aviation meteorology›абораторні роботи/weather... · approved by the national...

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

Yu. A. Averyanova, V. P. Kharchenko,

F.J. Yanovsky

AVIATION METEOROLOGY

AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS

METHOD GUIDE

KYIV 2007

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UDC 656.7.052:551.501.3(076.5)

ББК 0571.7 я 7

A 95

Reviewed by: V. Kolotusha, Ph.D., associated professor, Ukrainian State

Enterprise “Ukraeroruh”; S. Ishchenko, Ph.D., professor, Chef of the

Department of Aerodynamics

Consultant in English A. Akmaldinova, Ph.D., professor

Approved by the National Aviation University Editorial Board on March,

1, 2007.

Averyanova Yu.A., Kharchenko V.P., Yanovsky F.Y.

А95 Aviation meteorology. Aviation weather reports: Method guide/–

K.: NAU,2007.- 80 p.

The method guide includes information that helps students to master some

principles of weather service of flight. Such as reading and understanding

meteorological information in the formats METAR, TAF, GAMET, AIRMET,

SIGMET and other.

The guide meets the requirements of the curricula for students of

specialties 6.100118 “Systems of Aeronavigation Service”, 6. 100109 “Air

Traffic Service” within the English Language Project implemented at NAU.

Авер’янова Ю.А., Харченко В.П., Яновський Ф.Й.

Авіаційна метеорологія. Авіаційні метеорологічні коди:

Навчально-методичний посібник (англійською мовою) .- К.:НАУ, 2007. -

80 с.

Вміщує інформацію, що допомагає студентам оволодіти деякими

принципами метеорологічного забезпечення міжнародної аеронавігації, а

саме навчитися читати та розуміти метеорологічну інформацію у кодових

формах METAR, TAF, GAMET, AIRMET, SIGMET та ін.

Для студентів спеціальностей 6.100118 «Системи аеронавігаційного

обслуговування», 6. 100109 «Обслуговування повітряного руху».

UDC 656.7.052:551.501.3(076.5)

ББК 0571.7 я 7

© Yu.A. Averyanova, V.P. Kharchenko, F.Y. Yanovsky, 2007

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CONTENT

PREFACE ……………………………………………………… 4

1. Meteorological Aviation Routine Weather Report ……………6

1.1 Aviation Selected Special Weather Report……………..……27

2. Terminal Aerodrome Forecast…………………………….…28

2.1 Landing forecast……………….………………………….48

2.2 Forecast for take-off……………………………………....48

2.3 General aviation forecast ………………………………..49

2.4 Airmen‘s meteorological information …..………………….53

2.5 Significant meteorological information …………………….58

Literatura ………………………………………………………64

APPENDIX 1…………………………………………….…….65

APPENDIX 2………………………………………………….68

APPENDIX 3………………………………………………….71

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PREFACE

The successful flight operation depends on a range of factors

among which one of the most important is the state of the atmosphere.

There are a lot of weather phenomena that influence significantly

aeronavigation and air traffic service. Moreover, the presence of one or

another weather phenomenon plays an important role in making

decision on the possibility or impossibility to provide flight safety. The

state of atmosphere also influences the aircraft aerodynamic

performance as well as navigation and radio equipment operation.

Airmen, airtraffic controllers, flight dispetchers should know

weather conditons well and be good at using weather information

properly in oder to increase the possibility of right decision making.

The efficient and timely movement of meteorological

information is a fundamental requirement of modern meteorology.

Observers record information about the environment and provide it to

data processing centers so that forecast guidance products may be

produced. Countries exchange information to enhance their forecasts

and to produce global forecast models. The facility to move information

quickly between centres, without regard to language, and in a format

that may be processed by automated means is embodied in

meteorological codes. In the case of aviation codes the International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO), headquartered in Montreal, Canada, is

responsible for defining and encouraging the provision of services

which civil aviation requires. World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) is responsible for providing the technical methods and practices

recommended for use in accordance with required meteorological

services.

WMO Meteorological codes are defined by the World

Meteorological Organization in WMO Manual No. 306. The codes are

composed of a set of values defined in tables with reference to specific

position within strings of information. Different code forms are used to

represent different types of observations or products. In messages, these

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/tg/wmo.html



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groups of letters are transcribed into symbols indicating the value of

state of the elements described.

This method guide explains how the groups of letters and

figures are transcribed into meteorological information. It does not

cover all ICAO standards and recommendations concerning weather

codes, their composition, dissemination and exchange (they can be

found in International Civil Aviation Convention Annex 3 –

Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation) and does not

include all the meteorological codes used. The given material is

intended to help students to read and understand information that is

“hidden” under the coded form of weather reports and forecasts.

The method guide includes also a large number of examples and

represents one of the possible variants indicating weather information at

the terminal of air traffic controllers (fig.1 and fig.3). Therefore,

students can not only familiarize themselves with formats and content of

codes but also train in reading coded weather information.

6

1. Meteorological Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)

The METAR is a coded weather bulletin of the observed weather at a

specific location or airdrome and has the following basic format (the

interpretation of groups are given in Tabl.1):

The international Format of the Metar code

SAEE31 LKPR GoGoGGgg(Z)

(0) (1)

CCCC (METAR GGggZ) dddff(Gfmfm) (dndndnVdxdxdx)

(2) (3)

VVVVDv VxVxVxVxDv RDRDR/(м)

(p) VRVRVRVRi

(4) (5)

(RDRDR/VMVMVMVMVVPVPVPVPi) W’W’

(5) (6)

NSNSNShShShS(CC) or (VVhShShS)

(7)

(CAVOK) (M)TT/(M)TdTd QPHPHPHPH (REW’W’)

(8) (9) (10) (11)

(WS TKOF RWYDRDR WS LDG RWYDRDR)

(12)

TTTTT (TTGGgg) dddff(Gfmfm) VVVV W’W’

NSNSNShShShS(CC) или VVhShShS

TREND (13)

RMK (XXYCKKBB)

14 15

Table 1

Content and interpreting groups constituting the METAR code

# CODED GROUP

CONTENT OF GROUP

1 CCCC Location or place

Four letter ICAO ID‘s designators are

used

7

Table 1. Continued # CODED GROUP

CONTENT OF GROUP

2 GoGoGGgg(Z)

Date and time of compilation

(observation)

DD – day

HH – Hour

Mm – Minutes

Z – Time Zone, Z is for Zulu or GMT,

UTC

AUTO

Is used when observation is done by an

automatic weather station

3 dddff(Gfmfm)

(dndndnVdxdxdx) Surface Wind

ddd Averaged wind direction is coded in

tenth of degrees with three figures.

The direction from which the wind is

blowing (meteo) is given with reference

to true north.

Directions less than 100 degrees should

be preceded with a “0”.

The averaging of the direction is made

over 2 minute interval.

If it is converted into magnetic degrees,

the word magnetic is added.

VRB instead of ddd means that wind

direction varies and averaged wind speed

is less than 3 knots (2 mps or 6KMH). In

case of strong wind, VRB is used when

averaged wind direction is impossible to

determine. After VRB the wind speed is

reported.

Ff Averaged wind speed is coded in two

(three) digits immediately following the

wind direction.

Averaging period is 2 minutes for take-

off and landing airdrome reports.

8


CONTENT OF GROUP

If dddff is reported as 00000, it means

that there is no motion of air that is Calm.

The wind group always ends with units of

measurements, that are knots (KT),

meters per second (MPS) or kilometers

per hour (KMH).

Gfmfm Wind gusts are coded in two (three)

figures just following the wind speed.

Fmfm is the maximum instantaneous wind

speed over the 10 minute period.

According to WMO standard, it is

reported when maximum wind speed

exceeds the “mean speed” by 5 mps

(10KT or 20 KPH) during the 10 minute

interval.

DndndnVdxdxdx Variation in wind direction group is

reported if wind direction varies by 60

degrees or more during the 10 minute

interval and with averaged wind speed 3

KT (6KPH, 2mps).

The direction variation is coded in a

clockwise direction.

V is the group designator.

VVVVDv

VxVxVxVxDv

Horizontal visibility near the Earth

surface measured in meters.

VVVV is the minimal visibility.

Visibility below 500 m is approximated

to the nearest 50 m; Visibility between

500 and 5000 m is approximated to the

nearest 100 m; Visibility between 5000 m

and 9999 m is approximated to the

nearest 1000 m.

Visibility greater than 10 km is coded as

9999.

9


CONTENT OF GROUP

4

When the horizontal visibility is not the

same in all directions (difference is

greater than 50 %), it is followed by the

direction Dv.

The group VxVxVxVxDv is included in

the report when minimal visibility less

than 1 500 m and visibility in some other

direction exeeds 5000 m.

Codes for Dv are: N for North, NE for

Northeast, E for East, SE for Southeast, S

for South, SW for Southwest, W for

West, NW for Northwest direction.

5 RDRDR/(м)

(p)

VRVRVRVRi

(RDRDR/VMVMVMVM

VVPVPVPVPi)

Runway Visual Range. According to

ICAO standard RVR is reported in meters

when horizontal visibility is less than

1500 metres.

