighting ele-ments or by concentrating larger numbersof the elements that provide the lightingin the surrounding area around the lift lobby.The lighting inside the lift car shouldalso harmonize with the overall lightingconcept to avoid glare or any unreaso-nable changes in brightness when enteringor leaving the lift.

The lighting in lift lobbies and liftsshould provide an adequate vertical com-ponent to facilitate communication andrecognition when the doors open. Verticallighting components should be achievedusing wide-beam luminaires with adequatecut-off angles or by indirect lighting; this presumes that there is adequate reflec-tance from the room surfaces, especiallythe walls.

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Downlights for compact fluorescent lampsprovide economically efficient generallighting. Low-voltage downlights have beenused to accentuate the lift lobby. Thedownlights provide horizontal lighting andproduce effective grazing light over thelift doors.

Indirect luminaires illuminate the lift lobby.The area directly in front of the lifts isaccentuated by wall-mounted downlights.The grazing light over the walls creates an interesting architectural feature andprovides diffuse lighting.

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Recessed downlight for compact fluorescentlamps.

Pendant indirect lumi-naire for fluorescentlamps.

Wall-mounted down-light for halogen reflector lamps.



The objective is to create a prestigiousatmosphere. The area directly in front of thelifts is accented by means of speculareffects produced by a series of miniaturelamps and downlights arranged in pairs.Both lighting components are mounted ona suspended track system.

General lighting is provided by wall-mounted ceiling washlights. The lift doorsare accentuated using recessed louvredluminaires for fluorescent lamps.

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Louvred luminaire forfluorescent lamps.

Wall-mounted ceilingwashlight for compactfluorescent lamps orhalogen lamps.

Track system with miniature lamps and a double row ofdownlights for halogenreflector lamps.


General lighting is provided by a staggeredarrangement of decorative downlights,which produce adequate illuminance levelsand attractive specular effects. In addi-tion, lighting at floor level is provided bya series of floor washlights.

183

Recessed floor wash-light for compact fluorescent lamp.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.3 Corridors

Corridors provide access to differentrooms or constitute a link between partsof buildings. They may receive daylightthrough windows or skylights, but fre-quently run through the interior of buil-dings and have to be lit artificially all day.

One of the main tasks of the lightingin corridors, like foyers, is to provide clearorientation. Non-dramatic, communica-tive lighting is required here to express thearchitectural structure of the space.Central points of interest, such as entrance,exit and doors to adjacent rooms shouldreceive additonal accentuation to ensurethat the user is supplied with the neces-sary information. If the design of thebuilding is such that it is difficult to find

the way from place to place, it is advisableto assist orientation by means of infor-mation signs, symbols or colours.

Corridors located in the interior of abuilding are often dark or appear thesame. This effect can be counteracted byilluminating the walls and providinglighting that structures the space, makingit more easily legible. In such corridors it is advisable to arrange luminaires in ac-cordance with the architectural design.Accent lighting can also contribute towardsremoving the feeling of monotony in the space, by dividing it up into sectionsor views.Continous lighting in corridors inevitablyleads to long switching times, which

means that ways have to be found to saveenergy. One means is the use lamps withhigh luminous efficacy, such as fluorescentlamps. In buildings where corridorsalso have to be lit at night, it is advisableto include night lighting in the designconcept, and reduce the lighting level fortimes of when the corridors are lessfrequently used. This may be effected bydimming, switching specific groups ofluminaires off or by installing a speciallydesigned night lighting system.

4.3 Corridors

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Recessed downlights provide generallighting in the corridor of a hotel withstaggered arrangement of doors. The area around the doors is accentuated byrecessed louvred luminaires.

Washlights for recessed mounting illumi-nate the circulation zones. The extremelydiffuse light they produce lends the spacea bright and friendly atmosphere. Down-lights are positioned above the doors toaccentuate the area around the doors.

General lighting is provided by floor washlights. The areas around the doors areaccentuated by downlights mounted onthe side walls. This produces a clear con-trast between the horizontal lightingin the circulation zone and the verticallighting in the area around the doors.

185

Recessed washlightsfor halogen lamps.

Wall-mounted down-light for compact fluorescent lamps.

Floor washlight forcompact fluorescentlamps.



Recessed louvredluminaire for fluore-scent lamps.

Wall-mounted ceiling washlights provideuniform, indirect lighting in the corridor,which makes for a bright and friendly atmosphere.

The corridor lighting in an administrationbuilding is provided by a matching seriesof bracket-mounted wallwashers. Theseprovide both indirect ambient lighting viathe light reflected by the walls and directlighting of information signage.

A light structure spanned between thewalls provides indirect light for the ambientlighting. The luminaires are arranged sothat an information sign can be aligned toeach door.


186

Wall-mounted ceilingwashlights for com-pact fluorescent lampsor halogen lamps.

Bracket-mounted wall-washers for fluorescentlamps.

Light structure withindirect luminaires for fluorescent lamps,and information signs.


Economically efficient corridor lighting by means of a regular arrangement of lou-vred luminaires equipped with compactfluorescent lamps.

The lighting components are mounted ona multifunctional trunking system thatruns the length of the corridor and takesdirect luminaires, sections of track forspotlights to accentuate specific wallareas, plus loudspeakers and emergencylighting.

Recessed louvred luminaires make foruniform, efficient lighting. The luminairesare arranged crosswise to the length ofthe corridor.

187

Recessed louvredluminaire for compact fluorescent lamps.

Trunking system withrecessed louvred lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps, and track-mounted spotlights.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.4 Staircases

4.4 Staircases The primary objective of staircase lightingis to provide an aid to orientation. Light is used to make the structure of the envi-ronment legible and hazardous areasvisible, without creating any additional,confusing structures. The structure of the staircase should be easily recognizable,and the individual steps clearly visible.Since staircases are usually illuminated forlong periods of times, it is advisable touse energy-saving light sources.

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Pairs of recessed louvred luminaires illu-minate the landings and flights of stairs.

Direct and indirect luminares in a lightstructure suspended in the stairwell.The structure follows the course of the stair-cases and crosses the landings betweeneach flight of stairs. This avoids any com-plicated constructions above the centre of the landings.

189

Recessed louvred lumi-naire for compact fluorescent lamps.

Suspended light struc-ture with integral di-rect or indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps.


A direct-indirect light structure spannedbetween the walls of the stairwell abovethe landings provides direct and reflectedlight for the lighting of the adjacentflights of steps.

A direct-indirect wall-mounted luminaireprovides adequate lighting levels on thestairs and landings.

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Light structure withintegral direct-indirectluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.

Wall-mounted direct-indirect luminaire for fluorescent lamps.


Two different types of luminaire are usedto illuminate the flights of stairs and landings. Floor washlights provide thelighting for the flights of stairs, whereasthe landings are illuminated by recesseddownlights.

Wall-mounted downlights installed abovethe foot and top of each flight of stairsand above the doors on the landings illu-minate the staircases. This arrangementof luminaires produces excellent visualconditions. Mounting the luminaires onthe walls also makes this lighting solutionsuitable for open staircases, where instal-lation can sometimes be difficult.

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Floor washlight forcompact fluorescentlamps.


