avsh - eb mm ipb 20081 bahan kuliah tm 3 etika bisnis isu-isu etika bisnis dosen: prof.dr.ir.aida...

AVSH - EB MM IPB 2008AVSH - EB MM IPB 2008 11

Bahan Kuliah Bahan Kuliah TM 3TM 3

ETIKA BISNIS ETIKA BISNIS

ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS

Dosen: Prof.Dr.Ir.Aida Vitayala Hubeis

Email: [email protected]


TUJUAN PEMBAHASANTUJUAN PEMBAHASANMahasiswa mampu menjelaskan Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan

pengertian,pendekatan, prinsip, peran dan pengertian,pendekatan, prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab pebisnis manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab pebisnis

tidak beretika dalam berbisnistidak beretika dalam berbisnis

SUB POKOK BAHASANSUB POKOK BAHASAN

1.1. Isu General Etika BisnisIsu General Etika Bisnis2.2. Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis 3. Isu-isu etika dan Pendekatannya

POKOK BAHASANPOKOK BAHASANISU-ISU ETIKA BISNISISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS


Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan falsafah bisnis falsafah bisnis (Philosophy of business)(Philosophy of business) dimana salahsatu tujuannya adalah dimana salahsatu tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar dari suatu menentukan maksud-maksud dasar dari suatu perusahaan. perusahaan.

Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat dilihat sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu dilihat sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu perusahaan di dalam konteks perusahaan di dalam konteks mempertimbangkan kepentingan dan hak-hak mempertimbangkan kepentingan dan hak-hak pihak lainnyapihak lainnya

Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis


Isu-1: Corporate Social Responsibility atau CSRCSR merupakan suatu istilah dimana letak hak

dan kewajiban yang bersifat etika antara perusahaan dan masyarakat diperdebatkan,

Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis

Isu-2: Professional ethicsIsu-2: Professional ethicsEtika pEtika profesional mencakup keragaman/banyak rofesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan fenomena prmasalah dan fenomena praaktik etika bisnis yang ktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi yang spesifik atau timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal

(accounting scandals) (accounting scandals) ..


Etika dari Etika dari Human Resource ManagementHuman Resource Management (HRM) (HRM) mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi

antara the employer-employee (majikan-antara the employer-employee (majikan-pegawai), seperti hak-hak dan kewajiban yang pegawai), seperti hak-hak dan kewajiban yang

dimiliki oleh masing-masing. dimiliki oleh masing-masing.

Isu-3: Ethics of human resource Isu-3: Ethics of human resource managementmanagement

CONTOH: CONTOH: isu-isu isu-isu discriminationdiscrimination termasuk diskiminasi termasuk diskiminasi

berdasar usia (berdasar usia (ageismageism), gender, ras, agama, ), gender, ras, agama, disability peopledisability people/penyandang cacat, berat /penyandang cacat, berat badan dan penampilan, sexual harrassment. badan dan penampilan, sexual harrassment.

Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: pekerja dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: union union busting, strike breaking.busting, strike breaking.

Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja >> karyawan/pekerja >> workplace surveillance, workplace surveillance, drug testingdrug testing..


Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketingmarketing

Etika pemasaran tumpangtindih secara ketat dengan media ethics, karena pemasaran menggunakan

media besar-besaran. Namun, media ethics adalah suatu topik besar dan di luar cakupan etika bisnis

(Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price (Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimmingskimming))..

• Pemasaran yang jauh melampaui informasi utama tentang produk dan akses ke suatu

produk akan mencari celah memanipulasi nilai-nilai dan perilaku orang/konsumen

Pada taraf tertentu masyarakat dapat menerimanya, tapi dimana garis etika

ditetapkan?


Isu-5: Ethics of productionIsu-5: Ethics of production

Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan. proses produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.

Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu muncul dari fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu

derajad bahaya dalam suatu produk atau proses derajad bahaya dalam suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit untuk mendefinisikan produksi dan sangat sulit untuk mendefinisikan

suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan, atau derajad suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan, atau derajad pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada perubahan pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada perubahan

kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan persepsi kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan persepsi sosial atau penerimaaan tingkat resiko.sosial atau penerimaaan tingkat resiko.


Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skillsknowledge & skills

Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan sesuatu yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak sesuatu yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak mudah menjadi obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan. mudah menjadi obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan.

Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih besar terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan besar terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan yang melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu yang melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu sendiri.sendiri.

Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau perusahaan yang menemukan dan perusahaan yang menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi medis dari tanaman mengembangkan potensi medis dari tanaman tersebut yang memiliki hak inelektual?tersebut yang memiliki hak inelektual?

Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak kepemilikan dan etika bisnis hak kepemilikan dan etika bisnis menimbulkan perselisihan tentang menimbulkan perselisihan tentang kepemilikan tersebut (HAKI) kepemilikan tersebut (HAKI)

Batik, Tempe, Tahu, patung bali.Batik, Tempe, Tahu, patung bali.


Isu-isu Teoritis dalam Etika Bisnis

1. 1. Konflik Kepentingan Konflik Kepentingan Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam

perspektif, termasuk perspektif karyawan, perspektif, termasuk perspektif karyawan, perusahaan komersial, dan masyarakat sebagai perusahaan komersial, dan masyarakat sebagai suatu keseluruhan.suatu keseluruhan.

Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik antara satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan antara satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan terhadap kepentingan satu pihak adalah terhadap kepentingan satu pihak adalah merugikan/merusak kepentingan pihak lain.merugikan/merusak kepentingan pihak lain. ssebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu ebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu

mungkin sangat menguntungkan karyawan, mungkin sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak buruk bagi perusahaan atau tetapi berdampak buruk bagi perusahaan atau bagi masyarakat, atau kebalikannyabagi masyarakat, atau kebalikannyaMenurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA “PERAN UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI PENYEIMBANG dan ADALAH SEBAGAI PENYEIMBANG dan REKONSILIASI KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN REKONSILIASI KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN ( Henry Sidgwick) ( Henry Sidgwick)


Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business in society. a business in society. For example, some suggest that the principal For example, some suggest that the principal

purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. its shareholders.

Thus, under this view, only those activities that Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. encouraged.

Some believe that the only companies that are likely Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. place profit maximization above everything else.

However, some point out that self interest would still However, some point out that self interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. company reputation.

The economist The economist Milton FriedmanMilton Friedman was a leading was a leading proponent of this view.proponent of this view.

Ethical issues and approaches Ethical issues and approaches (1)(1)


Other theorists contend that a business has moral Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the duties that extend well beyond serving the

interests of its owners or stockholders, and that interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying these duties consist of more than simply obeying

the law. the law.

They believe a business has moral responsibilities They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called to so-called stakeholders,stakeholders, people who have an people who have an

interest in the conduct of the business, which might interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local include employees, customers, vendors, the local

community, or even society as a whole. community, or even society as a whole.

They would say that stakeholders have certain They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, rights with regard to how the business operates,

and some would even suggest that this even and some would even suggest that this even includes rights of governance.includes rights of governance.



Some theorists have adapted Some theorists have adapted social contract social contract theory to theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic associations, and employees and other stakeholders are associations, and employees and other stakeholders are given voice over a company's operations. given voice over a company's operations.

This approach has become especially popular This approach has become especially popular subsequent to the revival of contract theory in subsequent to the revival of contract theory in political political philosophyphilosophy, which is largely due to John Rawis' , which is largely due to John Rawis' A Theory A Theory of Justiceof Justice, and the advent of the consensus-oriented , and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the approach to solving business problems, an aspect of the ““quality movementquality movement" that emerged in the 1980s. " that emerged in the 1980s.



Contract TheoryContract Theory

Professors Professors Thomas DonaldsonThomas Donaldson and and Thomas DunfeeThomas Dunfee proposed a version of contract theory for business, proposed a version of contract theory for business, which they call which they call Integrative Social Contracts TheoryIntegrative Social Contracts Theory. .