R Group indicator

DRDR/ Runway number. An additional DR may

be used for runway approach directions,

such as R for right, L for left, C for

centre.

A slash “/” separates the runway number

from the constant reportable value.

VRVRVRVR Visibility in metres.

If RVR is less than its lowest measurable

value, the group shall be preceded by M.

If RVR is greater than its highest

measurable value, the group shall be

preceded by P.

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CONTENT OF GROUP

i Tendency for the visibility to change, if

during the 10 minute interval preceeding

the observation the RVR showed the

tendency to increase or decrease. In case

of no change, it can be omitted. “U” is

used for increasing (upward), “D” is used

for decreasing (downward), “N” is for no

change.

RDRDR/VMVMVMVM

VVPVPVPVPi

The format for varying RVR.

This group is reported instead of

RDRDR/(м)

(p) VRVRVRVRi , if the value of

RVR during the last 1 minute of 10

minute interval of observation changes by

50 metres or 20 % of the mean visibility.

VMVMVMVM is the lowest (minimal)

reportable value and VPVPVPV is the

highest (peak) reportable value. “V”

separates these lowest and highest RVR

values.

6 W’W’ Present weather group.

Table 1 shows the standards for various

elements and descriptors for this group.

The definitions of present weather

elements are given in appendix 1.

Separate groups are used for each type of

present weather. Each group should be

separated from the other by a space.

METAR(SPECI) contains no more than

three present weather groups.

The weather group is constructed in the

following sequence: intensity, followed

by description, followed by weather

phenomenon.

11


CONTENT OF GROUP

7 NSNSNShShShS(CC)

or (VVhShShS) Cloud group

NSNSNS Cloud amount, shown by the following

abbreviations:

FEW is used for 1-2 octas

SCT is used for 3-4 octas

BKN is used for 5-7 octas

OVC is used for 8 octas.

HShShS Cloud height. It should be multiplied by

30 to get the value of cloud height in

metres and by 100 to get the value of

cloud height in feet.

/// Means that Cloud base is lower than the

airdrome (in mountain region).

CC Type of clouds. Only CB and TCU

clouds are reported.

SKC Sky clear. It is reported instead of cloud

group in case of cloud absence.

VVhShShS

Vertical visibility. It is reported instead

of cloud group when the sky is obscured.

VV is the group designator.

HShShS is the Vertical visibility. It should

be multiplied by 30 to get the value of

cloud height in metres and by 100 to get

the value of cloud height in feet.

VV/// Vertical visibility not available.

8 CAVOK It is reported instead of horizontal

visibility, RVR, present weather, cloud

groups when simultaneous observations

are as follows:

Visibility is greater than 10 km.

There are no clouds below 500ft (1500m)

or minimum sector altitude, whichever is

the lowest and no CB.

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CONTENT OF GROUP

There are no significant weather

phenomena.

9 (M)TT/(M)TdTd Temperatures in Celsius.

TT Air temperature.

TdTd Dew point temperature.

M Designator of negative temperatures.

10 QPHPHPHPH QNH Pressure.

Q Group indicator. If letter A is present

instead of Q, the pressure value is given

in mm of mercury.

PHPHPHPH Pressure value in the whole ector

Pascals, approximate to the lower value.

Supplementary Information Groups

11 REW’W’ Recent Significant weather.

Weather is only included as recent

weather if the same phenomenon of the

same or greater intensity is not reported

as present weather and is of operational

significance.

RE Group designator.

W’W’ The appropriate abbreviations contained

in table #1 if the following weather

phenomena were observed not at the time

of the observations:

- freezing precipitation;

- moderate or heavy rain or snow;

- moderate or heavy ice pellets,

hail, small hail or snow pellets;

- moderate or heavy blowing

snow;

- sandstorm or duststorm;

- thunderstorm;

- volcanic ash.

13

Table 1. End # CODED GROUP

CONTENT OF GROUP

12 WS TKOF

RWYDRDR

and/or

WS LDG

RWYDRDR

Wind shear. Supplementary information

on the existence of wind shear along the

take-off path or approach path between

runway level and 500 metres (1600 feet).

DRDR indicates the number of runway.

13 TREND Trend forecast. It is included when

significant change is expected for one or

several of the observed elements.

TTTTT Change indicator. One of the following

change indicators can be used:

BECMG

TEMPO

NOSIG

TTGGgg Changing indicator.

TT is letter indicator that can be:

- FM (from)

- TL (till)

- AT (at).

GGgg is the time group that indicates

beginning and end of the change.

GG is for hours, gg is for minutes of

UTC.

14 RMK Remarks Section Group

15 XXYCKKBB Runway state.

It is included from the 1st of October till

the 31st of March

BECMG (Becoming) is used to describe expected changes to

meteorological conditions which reach or pass specified threshold

criteria at a regular or irregular rate.

TEMPO (Temporary) is used to describe expected temporary

fluctuations to meteorological conditions which reach or pass specified

threshold criteria and last for a period of less than one hour in each

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instance and the aggregate cover less than half of the forecast period

during which the fluctuations are expected to occur.

NOSIG (No significant change) is used when none of the elements is

expected to change significantly or does not reach or pass specified

threshold criteria.

RUNWAY STATE

Runway state group is included into the METAR after the Trend

forecast group from the 1st of October till the 31

st of March.

As a rule runway state group consists of 8 figures. Each of the figures

has the following meaning (Table 2):

Table 2

Content and runway state interpreting group

# CODED GROUP CONTENT OF GROUP

1 XX Runway number

88 The information is given for all

Runways

99 There is no new data. Repeated

information is given.

2 Y Type of deposition

0 Dry and clear

1 Damp

2 Wet or water patches

3 Frost or rime covered

4 Dry snow

5 Wet snow

6 Slush

7 Ice

8 Compacted or rolled snow

9 Frozen ruts or ridges

/ Not reported

CLRD Clear. It is included instead of 3,4,5,6

figures.

15

Table 2. End

# CODED GROUP CONTENT OF GROUP

3 C Contamination

1 Less than 10 % of runway

2 11 – 25% of runway

5 26 – 50% of runway

9 51 – 100% of runway

/ There are no data about degree of

runway surface

4 KK Deposition depth

00 Less than 1 mm

01 1 mm

02 … 2 mm…

91 It is not used in the code

92 10 cm

93 15 cm

94… 20 cm…

90 90 mm

99 One ore more runways are out of

operation

// There are no data measured or the

quantity of deposition does not

influence the runway operation.

5 BB Friction coefficient or braking action

Friction coefficient is given as two

figures in tenth and hundredth and

should be preceded with a “0”

braking action: 91 poor

92 between poor/medium

93 medium

94 between medium /good

95 good

99 unreliable measurement

// braking efficiency is not reported;

runway is out of operation; aerodrome

is closed.

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METAR Examples

METAR UUEE 1530Z 25004MPS 0500 R07/600U RAFG BKN015

SCT200 10/10 Q1010 TEMPO TL1700 0800 FG BECMG AT1800

2000 RA

UUEE 151900Z 22009G16MPS 9999 BKN024 05/00 Q1000 NOSIG

RMK 75000062 25000062

UUWW 151900Z 21010G14MPS 9999 BKN020 04/M00 Q1001

NOSIG RMK 24150060

UUDD 151900Z 21009G14MPS 9999 BKN023 05/M00 Q1002 NOSIG

14010070

LFPG 151900Z 22006KT 2000 –DZRA BR FEW001 BKN002 08/08

Q1009 NOSIG

UKBB 151900Z 20007MPS 7000 OVC014 03/M01 Q1012 18CLRD70

NOSIG

UKOO 151900Z 21004MPS P6000 BKN033 06/02 Q1016 16090065

NOSIG

EPKK 151900Z 24006KT 7000 FEW150 02/00 Q1003

EPWA 151900Z 24010KT 180V260 CAVOK 05/01 Q1001 NOSIG

LFSR 151900Z 23006KT 2000 –RADZ FEW003 BKN005 07/07

Q1009 TEMPO 1500 RADZ BKN003

LROP 151900Z 23003MPS 5000 BR OVC013 05/03 Q1015 NOSIG

5809//95

EBBR 151920Z 23008KT 6000 BKN004 08/07 Q1007 TEMPO 5000

EDDF 151920Z 19011KT 4500 –DZ BR FEW003 BKN005 OVC012

04/04 Q1008 TEMPO SCT005

LOWW 151920Z VRB03KT 0900 1900SE R29/1100V1500D

R16/P1500 BCFG FEW000 BKN002 04/04 Q1006 BECMG 0600 FG

BKN001

ELLX 151920Z 23007KT 210V270 3500 BKN005 04/03 Q1008

NOSIG

17

EBBR 151920Z 23008KT 6000 BKN004 08/07 Q1007 TEMPO 5000

EDDF 151920Z 19011KT 4500 –DZ BR FEW003 BKN005 OVC012

04/04 Q1008 TEMPO SCT005

METAR PHLI 271353Z 28005KT 10SM FEW090 21/19 A2987

METAR LZIB 271430Z 27013KT 250V310 9999 FEW048TCU

BKN100 22/12 Q1011 NOSIG

METAR EVRA 271420Z 09008KT 9999 SCT008 SCT024CB BKN037

18/16 Q1004 NOSIG

METAR UIBB 271400Z 19001MPS 5000 BKN033CB 04/03 Q1013

NOSIG RMK QFE716/0955 30290150

METAR USSS 271300Z 22003MPS 9999 TS BKN043CB OVC200

22/14 Q1011 TEMPO VRB15MPS TSRAGR SQ RMK QFE738

260///70 760///60

METAR LFPG 171000Z VRB05KT 4000 BR SCT008 BKN023 17/15

Q1014 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 170930Z 17002MPS CAVOK 18/04 Q1027