Wall-mounted down-light for compact fluorescent lamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.5 Team offices

4.5 Team offices The lighting of team offices for smallgroups is required to fulfil a number ofconditions, as laid down in the standardsfor the lighting of workplaces. The re-quirements include the following qualitycriteria: the level and uniformity of thelighting, luminance distribution, limitationof direct and reflected glare, the directionof light and shadow, luminous colour andcolour rendering.

Other requirements that may have to be met may concern the correlation ofdaylight and artificial light, the presenceof drawing boards, and above all the lightingof spaces with personal computers. Lumi-nances in the space should be balanced andspecial attention paid to optimum glarecontrol through the installation of suitableluminaires. The luminaires used for thelighting of spaces with personal computersare required to meet especially stringentstandards to avoid reflected glare oncomputer screens. Luminaires constructedin accordance with the standards arereferred to in Germany as VDT-approvedluminaires and can be used withoutreservation for the illumination of suchworkplaces. It should be pointed out,however, that VDT-approved luminairesdo have the following disadvantages in spite of their glare limiting qualities:the low vertical lighting they produce, the fact that the luminaires have to bearranged in close proximity to one another,and the increased reflected glare onhorizontal visual tasks. For the lighting ofspaces with positive image screens or if luminaires are installed outside the cri-tical area of the screens, it is advisable to install wide-angle luminares and satin finished reflectors, and to only use theVDT-approved fixtures as a solution for themost critical cases concerning the lightingof personal computers.

One way of lighting team offices is to provide uniform illumination using lumi-naires arranged according to a set grid,where character and glare limitation canbe influenced by the choice of luminairesand whether they are direct, indirect ordirect-indirect fixtures. Another possibilityis to provide equally uniform, but lowerambient lighting supplemented by tasklights. For team offices which are clearlysubdivided into individual areas (workingarea, circulation zone, social area, confe-rence area) it is possible to develop azonal concept, lighting each area in accor-dance with the activity that takes placethere. By switching different combinationsof luminares the lighting can be adjustedto suit the use of the space, e.g. by combi-ning luminaires for fluorescent lampsand halogen lamps. It is also possible toprovide daylight-related switching of lu-minaires located near windows.

For economically efficient lightingit is advisable to use conventional or com-pact fluorescent lamps. Efficiency can be further increased by the use of electroniccontrol gear, which also enhances visualcomfort through the avoidance of flick-ering effects.

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A regular arrangement of recessed louvredluminaires for the ambient lighting. The lighting is not related to individualworkplaces, which means that officelayouts can be changed without changingthe lighting.

A staggered arrangement of recessedlouvred luminaires provides uniform am-bient lighting. A linear prismatic lenspositioned in the centre of the reflectorproduces batwing-shaped light distri-bution, which completely avoids reflectedglare, achieves good CRF values through-out the space and allows flexible furniturelayout.

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A regluar arrangement of recessed down-lights with cross-blade louvres providesuniform ambient lighting.

The lighting components are mounted onmultifunctional channels that run parallelto the windows. They take the louvred luminaires for the ambient lighting and directional spotlights for accent lighting.Ventilation or air-handling systems can beintegrated into these installation channels.

195

Recessed downlightwith cross-blade louvrefor compact fluore-scent lamps.

Trunking system/instal-lation channel forlouvred luminaires forfluorescent lamps and recessed directionalspotlights for halogenlamps.


Secondary reflector luminares are used toilluminate the office. The ratio of directand indirect light and glare limitation canbe controlled by the appropriate choice of luminaires. This will in turn produce therequired atmosphere.

Diffuse, glare-free ambient lighting pro-duced from free-standing ceiling wash-lights. In addition, each workplace has itsown task light.

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Direct-indirect secon-dary reflector lumi-naires for recessed mounting into ceilingsfor fluorescent lamps.

Free-standing ceilingwashlight for metalhalide lamps.



The lighting is provided by a suspendedlight structure, which takes both direct-indirect luminaires and downlights. Thiscombination allows efficient lightingusing fluorescent lamps for office workduring the day, and low-voltage down-lights for meetings that may take place atthe end of the day.

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Suspended light struc-ture with integral, direct-indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps, and integral downlights for low-voltage halogen lamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.6 Cellular offices

4.6 Cellular offices The same design criteria basically applyfor cellular offices as for team offices. Foroffices with a high daylight componentlower illuminances are sufficient; it is alsoadvisable to install the luminaires so thatfixtures near the windows can be switchedseparately when there is sufficient day-light available.

Whereas in the case of team offices it can be of extreme importance to controlthe luminance of luminaires, especially in spaces with personal computers, thisaspect is not so critical in cellular officesdue to the geometry of the space. Distur-bing glare, especially reflected glare ondisplay screens, may however be caused bythe windows.

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Ambient lighting is provided by louvredluminaires for fluorescent lamps arrangedparallel to the window. The lighting lay-out is workplace-related, with lower illumi-nance in the circulation area between the doors. The wide-angle luminaires make for en-hanced contrast rendition; the direct light component is reduced by the linearprismatic lens.

Integral direct-indirect luminares forfluorescent lamps and track-mounted spot-lights mounted on a light structure sus-pended in the space. The ambient lightingis workplace-related and is produced bythe luminaires for fluorescent lamps. Thespotlights are used to accent points of interest on the walls.

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Recessed louvred lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps.

Suspended light struc-ture with integral direct-indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps and integraltrack-mounted spot-lights.


General lighting is provided by recessedsecondary reflector luminaires. The ratio ofdirect and indirect light and glare limita-tion can be controlled by the appropriatechoice of luminaires, which in turn pro-duces the required atmosphere.

Ambient lighting is provided by a preciselypositioned group of four downlights with cross-blade louvres for compact fluorescent lamps.

Office lighting using louvred luminaires forcompact fluorescent lamps. A linearprismatic lens can be inserted above thecross-blade louvre. This produces batwinglight distribution, which in turn leads toenhanced contrast rendition.

200

Secondary reflector luminaire for recessedmounting for fluores-cent lamps.

Recessed downlightwith cross-blade louvre for compact fluorescent lamps.

Recessed louvredluminaire for compactfluorescent lamps.


Wall-mounted ceiling washlights provideindirect ambient lighting and create abright and friendly atmosphere in the space.A task light on the desk provides directlight on the working plane when required.

Track system spanned from wall to wall withlow-brightness luminaires as well asspotlights for the accentuation of specificpoints of interest or importance.

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Wall-mounted ceilingwashlight for fluore-scent lamps or compactfluorescent lamps.


Track system with low-brightness luminairesfor fluorescent lamps,and spotlights.


The ambient lighting in the office is provi-ded by four recessed indirect secondaryreflector luminaires. The indirect compo-nent is reflected into the space by thesatin finished reflector. The luminaire lay-out is workplace-related with lowerilluminance in the circulation area.

Office lighting illuminance is provided by two suspended light structure elementsparallel to the windows, with integral direct-indirect luminaires and integral directional luminaires to accentuate thedesk and other points of interest.

202

Recessed secondaryreflector luminaires forcompact fluorescentlamps.

Light structure withintegral direct-indirectluminaires for fluore-scent lamps and down-lights for low-voltagehalogen lamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.7 Executive offices

4.7 Executive offices An office of this kind may be the work-place of a manager or the office of a self-employed person. It consists of a workingarea and conference area, each area withspecific lighting requirements.In contrast to the purely functional lightingin the other office spaces, atmosphereand prestigious effect are also importantaspects in this case.As rooms of this kind are used for a varietyof activities, it is advisable to develop adesign concept that allows the switchingand dimming of different groups of lu-minaires to meet changing requirements.