They posit that conflicting interests are best They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by formulating a "fair agreement" resolved by formulating a "fair agreement" between the parties, using a combination of:between the parties, using a combination of: macro-principles that all rational people would macro-principles that all rational people would

agree upon as universal principles, and, agree upon as universal principles, and, micro-principles formulated by actual micro-principles formulated by actual

agreements among the interested parties. agreements among the interested parties. Critics say the proponents of contract theories Critics say the proponents of contract theories miss a central point, namely, that a business is miss a central point, namely, that a business is someone's property and not a mini-state or a someone's property and not a mini-state or a means of distributing social justice.means of distributing social justice.


Ethical issues can arise when companies must Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. with varying practices.

The question arises, for example, ought a company The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? country in which it does business?

To illustrate, United States law forbids companies To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labor, problems can occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws.and environmental protection laws.


Business ethics in the Business ethics in the fieldfield

Corporate ethics policies Corporate ethics policies As part of more comprehensive As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics compliance and ethics

programsprograms, many companies have formulated internal , many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees. policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees.

These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly-These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highly-generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics statement), or they can be more detailed policies, statement), or they can be more detailed policies, containing specific behavioral requirements (typically containing specific behavioral requirements (typically called corporate ethics codes). called corporate ethics codes).

They are generally meant to identify the company's They are generally meant to identify the company's expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling some of the more common ethical problems that might some of the more common ethical problems that might arise in the course of doing business. arise in the course of doing business.

It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater ethical awareness, consistency in application, and the ethical awareness, consistency in application, and the avoidance of ethical disasters.avoidance of ethical disasters.


To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that an ethics policy should be:an ethics policy should be:

Given the unequivocal support of top Given the unequivocal support of top management, by both word and example. management, by both word and example.

Explained in writing and orally, with periodic Explained in writing and orally, with periodic reinforcement. reinforcement.

Doable....something employees can both Doable....something employees can both understand and perform (able to be done or understand and perform (able to be done or achieved). achieved).

Monitored by top management, with routine Monitored by top management, with routine inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do something) and improvement. something) and improvement.

Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the case of disobedience. case of disobedience.

Remain neutral and nonsexist. Remain neutral and nonsexist.


Ethics officersEthics officers

Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business conduct officers") have been appointed formally by conduct officers") have been appointed formally by organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for the creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption the creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption and abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry and abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry at that time. at that time.

This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII), a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical (DII), a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical business practices. The DII set an early benchmark for business practices. The DII set an early benchmark for ethics management in corporations. In 1991, ethics management in corporations. In 1991, the Ethics & the Ethics & Compliance Officer AssociationCompliance Officer Association (ECOA) -- originally the (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the Center for Business Ethics Center for Business Ethics (at Bentley College, Waltham, (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a professional association for those responsible for MA) as a professional association for those responsible for managing organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best managing organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices. The membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now practices. The membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now has over 1,100 members) and was soon established as an has over 1,100 members) and was soon established as an independent organization.independent organization.


1. Stakeholders concept vs Sharegolder concept. 2. Hostile take-overs vs Industrial espionage (Ethical issues

concerning relations between different companies) 3. Corporate governance vs Political Contributions made by

corporations (Leadership issues)4. Corporate Manslaughter ( Law reform, such as the ethical

debate over introducing a crime of) 5. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing

instruments

TUGAS KELOMPOKIssues regarding the moral rights and duties

between a company and its shareholders

The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments


1. Amartya Sen. 1991 . On Ethics & Economics. Basil Blackwell Ltd. UK

2. A.Sonny Keraf. 1998 . Etika Bisnis. Pustaka Filsafat. Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta

3. Ketut Rinjin. 2004 . Etika Bisnis dan Implementasinya. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta

4. Laura Hartman, Burr Ridge, 2004. Perspectives in Business Ethics,, IL: McGraw-Hill.

5. Robby I.Chandra. 1995 . Etika Dunia Bisnis. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.

6. Sterling Harwood, Belmont, CA, 1996. Business as Ethical and Business as Usual, : Wadsworth Publishing.

7. Sudiro Suprapto. 2005. Etika : Rahasia Sukses Manajer Masa Depan. Progres. Jakarta.

BAHAN BACAAN

avsh - eb mm ipb 20081 bahan kuliah tm 3 etika bisnis isu-isu etika bisnis dosen: prof.dr.ir.aida...

Documents