88CLRD70 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 171000Z 29004KT 260V340 7000 SCT013 BKN028

18/15 Q1013 NOSIG

METAR UKOO 161700Z 10003MPS P6000 SCT200 16/03 Q1025

16090070 NOSIG

METAR UUEE 171000Z 29007MPS CAVOK 15/05 Q1020 NOSIG

METAR EPWA 171000Z 10009KT 080V140 CAVOK 19/12 Q1017

NOSIG

METAR LROP 171000Z 12005MPS 100V160 9999 BKN030 23/13

Q1022 NOSIG

METAR LFSR 171000Z AUTO 31007KT 5000NDV SCT018///

OVC024/// 19/16 Q1013

METAR EDDF 170950Z 03004KT 9999 FEW017 BKN060 BKN130

21/17 Q1009 NOSIG

METAR LKPR 171000Z 14011KT 9999 FEW034 21/13 Q1011

18

NOSIG

METAR LOWW 170950Z 16010KT 120V190 9999 FEW030 21/13

Q1013 NOSIG

METAR ELLX 170950Z 33010KT 3000 HZ NSC 20/15 Q1011 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 161500Z 18008KT 9999 FEW030 SCT046 BKN100

08/06 Q1019 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 161530Z 28005MPS 9999 BKN032 03/M02 Q1018

86CLRD70 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 161530Z 18008KT 9000 SCT015 BKN020 09/06

Q1019 NOSIG

METAR UKOO 161530Z 31004MPS P6000 SCT200 05/M05 Q1021

34090060 NOSIG

METAR EPWA 161530Z 25007KT CAVOK 04/M00 Q1018 NOSIG

METAR UUEE 161500Z 21005MPS 9999 BKN017 BKN100 BKN200

M01/M04 Q1007 NOSIG RMK 75190151 25//////

METAR LROP 161530Z 22005MPS CAVOK 07/M02 Q1024 NOSIG

080///95 580///95

METAR LOWW 161520Z VRB01KT 6000 BKN300 03/00 Q1024

NOSIG

METAR ELLX 161520Z VRB03KT 0500 R24/0800V0900N FG

BKN001 04/04 Q1020 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 181700Z 25024G38KT 9999 -RA FEW012 SCT014

BKN017 14/12 Q1005 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 181700Z 20007MPS CAVOK 07/02 Q1004

18CLRD70 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 181700Z 24021G38KT 9999 BKN015 BKN021 15/12

Q1006 TEMPO 22030G55KT

METAR UKOO 181700Z 20003MPS 3000 BR BKN200 04/02 Q1013

16090060 TEMPO 0400 FG

METAR EPWA 181700Z 20022G33KT 170V230 9999 -RA SCT026

BKN050 10/08 Q0986 NOSIG

19

METAR UUEE 181700Z 21008MPS 9999 OVC013 04/02 Q0991

NOSIG RMK 20008G12MPS 75290151 25//////

METAR LROP 181700Z 24006MPS CAVOK 10/04 Q1015 NOSIG

080///95 580///95

METAR LFSR 181700Z AUTO 25026G36KT 6000NDV -RA

BKN019/// BKN029/// BKN038/// 14/12 Q1004

METAR EDDF 181720Z 22032G48KT 9999 -RA SCT025 BKN036

BKN050 14/10 Q0993 NOSIG

METAR LOWW 181720Z 22008KT 170V310 9999 FEW030 BKN080

BKN120 10/00 Q1004 NOSIG

METAR ELLX 181720Z 24028G40KT 200V270 5000 -RA SCT010

BKN014 12/10 Q0999 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 191300Z 27016KT 9999 SCT025 BKN030 14/10

Q1022 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 191300Z 27010G15MPS 9999 SCT024CB BKN030

08/02 Q0981 88190060 TEMPO 27018G23MPS

METAR LFPB 191300Z 26011KT 210V280 9999 BKN026 BKN032

15/10 Q1023 NOSIG

METAR UKOO 191300Z 28008MPS 6000 BKN100 09/07 Q0991

34290055 NOSIG

METAR EPWA 191300Z 27018G28KT 9999 SCT020CB SCT020

06/03 Q0994 TEMPO 28025G35KT SHRA BKN016CB

METAR UUEE 191300Z 17006MPS 5000 -SHRA OVC009CB 05/04

Q0968 NOSIG RMK 75290151 25//////

METAR LROP 191300Z 27012G17MPS 9999 FEW040 SCT050CB

BKN130 13/M00 Q0999 NOSIG 080///95 580///95

METAR LFSR 191300Z 26012KT 9999 BKN021 BKN045 14/11

Q1022 NOSIG

METAR EDDF 191320Z 25009KT 9999 FEW012 BKN026 11/09

Q1016 NOSIG

METAR ELLX 191320Z 26017G34KT 230V290 9999 FEW009

BKN025 12/08 Q1019 NOSIG

20

METAR LFPG 191900Z 22009KT 8000 -DZ SCT005 BKN011 13/12

Q1024 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 191900Z 30009MPS 9999 SCT024CB BKN032

04/M01 Q0991 86290055 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 191900Z AUTO 20008KT //// BKN013 BKN021 13/12

Q1024

METAR EPWA 191900Z 26018KT 9999 FEW033 SCT100 05/02

Q0999 TEMPO 28018G28KT

METAR UUEE 191900Z 19006MPS 9999 -SHRA OVC012CB 05/04

Q0967 NOSIG RMK 75290151 25//////


080///95 580///95

METAR LFSR 191900Z AUTO 23009KT 9999NDV FEW018///

BKN026/// BKN033/// 13/11 Q1024

METAR EDDF 191850Z 22009KT 9999 FEW022 SCT039 11/06

Q1021 NOSIG

METAR LKPR 191900Z 29022G33KT CAVOK 09/00 Q1015 WS

RWY24 NOSIG

METAR ELLX 191850Z 25011KT 9999 SCT000 BKN014 11/09

Q1022 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 200700Z 25017KT 9999 FEW013 BKN021 13/08

Q1018 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 200700Z 30008MPS 270V330 9999 BKN032 BKN130

02/M04 Q1000 88CLRD70 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 200700Z 25017KT 9999 FEW013 BKN021 13/08

Q1018 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 200700Z 24021G36KT 9999 BKN033 14/08 Q1018