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Recessed downlights arranged in a rec-tangle around the perimeter of the roomprovide ambient lighting. A task light isinstalled on the desk.

Washlights on the end walls provide thegeneral lighting in the room. The desk receives direct light from two directionalspotlights. A group of four downlights accentuate the conference table.

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Recessed downlight forgeneral service lamps.


Recessed directionalspotlight for halogenreflector lamps.

Recessed wallwasherfor general servicelamps.


The lighting equipment is mounted onthree multifunctional channels that runparallel to the windows. They contain two louvred luminaires for the lighting ofthe desk, downlights for the illuminationof the desk and conference table and direc-tional spotlights to illuminate the cup-boards. Outlets are available for spotlightsfor the illumination of the remaining wallsurfaces.

Wallwashers aligned with the cupboardsprovide the ambient lighting. The deskhas a task light, a double-focus downlightaccentuates the conference table. Sur-face-mounted spotlights pick out pointsof interest on the remaining wall surfaces.

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Recessed directionalspotlight for halogenlamps.

Recessed downlight forhalogen lamps.

Recessed wallwasherfor halogen lamps.

Recessed double-focusdownlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.


Singlet with spotlight.



Recessed louvred luminaires illuminatedesk and conference table. Track-mountedwallwashers provide vertical lighting onthe end walls and produce a bright andfriendly atmosphere.

Recessed washlights provide uniformlighting of the wall lined with cupboardsand one of the end walls; the reflectedlight also provides the ambient lighting.Desk and conference table are accentua-ted by spotlights mounted on a recessedtrack. Other points of interest are pickedout by further spotlights.

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Track-mounted wall-washers equipped withhalogen lamps.


Recessed washlightsand corner washlights for general servicelamps.

Track with spotlights.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.8 Conference rooms

4.8 Conference rooms Conference rooms are used for a varietyof purposes: for discussions, seminars,small-scale presentations, or even a wor-king lunch. The lighting design conceptmust therefore be multifunctional andinclude the possibility of creating aprestigious atmosphere.Conference lighting requires a balancedratio of horizontal and vertical lighting.Horizontal lighting makes for good shapingqualities and and adequate bright-ness.Vertical components produce a bright andfriendly atmosphere and promote com-munication. Extreme direct or diffuse lightconditions should be avoided.

The presentation of pictures, products,notes made on the board or on a flip-chartrequire additional accent lighting on the end walls of the conference room. Thelighting on the walls must be reduced to a suitable level to allow people to writeby when slides or overhead foils areprojected. It is therefore practical to plan alighting installation comprising circuitswhich can be switched and dimmed sepa-rately, or even a programmable lightingcontrol system, which allows preprogram-med scenes to be recalled at the touch of a button.

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Ceiling washlights provide indirect lightfor the general lighting of the room. Theend walls can be illuminated by track-mounted spotlights or washlights, if re-quired. Two rows of recessed downlightsprovide direct light on the table, whichcan serve as the main lighting for a working lunch or dinner, or for people towrite by when slides are being shown.

Secondary luminaires arranged along theside walls provide general lighting withbalanced horizontal and vertical compo-nents. The luminaire design, which har-monizes with the geometry of the spacemakes for optimum control of direct andreflected glare. Two rows of downlights forrecessed mounting in the ceiling providedirect, prestigious light on the table,which can serve as the main lighting fora working lunch or dinner, or for peopleto write by when slides are being shown.Track-mounted spotlights in front ofthe end walls can be used to accentuatevisual aids.

208


Wall-mounted ceilingwashlight for halogenlamps.

Recessed downlight for halogen lamps orgeneral service lamps.

Recessed downlight forlow-voltage lamps.

Integral secondaryluminaire for fluore-scent lamps.



Direct-indirect luminaires suspendedabove the table provide ambient lightingin line with the layout or the officefurniture. Downlights arranged along theside walls brighten the overall environ-ment. The end walls can receive additionallighting via wallwashers; luminairesalong the side walls can be dimmed toprovide lower lighting levels, for example,for people to write by when slides arebeing shown.

209

Pendant direct-indirect luminaire forfluorescent lamps.

Recessed wallwasherfor fluorescent lamps.

Recessed downlight for halogen lamps orgeneral service lamps.


The lighting is installed in a suspendedceiling positioned at a set distance to thewalls. The light consists of two rows oflow-voltage downlights, which producespecular effects on the surface of the table.These downlights comprise the mainlighting on representative occasions orlight for people to write by in the case ofslide projections. Above the edge of theceiling there are tracks with washlights forindirect lighting, and spotlights. Thespotlights and the washlights, which havefluorescent lamps, adjacent to the sideand end walls can be switched and dim-med separately.

Washlights provide direct lighting over thetable and ambient lighting by the lightreflected by the walls. The luminaires areequipped with general service lamps,which means that they can be easily dim-med to the required lighting level; the alignment of the lighting to the seatingensures optimum visual comfort. Thepairs of luminaires nearest the end wallscan be switched separately for projectionlighting. Tracks mounted parallel to the endwalls can take spotlights for the illumi-nation of the walls or presentations.

210

Track with spotlightsand wallwashers forfluorescent lamps.

Recessed downlightsfor low-voltage lamps.

Downlight for generalservice lamps.



Luminaires equipped with fluorescentlamps and mounted on a suspended lightstructure provide the lighting over the table. Dimmable wallwashers for halogenlamps are mounted on the end sections.Spotlights accentuate points of interest onthe walls. The latter can be dimmedduring slides projections to provide lightto write by.

211

Light structure withlouvred luminares forfluorescent lamps,wallwashers for halo-gen lamps and spot-lights.


General lighting in the conference roomis provided by a series of wallwashers. Downlights equipped with general servicelamps provide light to write by. Tracksmounted parallel to the end walls can takespotlights for the illumination of thewalls or demonstrations.

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4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.9 Auditoriums

4.9 Auditoriums Auditoriums are rooms that can be usedto give a variety of talks or presentations toan audience. They may be used simply for the presentation of special papers, fortalks supported by slide, film or videoprojectors, or overhead projectors, for ex-perimental demonstrations and productpresentations or for podium discussions andseminars. Lighting for auditoriums shouldtherefore be based on a multi-functionalconcept which allows the lighting to be adapted to meet a variety of differentrequirements.

The main feature of the lighting inauditoriums is the functional separation ofspeaker’s platform from the audience. On the speaker’s platform the lighting isfocussed on the speaker, or on the objectsor experiments presented. When overheadfoils, slides, films and videos are shownthe lighting must be reduced – especiallythe vertical lighting on the end wall – soas not to interfere with the projections.

In the area where the audience are seatedthe lighting primarily serves the purpose of orientation and allows people to takenotes. During slide projections and thelike the lighting is reduced to a level forpeople to write by. It is important thatthe lighting should allow eye contact be-tween the speakers and the audience, and between the people in the audience,to allow and promote discussion, inter-action and feedback.

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Recessed wallwashers illuminate the endwall of the auditorium. Downlights thatcan be switched and dimmed separatelyplus a series of singlets for additionalspotlights provide accent lighting on thespeaker’s platform.

The lighting over the seating areaconsists of two components. Downlightsfor compact fluorescent lamps arrangedin a staggered pattern provide ambientlighting during the talk. A series ofdimmable downlights for halogen lampsare arranged between the first setof downlights and provide controllablelighting when slides are being shown.Both luminaire types can be operated se-parately or in unison.

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Recessed downlight-wallwasher for PAR 38reflector lamps.





A row of wallwashers illuminate the endwall. The speaker’s platform is accentuatedby track-mounted spotlights.

Wallwashers arranged along the sidewalls provide light for orientation. There isalso a series of recessed double-focus downlights for halogen lamps arranged ina regular pattern across the ceiling. Thisset provides lighting during the talk andcan be dimmed down to allow people to take notes during slide or video projec-tions.

The ambient lighting in the auditorium is provided by louvred luminaires alignedto the long side walls and a series ofdimmable downlights in alternate rowsbetween them. This pattern is continued on the speaker’s platform in a condensedform. The end wall receives additionallighting from a series of wallwashers.Singlets along the side walls can take additional spotlights to accentuate specialpoints of interest, if required.

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Recessed double-focusdownlight for halogenlamps.


Recessed louvred lumi-naire for fluorescentlamps.

Downlight-wallwasherfor general servicelamps.





Two runs of track over the speaker’s areatake wallwashers for the illumination of the end wall and spotlights for accentlighting.

Floor washlights positioned along oneside wall in the auditorium sectionprovide lighting for orientation. The mainlighting is provided by a suspended lightstructure with direct-indirect luminairesfor fluorescent lamps and dimmable downlights for low-voltage halogen lamps.

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Track with spotlightsand wallwashers for halogen lamps.

Suspended light struc-ture with integral direct-indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps and integral downlights for low-voltage halogen lamps.

Wall-mounted floorwashlight for compactfluorescent lamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.10 Canteens

4.10 Canteens Canteens are spaces where large numbersof people are provided with meals. Thefood is generally served from a counter;people eating in canteens are only therefor a short period of time. The lightingdesign concept should also allow for thespace to be used for other functions suchas parties or meetings.

The prime objective is to provide anefficient lighting installation with highaverage illuminance levels. The atmospherein the room should be bright and friendlywith sufficient vertical lighting to make fora communicative atmosphere. It is ad-visable to plan a second component thatcan be switched separately when brilliant,warm white light is required for festivelighting for a party or a large gathering.

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The lighting is provided from a suspendedlight structure. The ambient lighting comes from luminaires for fluorescentlamps mounted beneath the structure.Spotlights are mounted in track below thelight structure to provide accent lightingover the counter.

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Light structure withluminaires for fluores-cent lamps and integraltrack for spotlights.


A staggered arrangement of square louvredluminaires equipped with compact fluo-rescent lamps provide efficient ambientlighting. A series of recessed downlights for halogen lamps arranged alternately be-tween the louvred luminaires create a prestigious atmosphere. The louvred lu-minaires and the downlights canbe switched separately or in unison.

A combination of fluorescent and halogenlighting. The fixtures used are louvredluminaires equipped with conventionalfluorescent lamps and arranged in parallelrows throughout the space. The counterarea is accentuated by positioning the luminaires closer together.

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Recessed louvred luminaire for compactfluorescent lamps.





Efficient, uniform lighting of the canteen is achieved by direct-indirect luminairesequipped with fluorescent lamps and mounted on a suspended light structurearranged in parallel rows throughout the space.

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Suspended light struc-ture with direct-indirectluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.11 Cafés, bistros

4.11 Cafés, bistros The term café, or bistro, covers a varietyof catering establishments that offer aservice somewhere between the functionalcanteen and the up-market restaurant; a spectrum ranging from fast food restau-rant to ice-cream parlours and cafés to bistros. The clientele comprises smallgroups who tend to stay for longerperiods of time, using the establishmentas a meeting place as well as somewhere to eat.

In contrast to the canteen, the lightingrequired in this case is of a more pre-stigious nature, the lighting level on thewhole lower. The interior design and the accentuation of the individual tablesis more important here than efficient,overall lighting. The objective neverthelessis not to produce very low ambientlighting with strongly illuminated and welldefined individual areas (tables); theentire space should be generally bright andfriendly and promote a communicative

atmosphere. The actual lighting designconcept depends to a large extent on therequired atmosphere and the target clien-tele. It may range from uniform lightingconcepts to the integration of dramaticforms of lighting and lighting effects.

Cafés and bistros are open through-out the day, which results in differentlighting requirements by day and by night.It is therefore advisable to develop aconcept that allows different componentsto be switched and dimmed separately, or to include a programmable lightingcontrol system.

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Three rows of track are proposed to runthe length of the space. Wallwashers aremounted on the track nearest the wall,producing reflected light for the ambientlighting. Spotlights are mounted on thetrack aligned with with the position of thetables. The counter is accentuated by arow of decorative downlights installed ina suspended ceiling.

Ceiling-mounted light structure with direct luminaires arranged in a diagonalpattern across the ceiling provides thelighting on the tables. Surface-mounteddownlights accentuate the counter. A series of singlets along one side wall allow the installation of spotlights to pick out focal points.

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Track with spotlightsand wallwashers.


Surface-mounted downlight for halogenlamps.

Surface-mounted lightstructure with directluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.

Singlet for spotlights.


A series of directional spotlights aremounted on installation channels arrangedacross the width of the room. Theseprovide lighting over the individual tablesand accentuate the counter.

Integral directional spotlights arranged in a regular pattern across the ceilingaccentuate the tables. The counter is em-phasized by a linear arrangement ofdecorative downlights.

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Installation channelwith directional low-voltage spotlights.

Integral directionalspotlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.



Recessed wallwashers produce reflectedlight for the general lighting in the space.Recessed double-focus downlightsprovide direct light on the tables. The twocomponents are arranged in a regularpattern. The counter is accentuated bydownlights.

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4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.12 Restaurants

4.12 Restaurants The difference between restaurants andcafés and bistros lies in the quality andrange of food offered and in the atmos-phere. Lunches and dinners comprisingseveral courses mean that guests generallystay for longer periods of time. Peopledining require a pleasant, prestigious at-mosphere in which to enjoy their foodand conversation with friends or businesscolleagues. Guests also require an ele-ment of privacy in a restaurant. The inte-rior furnishings and the lighting shouldbe chosen and designed to limit visualand acoustic disturbance caused by occu-pants in other parts of the room. Eachgroup of guests should have the feelingthat they have their own private space.

The design concept should thereforeaim to provide illumination that allowsthe surroundings, food and guests to beseen in their most favourable light.

The average illuminance level is low, thegeneral lighting gives way to localisedcelebratory lighting of the individual tables.Paintings, plants or other decorativeelements may be accentuated to createpoints of interest in the environment.“Play of brilliance” in the form of candle-light, decorative luminaires or lightsculptures can also be extremely effectivein the restaurant environment.

To meet the different requirements fordaytime and night-time lighting, it isadvisable to develop a concept that allowsthe switching and dimming of differentgroups of luminaires.