NOSIG

METAR UKOO 200700Z 30005G10MPS CAVOK 03/M00 Q1006

34090060 NOSIG

METAR EPWA 200730Z 26008KT 9999 FEW026 BKN100 03/01

Q1012 332///74 NOSIG

21

METAR UUEE 200700Z 24009MPS 4300 -SHSN DRSN OVC016CB

M01/M02 Q0978 RESHSN TEMPO 1000 SHSN RMK 75550230

25//////

METAR LFSR 200700Z AUTO 23013KT 9999NDV FEW013///

BKN020/// OVC032/// 12/11 Q1018

METAR EDDF 200720Z 22016KT 9999 -RA FEW015 BKN023 12/10

Q1016 NOSIG

METAR LKPR 200700Z 18007KT 9999 SCT015 OVC021 07/06

Q1015 NOSIG

METAR ELLX 200720Z 22015KT 190V260 3500 DZ BKN005

BKN012 10/09 Q1017 NOSIG

METAR LFPG 202130Z 25011KT CAVOK 08/04 Q1018 NOSIG

METAR UKBB 202130Z 24003MPS 9999 SCT040 M01/M06 Q1009

86CLRD70 NOSIG

METAR LFPB 202130Z AUTO 25007KT //// NSC 08/04 Q1018

METAR UKOO 202130Z VRB02MPS P6000 SCT100 M01/M04

Q1015 16090060 NOSIG

METAR EPWA 202130Z 25015KT 180V280 9999 SCT030 BKN046

12/08 Q1001 NOSIG


080///95 580///95

METAR LFSR 202130Z AUTO 23007KT 9999NDV FEW018/// 08/06

Q1017

METAR EDDF 202150Z 21011KT 9999 FEW032 SCT060 BKN130

08/05 Q1014 NOSIG

METAR LKPR 202130Z 24019KT 9999 BKN033 11/06 Q1010

TEMPO 27020G40KT 7000 SHRA

METAR LOWW 202150Z 30015KT 9999 FEW044 13/06 Q1014

NOSIG

METAR ELLX 202150Z 24010KT 210V270 8000 BKN040 06/04

Q1015 NOSIG

22

EETN 202020Z 11009KT 9999 BKN027 M05/M08 Q0993 08810160

NOSIG=

EFHK 202020Z 07008KT CAVOK M08/M10 Q0994 0419//77

5419//74 1519//85 NOSIG=

EPWA 202030Z 25014KT 180V280 9999 BKN026 11/09 Q1001

NOSIG=

EVRA 202020Z 14010KT 2600 SN FEW007 SCT015 OVC023

M01/M03 Q0992 18490343 TEMPO 1500 SN=

EYVI 202020Z 16011KT 1800 SN BKN004 OVC014 M02/M02 Q0996

202/0295 TEMPO 0600 SN=

KQHT 202055Z 10002KT 4000 BR FU SKC M08/M11 A3021 RMK

SLP295 WND DATA ESTMD 56012=

KQSA 202055Z 00000KT 5000 BR SKC M13/M14 A3032 RMK

SLP394 WND DATA ESTMD ALSTG/SLP ESTMD 53003=

KQTZ 202055Z 15011KT 9999 SCT200 09/03 A2997 RMK SLP151

Q1014MB WND DATA ESTMD ALSTG/SLP ESTMD 56012=

LUKK 202030Z 25005KT CAVOK 00/M03 Q1015 08CLRD65

NOSIG=

OIII 202000Z 201955Z/00000KT CAVOK 02/M07 Q1018 A3008

883/3=

OIMM 201950Z 00000KT CAVOK 00/M05 Q1018 A3008=

UAAA 202100Z 13001MPS 1400 R23/P2000U BR FEW050 SCT100

M11/M12 Q1026 23CLRD65 NOSIG RMK QFE709/0946=

UACC 202100Z 23004MPS 200V260 9999 BKN026 M12/M14 Q1027

23

NOSIG RMK QFE739/0985 228/0060=

UAFM 202100Z 09002MPS 4000 BR NSC M08/M11 Q1022 TEMPO

1000 BR=

UAII 202100Z 16005MPS CAVOK M06/M07 Q1020 NOSIG RMK

QFE728/0970 280///65=

UAKK 202100Z 18005MPS 9999 SCT/// M15/M17 Q1027 23410555

NOSIG RMK QFE723/0964=

UARR 202100Z 20005MPS 9999 OVC010 01/00 Q1002 22210160

NOSIG RMK QFE748/0998=

UATE 202100Z 32010G15MPS 2000 BR OVC004 04/03 Q1008

TEMPO 0900 FG BKN003 RMK 300///70 QFE 754/1006=

UATG 202100Z 29002MPS 6000 NSC M01/M01 Q1007 320///70

TEMPO 0800 FZFG OVC002 RMK QFE757/1009=

UATT 202030Z 12010MPS 9999 OVC009 M02/M03 Q1008 NOSIG

RMK QFE736/0982 13990140=

UAUU 202100Z 18010MPS 9000 -SN OVC005 M04/M05 Q1016

150///60 TEMPO 2000 SNBR BKN005 RMK QBB150 QFE746/0994=

UBBB 202130Z 32016KT 9999 OVC021 07/06 Q1011 88CLRD70

NOSIG=

UBBG 202100Z 27013KT 9999 SCT083 07/M05 Q1011 30CLRD70

NOSIG=

UBBN 202100Z 00000KT 1500 BR SCT070 M12/M14 Q1015

14CLRD60 NOSIG RMK G/Z QFE686=

UDYZ 202100Z 00000MPS 1100 R09/P1500D BR SCT046 M09/M10

Q1015 NOSIG=

24

UEEE 202100Z 27001MPS CAVOK M37/M41 Q1021 NOSIG RMK

QFE757 23450142=

UELL 202100Z VRB01MPS 9999 -SHSN BKN016CB OVC200

M21/M22 Q1018 NOSIG RMK QFE689 08810540=

UERP 202100Z 22003MPS P4000 OVC200 M19/M20 Q1004 NOSIG

RMK QFE709 SC03=

UERR 202100Z 22003MPS CAVOK M24/M25 Q1018 NOSIG RMK

QFE731 SC032=

UEST 202100Z 19006G09MPS 8000 BLSN OVC130 M23/M26 Q1009

NOSIG RMK QFE756=

UHHH 202100Z 18002MPS CAVOK M18/M20 Q1026 NOSIG=

UHMM 202100Z 00000MPS 9999 SKC M34/M37 Q1007 RMK

QFE741 88490331=

UHMP 202100Z 12004MPS 9999 SKC M40/M44 Q1018 RMK MT

OBSC QFF763=

UHNN 202100Z 23001MPS 9999 SKC M21/M24 Q1019 RMK

QFE758=

UHPP 202100Z 04002MPS 9999 SCT250 OVC100 M17/M18 Q1005

NOSIG RMK QFE 750 SC 045 MT OBSC=

UHSH 202100Z 30003MPS P4000 SKC M17/M18 Q1016 RMK

QFE759=

UHSS 202100Z 00000MPS 9999 SKC M25/M28 Q1025 RMK

QFE767/1023=

UHWW 202100Z VRB02MPS 9999 SCT200 M17/M21 Q1031 NOSIG

RMK QFE772/1029 75CLRD80=

UIAA 202100Z 00000MPS 3100 BR SKC M29/M33 Q1028 NOSIG

25

RMK QFE712 29390150=

UIBB 202100Z 00000MPS 5000 SKC M12/M12 Q1028 NOSIG RMK

QFE728/0970 30450140=

UIII 202100Z 08001MPS 3500 BR FEW050 BKN100 OVC200

M16/M17 Q1031 NOSIG RMK QFE730/0974 12810550=

UIUU 202100Z 08002MPS 9999 FEW100 BKN200 M29/M30 Q1034

NOSIG RMK QFE730/0974 26450250=

UKBB 202100Z 27003MPS 9999 BKN040 00/M06 Q1009 86CLRD70

NOSIG=

UKCC 202100Z 26004MPS 9999 SCT030 M03/M03 Q1009 26290355

NOSIG=

UKCW 202100Z 27005MPS CAVOK M01/M02 Q1007 2709//70

NOSIG=

UKDD 202100Z 30005MPS 9999 SCT020 BKN100 M00/M02 Q1010

27210160 NOSIG=

UKDE 202100Z 28005MPS 9999 SCT050 00/M02 Q1012 02710367

NOSIG=

UKDR 202100Z 24002MPS CAVOK M03/M05 Q1013 3609//68

NOSIG=

UKFF 202100Z 29002MPS CAVOK 01/M03 Q1016 19190060

NOSIG=

UKHH 202100Z 27004MPS 9999 OVC040 00/M03 Q1007 26290055

NOSIG=

UKKK 202100Z 22003MPS CAVOK 00/M05 Q1009 26150060

NOSIG=

26

UKKM 202100Z 24002MPS CAVOK M01/M05 Q1008 33710265

NOSIG=

UKLI 201900Z 21002MPS 9999 -SHRA BKN030CB BKN033 04/01

Q1010 28090070 NOSIG=

UKLL 202100Z 24004MPS 9999 -RA OVC009 06/04 Q1008 31250355

NOSIG=

UKLN 201730Z 23002MPS CAVOK 04/M00 Q1013 3309//70

NOSIG=

UKLR 201800Z 24002MPS 9999 FEW026 OVC100 00/M02 Q1009

30090070 NOSIG=

UKLU 201900Z 13003MPS 9999 -RA OVC015 06/04 Q1016

10290060 NOSIG=

UKON 201800Z 31002MPS CAVOK 01/M03 Q1014 23090075

NOSIG=

The one of the possiblevariant of METAR weather information

indication at the terminal of air traffic controllers is given in Fig.1.

Fig. 1. Indication of weather information at the terminal of air traffic controllers

(METAR) (www.softaero.ru)

http://www.softaero.ru/

27

1.1. Aviation Selected Special Weather Report (SPECI)

A SPECI is coded the same way as a METAR, but it is issued when the

following criteria are found :

1. Mean surface wind direction has changed by 60 degrees or more

as compared with that reported in the last METAR and/or after the

change being 5MPS (10 KT) or more.

2. Mean surface wind speed has changed by 5MPS (10KT) or

more as compared with that reported in the last METAR.

3. Wind gusts have increased by 5 MPS (10 KT) or more as

compared to the last one reported in METAR and wind speed afer the

change being 7 MPS (15 KT) or more.

4. Wind variations exceed values important for flight operation

and it is necessary:

a) to change runways in use;

b) to indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind

components have changed through values representing the

main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the

aerodrome;

5. Visibility changes to or passes

- 600, 800 or 1500 m (3000) (When RVR is given it is not required

to issue SPECI)

- 5000 when significant numbers of VFR (visual flight rules) flights

are operating.

6. RVR changes to or passes 150, 350, 800, 600, 800 m.

7. When any combination of weather in the significant weather table

(appendix 1) begins, ends or changes intensity.

8. Height of the base of the lowest cloud layer of more than 4 octs

changes to or passes:

a) 60, 150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft);

28

b) 450m (1500ft) when a great number of VFR flights are

operating.

9. When the amount of cloud below 450m (1500ft) changes from:

a) SKC, FEW, SCT to BKN or OVC;

b) BKN or OVC to SCT, FEW, SKC.

10. When the sky is obscured and vertical visibility changes to or

passes 30, 60, 150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft).