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The ambient lighting in the restaurant isprovided by decorative wall-mountedwallwashers. The tables are illuminated byrecessed directional spotlights; decorativerecessed downlights accentuate the barand the entrance area. Uplights locatedbetween the plants project a leafy patternon the ceiling.

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Directional spotlightfor low-voltage halogenlamps.

Uplight for PAR 38 reflector lamps.

Decorative wallmountedceiling washlight forgeneral service lamps.


The indirect general lighting in the entranceand seating area is provided by wall-washers. A regular arrangement of double-focus downlights provide direct lightthroughout the main restaurant area. Asupplementary row of directional spot-lights illuminate the plants between theseated area and the bar. The bar is accentuated by a series of downlights thatfollow the shape of the bar.

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Recessed directionalspotlights for low-voltage halogen lamps.



Indirect general lighting is provided byceiling washlights arranged along the sidewalls. A staggered layout of decorative recessed downlights provides accentlighting on the tables and bar. Track-mounted spotlights illuminate the plantsand entrance area.

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Wall-mounted ceilingwashlight for halogenlamps or general servicelamps.


Track-mountedspotlights.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.13 Multifunctional spaces

4.13 Multifunctional spaces Multifunctional spaces are used as meetingrooms for a variety of events. They can be found in hotels and congress centres,in public buildings and on industrialpremises. They are most frequently usedfor conferences and seminars, but also forreceptions and parties. A multifunctionalspace can often be divided by means ofa removable partition, which allows anumber of small meetings or events to takeplace simultaneously; this requires alighting layout that is symmetrically alignedto the dividing line, in relation to boththe overall space and to the potential in-dividual spaces.

The lighting should be variable tocorrespond to the multifunctional natureof the space. It should be both functionaland prestigious. The lighting installationwill generally comprise several compo-nents, which can be switched or electro-nically controlled separately or in unison.Functional, efficient ambient lighting can

be provided by louvred luminaires equippedwith fluorescent lamps, for example, withadjustable spotlights for the presentationof products or teaching aids and down-lights for general service lamps for accentlighting or dimmed lighting. Dependingon the design of the space, decorative lu-minaires may be used for effect.

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Multifunctional spaces are used fora variety of events. The lighting in thesespaces is not only expected to be func-tional, but also suitable for presentationsand festive occasions. Rooms that can be divided require special attention whendesigning the lighting installation.

Two lighting layouts comprising squarelouvred luminaires designed for compactfluorescent lamps and downlights equippedwith halogen lamps produce both efficientand accentuated, dimmable lighting.

Two runs of track mounted flush withthe ceiling at both ends of the room takespotlights for lighting presentations or astage area. The twin lighting layout allowsthe room to be divided and both partsused separately.

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Seminar.


Double-focus down-light for halogen lamps.


Conference. Gala dinner withindividual tables and buffet.

Gala event withcabaret and dance floor.

Simultaneous use:small party and meeting.


The ambient lighting in the multifunc-tional space is produced by a symmetrical arrangement of luminaires in both parts of the room. Downlights equipped withcompact fluorescent lamps and pairs of double-focus downlights with halogenlamps are arranged in a uniform pattern.The fluorescent downlights provide efficientlighting for functional events, whereasthe dimmable halogendownlights are usedfor lighting festive occasions and providelighting for people to take notes duringslide or video presentations.

Recessed track with spotlights forpresentation lighting or accent lighting.

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Recessed downlightwith cross baffles forcompact fluorescentlamps.

Recessed double-focusdownlight for halogenlamps.



The ambient lighting in the multifunc-tional space is produced by three parallel lines of luminaires that run the length of the room and consist of an alternatingarrangement of louvred luminairesequipped with fluorescent lamps anddownlights with general service lamps.Wallwashers located along the end wallsprovide lighting over the wall surfaces.Four downlights are arranged along thewalls, combined with two singlets for additional spotlights for accent lighting.

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Recessed wallwasherfor general servicelamps.


The lighting is carried on four rectangular,symmetrically aligned suspended lightstructures. The ambient lighting is producedby uplights, with direct light on thetables and floor produced by pairs of down-lights. Spotlights can also be mounted on the structure, if required, to emphasizefocal points on the walls.

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Light structure withuplights designed forcompact fluorescentlamps, downlights forhalogen lamps, andtrack-mounted spot-lights.


Ambient lighting in the multifunctionalspace is produced by indirect luminairesmounted on six linear light structuresinstalled across the width of the space. Downlights for halogen lamps are arran-ged between the suspended structures.These downlights can be dimmed for specialoccasions or for people to take notesduring slide or video presentations. Singletsarranged along the side walls take spot-lights for accent lighting, if required.

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Suspended light struc-ture with indirect luminaires for fluore-scent lamps.




The lighting layout in this multifunctionalspace is based on a regular grid, with downlights illuminating the centre of thespace and washlights arranged along the end walls. The track installed betweenthe rows of luminaires take additionalspotlights for accent lighting. The down-lights and washlights are equipped withhalogen lamps, which makes for a presti-gious atmosphere; individual groups ofluminaires can be dimmed to allow thelighting to be adjusted to different requi-rements.

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Recessed washlight forhalogen lamps.


Track-mounted spotlights.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.14 Museums, showcases

4.14 Museums, showcases In many museums, especially those wherearchaeological, ethnological or scientificinformation is presented, the exhibits areprimarily displayed in showcases. Whendeveloping the lighting design concept theshowcases must be treated as the priority.The architecural lighting in this case is of secondary importance. It is importantto avoid creating competition to theobjects on display by over-accentuatingarchitectural elements in the surroun-dings.

The first task of the lighting is toilluminate the exhibits in accordance withtheir particular qualities. It may be theform or structure, the glossy or transparentquality of surfaces or colour that are ofparticular significance and therefore requirepurposefully designed lighting – this mayinvolve diffuse or accent lighting, orlighting with especially good colour ren-dering qualities.

Apart from pure presentation, curato-rial aspects also play an essential part in the development of the lighting designconcept. Depending on the type of ma-terials that are to be illuminated, choice oflamp, filtering and illuminance controlmust be investigated carefully so as not toaccelerate the damage to the exhibits.Apart from loading damage caused by visiblelight, ultraviolet and infrared radiation,overheating in showcases due to convec-tion is also an aspect to be considered; in the case of sensitive exhibits it may benecessary to install integral luminaires in a separate compartment of the showcase.

The recommended illuminance formuseum lighting is 150 lx. This value refersto the lighting of oil paintings and a largenumber of other materials. Less sensitivematerials, such as stone and metal, can be subjected to higher illuminances; toensure that the contrast to adjacent spacesthat are lit at a lower illuminance level is not too strong, it is advisable to take300 lx as the limit. In the case of highlysensitive materials, especially books, water-colour paintings or textiles 50 lx shouldbe regarded as the maximum; this requirescareful balancing of the exhibitionlighting and the ambient lighting, thelatter being considerably lower.

When lighting showcases it is especiallyimportant to avoid reflected glareon horizontal and vertical glass surfaces.Careful attention must be paid to thepositioning and direction of luminaireswhen illuminating the showcase from theoutside. Potential reflected glare throughwindows should also be taken into account and, if necessary, eliminated bythe provision of adequate shielding (e.g. vertical blinds).

High showcases can be illuminated withthe aid of lighting components integratedinto the case soffit. Transparent materials – e. g. glassware – can be illuminated bylighting integrated into the base of theshowcase. As light sources, halogen lampsare generally used for accent lightingand compact fluorescent lamps for wide-area lighting. Fibre optic systems can alsobe of value if thermal load and danger to exhibits due to lamps inside the casesare to be avoided, or if the showcase di-mensions do not allow the installation ofconventional luminaires.

In addition to integral showcaselighting separate ambient lighting is inva-riably required. Depending on the requi-red atmosphere and the illuminance laiddown in curatorial stipulations ambientlighting may range from a lighting leveljust above the level of the showcaselighting down to orientation light producedby spill light from the showcases.

When lighting showcases from the out-side, exhibition lighting and the ambientlighting both come from the ceiling. Thisform of lighting is especially suitable forglass showcases and flat display casesviewed from above, where it is not possibleto integrate luminaires inside the cases.Both daylight and general lighting can con-tribute towards the illumination ofexhibits, as can light from spotlights, allrequiring consideration in the accentua-tion of specific objects. The lighting layoutmust be related to the position of the showcases to avoid reflected glare.Fixed luminaires can only be used incombination with fixed showcases, forexample; in spaces where temporaryexhibitions are held it is advisable to choosean adjustable lighting system, e.g. track-mounted spotlights.

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The lighting in the tall showcases is pro-duced by integral luminaires. Recessed downlights provide ambient lighting andlighting for the flat display cases. The downlights have a narrow beam spreadfor better control of reflections on theglass surfaces of the cases.

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Downlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.

Accent lighting insidethe showcase is pro-vided by recessed low-voltage directionalspotlights. The lumi-naires are equippedwith covered reflectorlamps to avoid dangerto the exhibits.

Showcase lightingusing spotlights. Theshowcase is shielded by a filter attachmentand an anti-dazzlescreen. The upper sec-tion of the showcasecan be ventilated sepa-rately.

Wide-beam lighting ofthe showcase using awashlight for compactfluorescent lamps orhalogen lamps.

Recessed downlight for incandescent lampsor halogen lamps.


Lighting of glass showcases. A series of spotlights are mounted on a suspendedlight structure. This solution also providesambient lighting.

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Showcase lighting usinga fibre optic system.One central light sourcesupplies a number of light heads. Integrallighting of this kindcan be installed in thesmallest of spaces.

Track-mounted spot-lights. The spotlightscan be equipped withfilters to reduce UVand IR radiation, or witha variety of anti-dazzlescreens to limit glare.


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Identifying the “forbid-den zones” for verticalreflecting surfaces.Windows must also betaken into account andshielded, if necessary.

Identifying the “forbid-den zones” for horizon-tal reflecting surfaces.No lamp luminancesshould be reproducedon the reflecting surfa-ces from these areas of the ceiling. It isacceptable to positionluminaires in theseareas, provided theyare directed or shieldedso as not to produceglare effects.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.14 Museums, galleries

4.15 Museums, galleries In contrast to museums which primarilyexhibit objects in showcases, in gallerieswhere paintings and sculptures areon display architectural lighting is also anessential part of the lighting designconcept. In both historical buildings andmodern museums the architecture isfrequently in competition with the exhibits.The objective of the lighting designconcept will usually be to continue tobalance the importance of the art to thearchitecture.

Museums frequently also use daylightas well as artificial lighting. The lightingdesign concept must aim to control thedaylight and coordinate the natural lightwith the artificial lighting. Daylight can be controlled by the architecture to a cer-tain extent; supplementary devices andequipment may be necessary to controlilluminance in accordance with specificcuratorial stipulations. Electronic controlsystems are now available that allowcombined control of incident daylight usingadjustable louvres as well as the artificiallighting, when daylight is excessive or in-adequate. The lighting system shouldprovide appropriate levels of illuminanceat all times of day and night.

The exhibits to be illuminated aremainly paintings and drawings on the wallsand sculptures in the centre of the spaces.The works of art on the walls can be illu-minated by uniform wall lighting providedby wallwashers or accent lighting usingspotlights. In both cases it is imperative tomake sure that the angle of incidence hasbeen calcuated correctly to avoid distur-bing reflections on glass or shiny surfaces.An angle of incidence of 30° to the ver-tical (angle of incidence for museums) hasbeen proven to be a good guideline,because it handles reflected glare, illumi-nance and frame shadows optimally.Sculptures generally require directed lightto reveal their three-dimensional qualityand surface structure. They are usually il-luminated by spotlights or recesseddirectional spotlights.

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The lighting installation consists of asuspended light structure with uplightsproviding indirect ambient lighting andwallwashers providing direct lighting ofthe walls.

Daylit museum with a luminous ceiling.Wallwashers mounted parallel to the lumi-nous ceiling supplement daylight andprovide lighting in the hours after dark.Track-mounted spotlights allow addi-tional accent lighting.

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Light structure withuplights for compactfluorescent lamps or halogen lamps andwallwashers forPAR 38 reflector lamps.


Wallwasher for fluore-scent lamps.


The lighting of a historical museum buil-ding. As it is not permissible to mount luminaires on the walls or ceiling, thelighting is produced by free-standingwashlights which provide lighting of the walls and the ceiling.

Luminaires mounted on the cornice con-sist of a wallwasher component and aprismatic louvre in the upper part of theluminaire, which directs light onto theceiling.

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Free-standingwashlight for halogenlamps.

Museum luminaire for fluorescent lamps,equipped with awallwasher reflectorand prismatic louvre for the lighting of the ceiling.


The lighting is installed in a suspendedceiling and positioned at a specific distancefrom the walls. Wallwashers are mountedon track behind the edge of the suspendedceiling; the alternating arrangement ofwallwashers for halogen lamps and fluore-scent lamps means it is possible to pro-duce different lighting levels and lightingqualities on the walls. Recessed direc-tional spotlights are installed in the suspen-ded ceiling for the lighting of sculptures.

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Wallwasher for halogenlamps and wallwasherfor fluorescent lamps,both track-mounted.

Recessed directionalspotlight for reflectorlamps.


The lighting is provided by a rectangulararrangement of wallwashers for fluores-cent lamps, supplemented by a regulararrangment of downlights for halogenlamps. A series of singlets allow additionalaccent lighting using spotlights.

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Wallwasher for fluore-scent lamps.




Wallwashers arranged parallel to the walls provide lighting of the walls. Trackinstalled in a square in the central areatakes spotlights for accent lighting.

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Museum lighting based on a luminous ceiling illuminated using fluorescent lamps.Track runs around the edges of the lumi-nous ceiling and crosswise across the cei-ling. This allows the lighting to be supple-mented by spotlights and washlights, asrequired.

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Track-mounted spot-lights and washlights.


The lighting is installed on recessed trackarranged in two superimposed rectangles.The outer track takes wallwashers forthe uniform lighting of the walls, the innertrack spotlights for the accentuationof sculptures. The alternating arrangementof wallwashers for halogen lamps andfluorescent lamps means it is possible toproduce different lighting levels andlighting qualities on the walls.

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Wallwasher for halogenlamps and wallwasherfor fluorescent lamps,both track-mounted.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.16 Vaulted ceilings

4.16 Vaulted ceilings Vaulted ceilings are usually found in historical buildings. As a rule, one of themain tasks of the lighting, therefore, is to express the architectural design and architectural elements, e.g. by illumina-ting the structure of the ceiling or thefrescos. The design concept will incor-porate indirect or direct-indirect lighting,which will in turn serve to illuminate thearchitecture and provide ambient lighting.