A selected special repor representing deterioration in conditions

should be disseminated immediately after the observation. A selected

special repor representing an improvement in conditions should be

disseminated only after the improvement has been maintained for 10

minutes.

2. Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)

TAF is a detailed forecast of expected weather elements at an

aerodrome that affect the air traffic significantly.

A TAF has the following basic format:

(TAF) CCCC GoGoGHGHgg(Z) G1G1G2G2

(2) (3) dddff(Gfmfm) VVVV W’W’

(4) (5) (6)

NSNSNShShShS(CC) или VVhShShS CAVOK

13 (8)

(T(M)TFTF/GFGFZ) (6IChihihitL) (5BhBhBhBtL)

(9) (10) (11)

TTTTT GGGeGe и/или TTGG PROBC3C3 GGGeGe

(12)

TXnn/ttZ TNmm/ttZ

14 14

29

Content and interpreting groups constituting the TAF code is given

in Table 3.

Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts are composed not less than 1 hour

in advance of their beginning. The validity period of TAF is 9 or 18

hours. The 9 hour period forecasts are issued every 3 hours. The 18 hour

period forecasts are issued every 6 hours.

Table 3

Content and interpreting groups constituting the TAF code

# CODED GROUP

CONTENT OF GROUP

1 CCCC Location or place

Four letters ICAO ID‘s designators are

used.

2 GoGoGHGHgg(Z )

Date and time of Issue

DD – day

HH – Hour

Mm – Minutes

Z - Time Zone, Z is for Zulu or GMT,

UTC.

TAF AMD TAF Amendment

Designator of Terminal Aerodrome

Forecast amendment valid for the period

of previous TAF.

3 G1G1G2G2gg Validity period

G1G1 Day of month at the beginning of validity

period.

G2G2 Beginning of forecast period in UTC

hours.

gg End of forecast period in UTC hours.

4 dddff(Gfmfm) Forecast Surface Wind

ddd Averaged wind direction is coded in

tenth of degrees with three figures. The direction from which the wind is blowing

(meteo) is given with reference to true north.

30


CONTENT OF GROUP

Directions less than 100 degrees should

be preceded by a “0”.

VRB instead of ddd means that expected

wind direction varies and averaged wind

speed is less than 3 knots (2 mps or

6KMH). In case of strong wind, VRB is

used when averaged wind direction is

impossible to determine. After VRB the

wind speed is reported.

ff Averaged forecast wind speed is coded

in two (three) digits immediately

following the wind direction.

If dddff is reported as 00000, it means

that no motion of air is expected that is

Calm.

The wind group always ends with units of

measurement: knots (KT), metres per

second (MPS) or kilometres per hour

(KMH).

Gfmfm Forecast wind gusts are coded in two

(three) figures just following the wind

speed.

fmfm is the maximum instantaneous wind

speed. It is reported when maximum wind

speed is expected to exceed the “mean

speed” by 5 mps (10KT or 20 KPH)

during 10 minute interval.

5 VVVV Minimal Horizontal visibility on

Runway measured in meters.

When Visibility is expected to exceed 10

km it is coded as 9999.

When the horizontal visibility is expected

to be not the same in all directions the

minimal visibility is given.

31


CONTENT OF GROUP

6 W’W’ Forecast special weather conditions.

Table 1 shows the standards for various

elements and descriptors for this group.

The definitions of the present weather

elements are given in appendix 1.

The following

special weather

phenomena, their

descriptions and

intensity are

included in the TAF:

-freezing precipitation

- moderate or heavy: Rain, Snow, Ice

pellets, Hail, Small hail and/or snow

pellets

- Low drifting: Sand, Dust, Snow

- Blowing: Sand, Dust, Snow

- Sandstorm or Duststorm

- Thunderstorm (TSRA, TSSN, TSPE,

TSGR, TSGS and their combinations)

- Squall

- Funnel cloud(tornado or Waterspout)

- other weather phenomena that can lead

to significant obscuration.

NSW Is used instead of W’W’ when the end of

special weather phenomena is expected.

7 NSNSNShShShS(CC)

or (VVhShShS) Forecast Cloud group

NSNSNS Forecast Cloud amount, shown by the

following abbreviations:

FEW is used for 1-2 octas

SCT is used for 3-4 octas

BKN is used for 5-7 octas

OVC is used for 8 octas.

hShShS Forecast Cloud height. It should be

multiplied by 30 to get the value of cloud

height in meters and by 100 to get the

value of cloud height in feet.

32


CONTENT OF GROUP

/// Means that Cloud base is lower than the

airdrome (in mountain region).

CC Forecast Type of clouds. Only CB

clouds are reported.

SKC Sky clear. It is reported instead of cloud

group in case of cloud absence.

VVhShShS Forecast vertical visibility. It is reported

instead of cloud group when the sky is

obscured.

VV is the group designator.

hShShS is the Vertical visibility. It should

be multiplied by 30 to get the value of

cloud height in meters and by 100 to get

the value of cloud height in feet.

VV/// Vertical visibility not available

8 CAVOK It is reported instead of horizontal

visibility, RVR, present weather, cloud

groups when simultaneous observations

are:

Visibility is greater than 10 km,

There are no clouds below 500ft (1500m)

or minimum sector altitude, whichever is

the lowest and no CB.

There are no significant weather

phenomena.

9 (T(M)TFTF/GFGFZ) Forecast Temperatures in Celsius.

T Temperature group designator

M Designator of negative temperatures

TFTF Forecast Air Temperature

GFGFZ UTC Time of Forecast Temperature

10 (6IChihihitL) Forecast Icing

6 Icing group designator.

IC The type of forecast icing. It is given in

coded numbers (table #2).

33


CONTENT OF GROUP

hihihi The lowest level of icing. It should be

multiplied by 30 to get the value of the

lowest level in metres.

tL Icing layer thickness. It should be


icing layer thickness in metres.

11 (5BhBhBhBtL)

Forecast Turbulence

5 Turbulence group designator.

B The type of forecast turbulence. It is

given in coded numbers (table #2).

hBhBhB The lowest level of turbulence. It should

be multiplied by 30 to get the value of the

lowest level in metres.

tL Turbulence layer thickness. It should be


turbulence layer thickness in meters.

When layer thickness of icing or turbulence is greater than 2700

meters, the groups are repeated. The highest level of phenomena in the

preceding group is the lowest level of phenomena in the next group.

12 TTTTT GGGeGe

and/or TTGG

PROBC3C3

GGGeGe

Change Group and probability of

alternating phenomena appearance

TTTTT Change indicator. One of the following

change indicators can be used:

BECMG

TEMPO

PROBC3C3

PROB Code for probability of forecast.

C3C3 Probability of occurrence in percent (30%

or 40%).

34

Table 3. End # CODED GROUP

CONTENT OF GROUP

GGGeGe Time group. It indicates the period of

changing the phenomena that is indicated

in the main body of TAF.

GG UTC hours from which the change is

expected.

GeGe UTC hours till which the change is

expected.

TTGG It is used when time group forecast is

necessary to divide into 2 or more

separate groups.

TT is letter indicator that can be:

- FM (from)

- TL (till)

- AT (at).

GG is the UTC hours from when the

change is expected.

13 TXnn/ttZ Forecast max temperature

TX Indicator for maximum temperature.

nn Temperature value in Celsius.

tt Forecast hours when the maximum

temperature is expected.

Z UTC time indicator.

14 TNmm/ttZ Forecast min temperature

TN Indicator for minimum temperature.

mm Temperature value in Celsius.

tt Forecast hours when the minimum

temperature is expected.

Z UTC time indicator.