Since penetration of the historicalceiling surfaces is to be avoided, integrallighting or systems that are complicatedto install are out of the question. Thelighting is therefore generally installed onpillars and walls or, alternatively, isapplied in the form of pendant luminairesand light structures.

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A square suspended light structure withuplights for indirect lighting is installed in each vault. Spotlights can be mountedon the lower part of the structure for accent lighting.

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Light structure withuplights for halogenlamps and track-mounted spotlights.


The vaulted ceiling is illuminated by com-bined up/downlight luminaires mountedon the pillars. Each free-standing pillar hasfour luminaires and each pilaster oneluminaire. This provides sufficient ambientlighting to make the architecture visible,and for visitors’ and users’ orientation.

When only indirect, uniform lighting of thevaulted ceiling is required this can beachieved using ceiling washlights mountedon the pillars. If installation on the pillarspresents a problem, free-standing lumi-naires can be used.

Groups of four ceiling washlights are mounted on a suspended light structureinstalled on the central axis of the vaults.These washlights provide indirect lighting.Spotlights can be mounted on the lowerpart of the structure for accent lightingpurposes.

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Light structure withpairs of ceiling wash-lights for halogen lampsplus track-mountedspotlights.

Free-standing orwallmounted ceilingwashlights for halogenlamps or metal halidelamps.

Combined up and downlight for halogenlamps.

4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.17 Sales areas, boutiques

4.17 Sales areas, boutiques When developing lighting design conceptsfor boutiques or similar sales areas thetasks that require attention are accentlighting for the presentation of goods, anattractive entrance area, and ambientlighting. The lighting of the cash-desk asa workplace should be treated separately.

In general it can be stated that the level of lighting increases with the qualityof the goods and the more exclusive thelocation; at the same time the generallighting is reduced in favour of differen-tiated lighting. Cheaper articles can be displayed under uniform, efficientlighting, whereas high-quality goods re-quire presentation using accent lighting.

As opposed to standard installed loads of15W/m2 for ambient and accent lightingrespectively, the connected load with highlevels of accent lighting may amount toover 60 W/m2.

The lighting design concept will fre-quently go beyond the standard reper-toire of lighting effects and luminaires inorder to create a characteristic atmos-phere. Dramatic lighting effects, such ascoloured light or projection lighting, are also possible, as are distinctive lightstructures or decorative luminaires.

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The ambient lighting in the boutique isprovided by a group of six recessed down-lights; low-voltage downlights arrangedclosely together accentuate the entrance“welcome mat”. Track-mounted spotlightsprovide accent lighting in shop-windows,on shelves and for displays. The cash-desk, treated as a workplace, is additionallyilluminated by a track-mounted spotlight,making it easier for customers to find.

The lighting of the boutique is based on a regular layout, in which two componentsare arranged in a staggered pattern. Thedownlight component provides uniformambient lighting, the second componentconsists of pairs of directional spotlightsfor accent lighting of the shelves and dis-plays. The shop-window displays are il-luminated separately using track-mountedspotlights.

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Recessed downlight formetal halide lamps.

Track with spotlightsfor metal halide lampsand low-voltage halo-gen lamps.

Recessed directionalspotlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.





This project has been given an architecturallighting concept. Integral directionalwashlights are mounted in a suspendedceiling installed around the walls. In thecentral area are a series of light structuresarranged parallel to each other withintegral, indirect luminaires. Spotlights arefitted in the track for accent lighting of garments and cash-desk. Shop-windowdisplays are illuminated by track-mountedspotlights.

Directional spotlights are recessed into an L-shaped suspending ceiling to produceaccent lighting on the walls. A doubleportal comprising a lattice beam structurewith integral track is a main feature in the boutique and takes spotlights toaccentuate displays. Shop-windowdisplays are illuminated by track-mountedspotlights.

In the centre of the area lens projec-tors create special lighting effects on thewall or floor (e.g. coloured beams of light,patterns or a company logo). A series ofdownlights accentuate the entrance areaand create a “welcome mat” effect.

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Light structure withintegral indirect lumi-naires for fluorescentlamps and spotlightsmounted on integraltrack.


Recessed directionalwallwasher for metalhalide lamps, high-pressure sodium lampsor halogen lamps.

Recessed directionalspotlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.

Lattice beam structurewith integral track for the mounting ofspotlights and lensprojectors.

Downlight for low-voltage halogen lamps.



The ambient lighting in the boutique isprovided by two light structures runningthe length of the space and equippedwith indirect luminaires for the lighting ofthe shallow ceiling vaults. Three runs oftrack are recessed in the ceiling parallel tothe light structures and take spotlightsfor accent lighting on shelves and displays.Two groups of six directional spotlightsprovide accent lighting in the shop-window.

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Light structure withindirect luminaires forfluorescent lamps.

Directional spotlightfor low-voltage halogen lamps.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.18 Sales areas, counters

4.18 Sales areas, counters Sales areas where customers are served bystaff at counters are mainly found inretail outlets where customers require con-sultation, e.g. a jeweller’s shop. Thecounter itself creates a dividing elementin the space, the resulting areas eachrequiring their own lighting. The main cir-culation area requires general lighting.Shelves or showcases require vertical dis-play lighting, the counter itself glare-freehorizontal lighting.

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The lighting is mounted on a suspendedlight structure. Ambient lighting is providedby indirect luminaires. Spotlights moun-ted on the structure accentuate shelvesand counter; spotlights mounted on aseparate track provide direct lighting inthe shop-window.

Recessed downlights with various beamangles illuminate the entrance and thecounter. The shelves are accentuated bydirectional floodlights and directionalspotlights; track-mounted spotlights pro-vide direct lighting in the shop-window.

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Recessed directionalspotlight for halogenlamps.


Directional floodlightfor compact fluorescentlamps.

Light structure withindirect luminaires for fluorescent lamps,and spotlights.



The lighting is mounted in a U-shaped installation channel. Symmetrical louvredluminaires provide the ambient lighting,asymmetrical louvred luminaires the ver-tical lighting of the shelves, and additionaldirectional spotlights accent lighting onspecial offers. Track-mounted spotlightsprovide direct lighting in the shop-window.

The lighting is mounted on a suspendedlight structure. Panels are inserted in thestructure above the counter which take decorative downlights. Spotlights are usedto accentuate shelves and focal points on the walls. Spotlights mounted on a se-parate track provide direct lighting in the shop-window.

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Installation channelwith direct lightingfrom recessed louvredluminaires for fluore-scent lamps and directional spotlightsfor low-voltage halo-gen lamps.



Light structure withpanels, decorativerecessed downlights forlow-voltage halogenlamps and tracks withspotlights for low-voltage halogen lamps.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.19 Administration buildings,

public areas

4.19 Administration buildings, public areas

Spaces where office space and publicareas meet can be found in a wide varietyof buildings: local authorities, insurancecompanies or banks. There is usually acounter or a row of individual countersbetween the public area and the officespace.

Both room areas and the counter area itself require specific lighting. Thelighting in the public area can be compa-red with that in a lobby, whereas thelighting in the office area must meet therequirements of the workplaces. It is ad-visable that the lighting over the counter

matches the shape and marks it clearly. If direct access is available from the street– as is often the case with banks – the lighting of the entrance area must betreated as a separate lighting entity.

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public areas

The public area is illuminated by a stag-gered layout of downlights. The entrancearea is illuminated separately, also bydownlights. Lighting for the office area isprovided by square louvred luminiaresarranged in a regular pattern across theceiling. A light structure with direct louvred luminaires is suspended above theservice counter; task lights provide addi-tional lighting on the information desk.Spotlights mounted on the light structureaccentuate focal points.

260




Light structure withlouvred luminaires for fluorescent lampsand spotlights.



public areas

The public area is illuminated by wash-lights, with additional downlights accen-tutating the entrance. The office area isilluminated by a staggered arrangementof louvred luminaires. A light structurewith direct-indirect louvred luminaires issuspended above the counter.

261


Light structure with direct-indirect louvredluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.

Recessed washlight forhalogen lamps.



public areas

Pairs of combined up/downlights are in-stalled along the one side wall. They provideindirect light and the beams of light theyproduce subdivide the wall. Downlights positioned in front of thecounter produce increased illuminance.Decorative downlights create a “welcomemat” effect in the entrance area. A lightstructure with luminaires equipped withfluorescent lamps is suspended above thecounter. The office area is illuminated by a staggered arrangement of downlightswith cross baffles.

262

Light structure withluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.


Wall-mounted com-bined up/downlight forPAR 38 reflector lamps.

Recessed downlightwith cross baffles forcompact fluorescentlamps.



public areas

The indirect lighting in the public area isprovided by ceiling washlights. A series ofdownlights in the entrance area create a“welcome mat” effect. A suspended ceiling with integral downlights followsthe course of the counter. The office areais illuminated by a light structure arran-ged diagonally to the main axis and fittedwith direct-indirect louvred luminaires.

263


Wall-mounted ceilingwashlight for halogenlamps.

Light structure with direct-indirect louvredluminaires for fluore-scent lamps.


4.0 Examples of lighting concepts4.20 Exhibitions

4.20 Exhibitions A frequent task of exhibition lighting is to create defined presentation area withina larger space. This kind of lighting isfrequently required in halls or pavilions attrade fairs, at airports and other travelterminals. Such areas are used for the ex-hibition of specific products in depart-ment stores or car showrooms, or even forfashion shows in hotels or congresscentres.

Since it is usually a case of providingtemporary lighting, sometimes onlyfor a few days, it is advisable to go for ademountable, adaptable construction on which to install the lighting. Modularlattice beam structures meet theserequirements best. They can be erectedirrespective of the surrounding archi-tecture, and varied in size and shape dueto their modular construction. It is mostcustomary to use load-bearing structuresonto which luminaires can be mountedmechanically. Structures with integral trackare practical because they save having to wire the structure; integral track allowsa large number of luminaires to bemounted and controlled easily.

Power tripods present an especially ver-satile solution, which allows lighting tobe set up quickly and easily.

As in the case of all exhibitionlighting accent lighting is by far the moreimportant component; ambient lightingthat also serves as the base lighting for thesurrounding architecture is usually onlyrequired on stands at trade fairs. Spotlightsand projectors are the luminaires mostcommonly used. They produce direct lightand excellent colour rendering, whichemphasises the qualities of the materialson display. Stage effects can also be used for presentation lighting, e.g. colouredlight or projections; the lighting designmay consist of a comprehensive range ofdesign possibilities – irrespective of thesetting or the objects being presented.

264


The lighting is mounted on a wide-spanlight structure with textile ceiling elements.The structure takes direct luminairesdesigned for fluorescent lamps and smalldecorative lamps and spotlights foraccent lighting.

265

Wide-span light struc-ture with luminairesfor fluorescent lamps, small decorative lampsand track-mountedspotlights.


Spotlights mounted on a power tripodsmake for variable exhibition lighting.

The lighting is installed on a double portalframe structure comprising lattice beamswith integral tracks aligned diagonally tothe presentation space. Spotlights andprojectors are used for striking accentlighting, clearly defined beams and goboprojections.

266

Power tripod withspotlights.

Lens projectors andspotlights mounted onlattice beams withintegral tracks.


The lighting is installed on a freestanding,wide-span structure comprising latticebeams with integral tracks. Spotlights andprojectors are used for striking accentlighting and clearly defined beams andgobo projections.

267

Lens projectors andspotlights mounted on lattice beams with integral tracks.

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5.0 AppendixAcknowledgements

AcknowledgementsGraphic material

Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte17 Shop window lighting using gas light

CAT Software GmbH165 Illuminance distribution165 Luminance distribution

Daidalos 27. Lichtarchitektur. March 198823 Wassili Luckhardt: Crystal on the

sphere23 Van Nelle tobacco factory, Rotterdam

Deutsches Museum, Munich20 Goebel lamps

ERCO24 Ambient light25 Focal glow25 Play of brilliance

Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwick-lungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ILS (Hrsg.): Licht im Hoch- undStädtebau. Band 3.021. S. 17. Dortmund198013 The influence of light on northern and

southern architectural forms

Addison Kelly116 Richard Kelly

William M. C. Lam: Sunlighting asFormgiver for Architecture. New York(Van Nostrand Reinhold) 1986117 William Lam

Osram photo archives20 Heinrich Goebel

Correspondence Course Lighting Applica-tion. Vol. 2. History of Light and Lighting.Eindhoven 198413 Brass oil lamp15 Christiaan Huygens15 Isaac Newton17 Carl Auer v. Welsbach18 Jablochkoff arc lamps20 Joseph Wilson Swan20 Thomas Alva Edison21 Theatre foyer lit by Moore lamps23 Joachim Teichmüller

Henry Plummer: Poetics of Light.In: Architecture and Urbanism. 12. 198712 Sunlight architecture

Michael Raeburn (Hrsg.): Baukunst desAbendlandes. Eine kulturhistorische Doku-mentation über 2500 Jahre Architektur.Stuttgart 198212 Daylight architecture

Ernst Rebske: Lampen, Laternen, Leuchten.Eine Historie der Beleuchtung. Stuttgart(Franck) 196216 Lighthouse lighting using Fresnel

lenses and Argand burners17 Drummond’s limelight19 Siemens arc lamp, 186820 Swan lamp

Wolfgang Schivelbusch: Lichtblicke.Zur Geschichte der künstlichen Helligkeitim 19. Jhdt. München (Hanser) 198318 Arc lighting at the Place de la Concorde22 American lighthouse

Trilux: Lichter und Leuchter. Entwicklungs-geschichte eines alten Kulturgutes. Arns-berg 198714 Lamps and burners developed in the

2. half of the 19. century15 Paraffin lamp with Argand burner16 Fresnel lenses and Argand burner17 Incandescent mantle as invented by

Auer v. Welsbach18 Hugo Bremer’s arc lamp20 Edison lamps21 Low-pressure mercuy vapour lamp

developed Cooper-Hewitt

Ullstein Bilderdienst16 Augustin Jean Fresnel

Sigrid Wechssler-Kümmel: Schöne Lam-pen, Leuchter und Laternen. Heidelberg,München 196213 Greek oil lamp

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13. examples of lighting concepts

Documents