35

TAF Examples and TAF decoding

TAF EDDF 181600Z 190024 24015G30KT 9999 BKN025=

TAF decoding: EDDF Frankfurt Main, DL REPORT TIME: 18

16: 0 VALID TIME: 19 JAN AT 00Z TO 00Z NEXT DAY

INITIAL WX WINDS: 240 AT 15 GUST 30 CLOUDS: 25 BKN

COMMENTS: =

TAF Examples

TAF LFPG 161400Z 161524 19008KT 9999 SCT040 SCT100 BKN230

BECMG 1517 BKN035 TEMPO 1824 8000 -RA FEW008 SCT015

BKN030 TX09/15Z TN08/24Z=

UUEE 151545Z 151818 22009G14MPS 9000 BKN010 SCT012CB

550000 TEMPO 1818 22013G18MPS 2000 SHRA OVC007

SCT010CB

UUWW 151600Z 151818 21011G16MPS 9000 BKN010 SCT015CB

570000

TEMPO 1818 1400 SHRASN SCT004 BKN007 BKN010CB

UUDD 121610Z 121818 20004MPS 3000 BR OVC006

TEMPO 1808 0500 FZDZ FZFG OVC004 640000

LFPG 151700Z 160018 30007KT 8000 FEW006 BKN030 BKN150

BECMG 0406 3000 BR

BECMG 0709 9999 NSW

UKBB 151540Z 151818 20007G12MPS 4000 BR SCT005 BKN010

TEMPO 1518 2000 SHRA BKN007CB

LFPB 151700Z 160018 27005KT 8000 BKN010 TEMPO 0006 5000 -

DZ BKN007 BECMG 0609 9999 SCT013 BKN025 BECMG 0912

36

30012KT SCT020 BKN035

UKOO 151535Z 151818 22006MPS 2100 BR BKN007 SCT016CB

BECMG 0709 6000

EPWA 151600Z 160018 24010KT 9999 BKN020

TEMPO 0018 6000 RA SHRA BKN012CB PROB30

TEMPO 0307 BKN005 PROB40

TEMPO 1118 3000 SHSN

LROP 151600Z 160018 24003MPS 7000 OVC006

TEMPO 0206 3000 BR

BECMG 0810 BKN015 BKN100

LFSR 251124 RRA 251221 27010KT 9999 SCT010 BKN040 BECMG

1214 SCT040 TEMPO 1219 26010G20KT 6000 SHRA BKN025

EBBR 151600Z 160018 26008KT 5000 BR SCT007 BKN020 PROB30

TEMPO 0004 3000 SHRA RA BKN007 BECMG 0810 9999 NSW

TEMPO 1218 29015G25KT 4000 SHRA SCT007 SCT012CB BKN015

LOWW 151600Z 160018 VRB02KT 3000 BR BKN008 PROB40

TEMPO 0007 0600 BCFG OVC003

BECMG 1012 9999 SCT050 SCT100

BECMG 1315 28008KT BKN025

TEMPO 1518 4000 RA

ELLX 151600Z 160018 26005KT 3000 BR BKN005

TEMPO 0206 0300 FG OVC001

BECMG 1012 27012KT 9999 BKN020

TEMPO 1218 -SHRA

37

EDDF 151600Z 160018 24008KT 9000 FEW015 BKN025 PROB40

TEMPO 0003 4000 -RA BKN014

TAF LZIB 271000Z 271818 28007KT 9999 FEW040 SCT080 PROB40

TEMPO 1821 32013KT 7000 SHRA SCT040CB BKN070 PROB40

TEMPO 1018 29010KT -SHRA SCT040TCU BKN080 BECMG 1215

9999 BKN035 BKN080=

TAF PHLI 271124Z 271212 25008KT P6SM SCT030

TEMPO 1316 5SM BR

FM2100 14008KT P6SM SCT025 BKN050

FM0900 25008KT P6SM SCT030=

TAF EVRA 271400Z 271524 18006KT 8000 SCT020CB BKN025

TEMPO 1518 3000 SHRA BR SCT006 BKN015CB TEMPO 2124

1500 BCFG BR BKN003=

TAF UIBB 271148Z 271301 20005G10MPS 5000 -SHRASN SCT005

BKN010CB

OVC100 640000

TEMPO 1319 1200 SHSNRA VV004

TEMPO 1901 VRB02MPS 0300 FG VV001=

TAF USSS 271135Z 271322 21004MPS 9999 BKN020CB 530003

TEMPO 1317 VRB12MP S TSRA

BECMG 1719 1600 BR NSC

TEMPO 1922 0300 FG=

UKВВ 220140Z 220312 23005MPS 3000 BR SCT007 SCT010CB

BKN030

TEMPO 0306 0300 -SHRA FG BKN001 BKN007CB TEMPO 0612

1000 BR SCT004 BKN010CB=

38

UKFF 220138Z 220312 30005MPS CAVOK=

UKLL 220141Z 220312 22005MPS 8000 ЦRA OVC025 TEMPO 0310

BKN008

TEMPO 1012 26007G12MPS=

UKDD 220137Z 220312 24007G12MPS 9999 SCT015 BKN020

TEMPO 0306

4000 -RA OVC010 BECMG 0608 28010G15MPS =

UKHH 220140Z 220312 23007G12MPS 7000 -RA OVC010 TEMPO

0610 3000

-SHRA BKN007 BKN010CB=

UKOO 220139Z 220312 26005MPS 9999 SCT015 BKN030 BECMG

0507

25010G15MPS=

EPWA 220138Z 220312 23004MPS CAVOK TEMPO 0405 4000 BR

BECMG 0608

20005MPS 9999 BKN030 TEMPO 0912 5000 -RA OVC015 =

LKPR 220142Z 220312 24007MPS 9999 -RA BKN030 TEMPO 0612

6000 ЦRA

BKN017 PROB30 TEMPO 1012 24010G15MPS=

EDDL 220300Z 220413 28005MPS 9999 SCT040 BKN060 BECMG

0507

21005MPS TEMPO 0713 9000 -RA FEW020 BKN030 =

LHBP 220300Z 220413 28005MPS CAVOK BECMG 0608

17005MPS=

TAF LFPG 170800Z 170918 27005KT 2000 BR SCT006 BKN020

BECMG 0911 27012KT 8000 BKN020

BECMG 1214 9999 BKN030

BECMG 1618 27005KT SCT030 TX22/15Z TN17/09Z=

39

TAF UKBB 170735Z 170918 16003MPS CAVOK=

TAF UKOO NIL=

TAF LFPB 170800Z 170918 30005KT 4000 BR SCT010 BKN020

BECMG 1113 7000 NSW

BECMG 1315 9999 SCT025

BECMG 1518 CAVOK=

TAF EPWA 171000Z 171818 13007KT CAVOK BECMG 0911

12010KT=

TAF UUEE 170720Z 170918 29007G12MPS CAVOK=

TAF LROP 170800Z 170918 07005MPS 9999 BKN025 BKN100=

TAF EDDF 170900Z 171019 34005KT 9999 SCT045

TEMPO 1319 TSRA SCT015CB BKN020=

TAF LKPR 170800Z 170918 12010KT CAVOK

BECMG 0910 12016KT

TEMPO 1018 9999 SCT045 PROB30 1218 13022KT=

TAF LOWW 171000Z 171818 14004KT 9999 FEW020 BKN040

TEMPO 1822 -SHRA BECMG 2224 12008KT 7000 -RA FEW012

BKN020 PROB30 TEMPO 0008 2000 RADZ BKN012 BECMG 0911

9999 NSW SCT018 BKN030 TEMPO 1318 5000 SHRA SCT030TCU

BKN040 BECMG 1618 16005KT=

TAF ELLX 170800Z 170918 32006KT 4000 BKN010 SCT015

BKN050 TEMPO 0918 -RA=

40

TAF UKBB 161335Z 161524 27006G11MPS 6000 BKN015

SCT020CB TX04/15Z

TN02/24Z=

TAF LFPB 161400Z 161524 20012KT 9999 SCT035 PROB30

TEMPO 1624 RA OVC018=

TAF UKOO 161335Z 161524 28005MPS 3100 BR SCT011

SCT020CB TX07/15Z TN02/24Z=

TAF EPWA 161300Z 161524 24010KT CAVOK TEMPO 1524

BKN023 PROB40 TEMPO 1517 27013KT=

UUEE 161320Z 161524 21007MPS 6000 BKN012 SCT020CB 650120

TEMPO 1524 0900 SHSNRA FG VV003 SCT010CB PROB40

TEMPO 1524 FZDZ=

TAF LROP 161200Z 161818 25003MPS CAVOK=

TAF ELLX 161400Z 161524 18004KT 0400 FG VV/// BECMG 1618

1500 BR BKN001 BECMG 2123 20010KT 3000 SCT002 BKN005=

TAF LOWW 161400Z 161524 VRB02KT 8000 NSC TX05/15Z

TN01/23Z PROB40

TEMPO 1516 4000 BR

BECMG 2022 4000 BR PROB30

TEMPO 2224 1200 BCFG FEW003=

TAF LFPG 181700Z 181803 26030G40KT 9999 BKN020

TEMPO 1823 7000 -RA BECMG 2301 26020KT TEMPO 2303

26020G30KT 7000 -RA TX14/18Z TN12/03Z=

TAF LFPB 181700Z 190024 26018G35KT 9999 BKN018 BKN025

TEMPO 0006 RA

BECMG 1215 24015KT=

41

TAF LROP 181200Z 181818 27007MPS CAVOK=

TAF UKOO 181635Z 181803 20006MPS 3100 BR SCT003

BKN011 SCT020CB TEMPO 1824 0300 FG TEMPO 0003

23008G14MPS -SHRA TX04/18Z TN02/20Z=

TAF EPWA 181600Z 190024 21020G34KT 9999 BKN025

PROB40 TEMPO 0012 26024G46KT 4000 RA SHRA BKN007

BKN013CB BECMG 1214 27018G36KT PROB30 TEMPO 1218

6000 SHRA BKN013CB BECMG 2224 30016KT=

TAF UUEE 181545Z 181818 19006G11MPS 3000 BR OVC006

TEMPO 1818 1000 -SHRA BR BKN005 SCT010CB 550050=

TAF LOWW 181700Z 181803 22012KT 9999 FEW035 BKN080

BKN100 TX12/01Z

TN08/18Z PROB30

TEMPO 1824 26020G40KT -SHRA BKN040

BECMG 0001 30025G45KT

TEMPO 0103 30035G60KT 3000 SHRAGS BKN040

SCT045TCU=

TAF ELLX 181700Z 181803 23028G55KT 5000 -RA RA BKN010

BECMG 2023 27020G35KT 9999 NSW SCT010 BKN015=

TAF LFPG 191100Z 191221 26012KT 9999 BKN025 PROB30

TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA SCT008 BKN012 TX15/15Z TN14/21Z=


SCT020CB

TEMPO 1221 29020G25MPS 2000 SHRA SCT005 BKN010CB=

42

TAF LFPB 191100Z 191221 24015KT 9999 SCT020 BKN035=

TAF UKOO 190940Z 191818 27010G15MPS 6000 -SHRA BKN011

SCT020CB TEMPO 2103 3100 -SHRA BR=

TAF EPWA 191300Z 191524 27016G26KT 9999 BKN025 BECMG

1921 26015KT TEMPO 1524 8000 SHRA SCT012 BKN016CB

PROB40 TEMPO 1518 28018G30KT=

TAF UUEE 190945Z 191212 17008G13MPS 5000 -RA OVC008

SCT015CB TEMPO 1218 1500 SHRA BKN006 SCT010CB TEMPO

1812 1000 SHSNRA BKN004 SCT012CB BECMG 1618

28013G18MPS=

TAF LROP 191200Z 191818 26009G14MPS CAVOK

BECMG 0305 29005MPS

BECMG 1517 BKN035 BKN090=

TAF EDDF 191200Z 191322 26012KT 9999 SCT020 BKN035

PROB30

TEMPO 1316 27015G25KT=

TAF LOWW 191100Z 191221 25010KT 9999 SCT035 BKN060

TX07/12Z

TN06/21Z

TEMPO 1216 27015G25KT -RA BKN035 OVC050

FM1600 30020G40KT 9999 SCT045 SCT070=

TAF ELLX 191200Z 191818 24015G30KT 9999 BKN020 BECMG

2123 22015G30KT TEMPO 1818 6000 -RA BKN007 BKN012=

TAF KLAW 191746Z 191818 VRB04KT P6SM OVC200

43

FM2200 VRB05KT P6SM SCT080 OVC120 TEMPO 2303 6SM -

RAPL OVC060

FM0300 15007KT 4SM -SNPL OVC030

FM0700 VRB05KT 4SM -SNPL BR OVC015

FM1200 16006KT 3SM -SN OVC010 TEMPO 1216 1/2SM SN FG

OVC007=

TAF LFPG 191700Z 191803 24010KT 9999 BKN018 PROB40

TEMPO 1803 6000 -DZ SCT008 BKN012

BECMG 2124 24015G25KT

BECMG 0003 24020G30KT TX14/18Z TN13/03Z=


SCT020CB

TEMPO 1822 -SHRASN SCT005 BKN015CB TX03/18Z

TNM01/03Z=

TAF LFPB 191700Z NIL=

TAF EPWA 191900Z 192106 28016KT 9999 BKN025 TEMPO 2103

29018G28KT 8000 SHRA SCT012 BKN015CB TEMPO 0306

SCT015=

TAF UUEE 191545Z 191818 18007MPS 9000 OVC008 TEMPO 1824

2000 SHRA OVC007 SCT010CB BECMG 0002 27008MPS TEMPO

0006 1500 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB BECMG 0608 30008MPS

TEMPO 0618 1200 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB=

TAF LROP 191800Z 200024 27005MPS CAVOK

BECMG 1517 BKN035 BKN090=

TAF EDDF 191800Z 191904 21011KT 9999 BKN040=

44

TAF LKPR 191600Z 200024 29018KT 9999 SCT035 TEMPO 0024

27016G30KT TEMPO 0003 CAVOK BECMG 0406 9999 BKN035

TEMPO 0610 7000 -RA BKN023 TEMPO 1523 CAVOK=

TAF ELLX 191800Z 200024 23015KT 6000 SCT008 BKN012

TEMPO 0008 23020KT 3000 -DZ BKN005 BECMG 0810 9999

23020KT BKN012 BECMG 1820 3000 -RADZ BKN005 OVC010=

TAF LFPG 200500Z 200615 23015G25KT 9999 BKN015

BECMG 0608 23017G30KT

TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA BKN010 BKN040 TX13/12Z TN12/06Z=


TEMPO 0612 29009G14MPS 1000 SHSN BKN004 BKN007CB

TX01/12Z

TNM01/07Z=

TAF LFPG 200500Z 200615 23015G25KT 9999 BKN015 BECMG

0608 23017G30KT TEMPO 1215 6000 -RA BKN010 BKN040

TX13/12Z TN12/06Z=

TAF LFPB 200500Z 200615 23017G30KT 9999 BKN015 TEMPO

0609 SCT015 BKN025 TEMPO 1215 7000 RA BKN010=

TAF UKOO 200435Z 200615 27008G14MPS 6000 BKN011

SCT020CB TEMPO 0612 3100 -SHRA BR TX06/12Z TN03/06Z=

TAF EPWA 200700Z 200918 23010KT 9999 BKN025 BECMG 1113

19012KT 6000 RA SCT007 BKN015 TEMPO 1418 3000 RA

BKN006=

TAF UUEE 200400Z 200606 29009G14MPS 9000 OVC008

TEMPO 0618 1200 SHSN OVC007 SCT010CB=

45

TAF EDDF 200600Z 200716 22015G27KT 9999 BKN025 PROB30

TEMPO 0710 BKN014 PROB30

TEMPO 1016 23020G38KT=

TAF LKPR 200500Z 200615 22010KT 9999 BKN035

TEMPO 0615 27018G28KT PROB30 0615 27020G38KT

TEMPO 0612 7000 -RA BKN020

BECMG 1415 CAVOK=

TAF LOWW 200500Z 200615 19005KT 9999 SCT060 BKN100

TX14/13Z

TN08/06Z PROB30 0607 02007KT

TEMPO 0610 -RA SCT030 BKN060

BECMG 1012 26010KT

TEMPO 1215 28015G30KT CAVOK=

TAF ELLX 200600Z 201212 23020G30KT 9999 BKN015

BKN025 TEMPO 1217 3000 -RADZ BKN005 BKN009 BECMG

1719 5000 -RA BKN005 OVC015 BECMG 0103 25015G25KT

9999 SCT020 BKN035 TEMPO 0106 BKN014 TEMPO 0611

5000 -RA BKN005 BKN015=

TAF UKFF 200445Z 200615 27007G12MPS 9999 BKN011

BKN020CB PROB40 TEMPO 0815 2100 -SHRA BKN006

BKN020CB TX05/12Z TN02/06Z=

TAF UKLN 200445Z 200615 29010G15MPS 9999 BKN020CB

TEMPO 0612 29015G20MPS 3000 -SHRA BKN007=

TAF UKLR 200445Z 200615 29011G16MPS 9999 BKN010

BKN013CB TEMPO 0615 33015G20MPS 2000 SHSNRA

BKN007 BKN013CB TX03/12Z TN01/06Z=

46

TAF UKON 200445Z 200615 28008G13MPS 9999 SCT030

TX07/12Z TN01/06Z=

TAF AMD UKLL 200507Z 200515 30008G13MPS 9999

BKN010 TEMPO 0509 29010G15MPS 3000 -SHRASN BKN005 BKN020CB TX03/05Z TN01/09Z= TAF UKLL 200445Z 200615

29006G11MPS 9999 BKN010 TEMPO 0609 30009G14MPS 3000 -

SHRA BKN005 BKN020CB=

TAF UKCW 200440Z 200615 27007G12MPS 3100 -SHRASN BR

BKN011 BKN020CB TX04/12Z TN02/06Z=

TAF UKDR 200440Z 200615 26007G12MPS 9999 BKN011

BKN020CB TEMPO 0612 28012G17MPS 3100 -SHRASN TX05/12Z

TNM00/06Z=

TAF UKKK 200440Z 200515 29009G14MPS 9999 BKN015 TEMPO

0515 31012G17MPS 1000 SHSNRA BKN004 BKN010CB TX02/12Z

TNM00/06Z=

TAF UKCC 200445Z 200615 27008G13MPS 9999 BKN011

SCT015CB TEMPO 0608 2000 BR SCT005 TEMPO 0815

29011G16MPS 1100 SHRASN BKN003 BKN015CB TX04/11Z

TNM00/06Z=

TAF UKDD 200445Z 200615 27009G14MPS 6000 SCT006

BKN012CB TEMPO 0915 30011G16MPS 2100 -SHRASN SCT004

TX04/12Z TNM00/06Z=

TAF LFPG 202000Z 202106 24010KT 9999 SCT015 BKN040

TEMPO 2102 24015G25KT

TEMPO 0206 24015G30KT TX08/21Z TN05/05Z=

47

TAF UKBB 201935Z 202106 26005MPS 9999 BKN040

BECMG 2223 23006G11MPS 4000 -SNRA BR OVC007

TEMPO 2306 1000 SHRASN BR SCT003 BKN015CB=

TAF UKOO 202140Z 210606 21006G12MPS 4000 -SHRASN BR

BKN011 SCT015CB PROB40 TEMPO 0612 1000 SHRASN=

TAF UUEE 201935Z 202106 29008G13MPS 6000 BKN010

SCT015CB 530002

TEMPO 2106 32012G17MPS 0900 +SHSN BLSN VV003

SCT010CB=

TAF LROP 202000Z 202106 26003MPS CAVOK

BECMG 2301 BKN030 BKN080 PROB30

TEMPO 0205 3000 RA BKN010 OVC040=

TAF EDDF 202100Z 202207 22011KT 9999 SCT025 SCT040

BECMG 0406 21015G26KT=

TAF LKPR 202000Z 202106 24016KT 9999 SCT035

TEMPO 2106 26018G32KT 9999 -RA BKN027 PROB40 2301

28022G42KT

7000 SHRA FEW015CB BKN017=

TAF LOWW 202000Z 202106 28010KT CAVOK TX10/21Z

TN09/03Z TEMPO 0306 24006KT 9999 SCT060 BKN140=

TAF ELLX 202000Z 202106 25010KT 9999 SCT015 SCT050 TEMPO

2306 25015G30KT 6000 SHRA SCT008 BKN012=

48

2.1. Landing forecast

Landing forecasts are intended for those aircraft that are in an

hour flight from the airdrome and for regional users.

According to the regional aeronavigation agreement, the

Landing forecast is issued as “trend” foerecast and included into the

METAR or SPECI. The validity period of Landing forecast is 2 hours

starting from the time of the report.

2.2. Forecast for take-off (FCST TAKE-OFF)

Forecast for take-off includes information about expected

weather conditions in the runways area. These include:

- surface wind speed and direction as well as variations in their

parameters:

- temperature;

- pressure (QNH);

- other weather conditions in the frame of local agreement.

The Forecast for take-off, if requested, is given to aircraft operators

and flight crew within 3 hours before the expected take-off.

FCST TAKE-OFF Examples

1200Z 24012KT PS16 Q1014

1500Z 25015KT PS18 Q1013

Or:

Take off forecast valid on: 18:00 UTC 07 Feb 2006

WIND(KT) Temp(C) Humidity(%)

FL 180 310 38 -22 15

FL 140 310 31 -11 8

FL 100 300 28 -4 15

Fl 050 300 23 -2 83

49

Landing forecast valid on: 18:00 UTC 07 Feb 2006

WIND(KT) Temp(C) Humidity(%)

FL 180 160 8 -29 66

FL 140 60 11 -19 76

FL 100 40 17 -10 66

Fl 050 20 41 -6 92

2.3. Area forecasts for low level flights (GAMET)

GAMETs cover the area from the ground to FL100 (3000 m) and up to

FL150 (4500 m) in the mountain region.

GAMETs are issued every 6 hours for each FIR (Flight Information

Region) in Ukraine. The validity period is 00-06; 06-12; 12-18; 18-24 UTC not less than 1 hour in advance.

The GAMET consists of two sections:

Secn1: Description of significant weather conditions along the route.

The detailed information is only given when predetermined criteria are

exceeded.

Section 1 of GAMET is used for AIRMET preparation. Besides, the

SIGMET information for the same region or subregion and the same

validity period is given at the end of the section.

Secn2: General weather information that is always forecast is given in

Table 4

It includes:

Table 4

General weather information

CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT

PSYS Pressure systems

Location of pressure systems and fronts with their

expected movement and development.

50

Table 4. End


WIND/T Wind/Temperature Upper winds in KPH and temperatures for 600 m

(2000 ft), 1500m (5000 ft) and 3000m (10000 ft) MSL

(in Ukraine). Prefix PS for positive, MS for negative

temperatures.

CLD Cloud

Cloud coverage, type of cloud, top and base

(from 300 to 3000 m) in ft over MSL or in FL (in

Ukraine in meters) .

FZLVL Freezing level

Altitude of freezing level in ft over MSL or in

FL(in Ukraine in meters).

Code Phenomenon and Content

MNM

QNH Minimum QNH

Lowest QNH for GAMET validity period.

Additional information can be included in Secn 2 of GAMET if there

is a regional aeronavigation agreement (Table 5).

Table 5

Significant Enroute Weather Conditions of GAMET secn1. and

AIRMET


SFC WSPD Surface wind speed

Average wind speed

widespread > 30 KT.

SFC VIS Surface visibility

Visibility widespread < 5000m

Additionally: weather phenomena

which are reducing visibility in

METAR code.

SIGWX

Significant weather thunderstorm

Isolated/occasional thunderstorm

with/without hail (ISOL,OCNL).

51

Table 5. End


MT OBSC Mountain obscuration

Altitude (ft MSL) from which mountains

are completely or partially in clouds.

SIG CLD Significant cloud

SIG CLD

Significant cloud

Cb without thunderstorm TCU.

ICE Icing

TURB Turbulence

MTW Moderate mountain waves

SIGMET

APPLICABLE SIGMET issued

Valid SIGMET for the FIR or parts thereof

Additionally: numbered issued SIGMETs or

NIL if no SIGMET was issued.

HAZARDOUS

WX NIL

None of the afore-mentioned weather

phenomena is expected to occurre; no

SIGMET issued.

Gamet examples

UKHV GAMET VALID 151200/151800 UКHH-

KHARKIV FIR

SECN I

SIG WХ: 13/18 ISОL ТS

SIG CLD: OCNL СВ 800/АВV 3000 М AGL

ТURB: МОD GND/600 М AGL

SECN II

PSYS: 12 L 1000 НРА N5130 E03130 МОV NЕ 30 KMH WKN

SFC WIND: 220/08G13 MPS

WND/T: 600 М AMSL 230/30 КМН РS19 1500 М AMSL 240/40

КМН РS10 3000 М AMSL 240/50 КМН МS01

FZLVL: 2800 M AMSL

MNM QNH SECTOR: 09, 11: 1005 HPA SECTOR 10, 12: 1007 HPA

MNM SFC T SECTOR: 09, 10, 11, 12: PS21

52

YUCC GAMET VALID 220600/221200 YUDO-

AMSWELL FIR/2 BLW FL100

SECN I

SFC WSPD: 10/12 65 KMH

SFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BR N OF 51 DEG N

SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TS

SIG CLD: 06/09 OVC 800/1100 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU

1200/8000 FT AGL

ICE: MOD FL050/080

TURB: MOD ABV FL090

SIGMETS APPLICABLE: 3,5

SECN II

PSYS: 06 L 1004 HPA N51.5 E10.0 MOV NE 25 KT WKN

WIND/T: 2000 FT 270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02

10000 FT 240/85 KMH MS11

CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FT AGL

FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL

MNM QNH: 1004 HPA SEA: T15 HGT 5M

VA: NIL

When a weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level flights has

been included in the GAMET area forecast and the phenomenon

forecast does not occur, or is no longer forecast, a GAMET AMD

(amendment) shall be issued, amending only the weather element

concerned.

GAMET AMD is also issued when forecast QNH is 1 hPa more

than actual one and/or when actual temperature is 5 ºС lower than

minimal forecast temperature at temperature -10 ºС centigrade degrees

and lower.

GAMET AMD example

UKHV GAMET AMD VALID 151400/151800 UКHH-

KHARKIV FIR

53

SECN I

SIG WХ: ISОL ТS

SIG CLD: OCNL СВ 800/АВV 3000 М AGL

ТURB: МОD GND/600 М AGL

SECN II

PSYS: 12 L 1000 НРА N5130 E03130 МОV NЕ 30 KMH WKN

SFC WIND: 220/08G13 MPS

WND/T: 600 М AMSL 230/30 КМН РS19 1500 М AMSL 240/40

КМН РS10 3000 М AMSL 240/50 КМН МS01

FZLVL: 2800 M AMSL

MNM QNH: SECTOR: 09, 11: 1004 HPA, SECTOR: 10, 12: 1005

HPA

MNM SFC T: SECTOR: 09, 10, 11, 12 PS2

2.4. Airmen‘s meteorological information (AIRMET)

AIRMETs are aviation weather warnings for low-level flights. They

cover the area from the ground to FL100 (3000 m) and up to FL150

(4500 m) in the mountain region.

AIRMETs are issued by meteorological watch office when

predetermined weather phenomena occur which are not described in

SECTION1 of the GAMET.

The AIRMET information is composed for entire FIR unless any

restriction is given.

The AIRMET information is composed with open plain language

using the accepted ICAO abbreviations. The AIRMET includes

information concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of

specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of

aircraft operations and the development of those phenomena in time and

space.

The AIRMET information is cancelled if the phenomena are no more

observed or do not occur in the given region.

It is recommended to disseminate AIRMET to meteorological watch

offices in adjacent FIR and to other meteorological offices as agreed by

the meteorological authorities concerned.

54

Table 6

Significant En-route Weather Conditions of AIRMET


SFC WSPD Surface wind speed

Mean wind speed

widespread > 30 KT (60 KPH).

SFC VIS Surface visibility

Visibility widespread < 5000m

Additionally: weather phenomena which are

reducing visibility in METAR code.

TS GR or TS Thunderstorm with or without hail

Isolated/occasional thunderstorm

with/without hail (ISOL,OCNL):

ISOL TS, ISOL TSGR, OCNL TS,

OCNL TSGR.

MT OBSC Mountain obscuration

Altitude (ft MSL) from which mountains

are completely or partially in clouds.

CLD

BKN/OVC CLD Cloud

Broken/overcast cloud

Broken and overcast clouds widespread lower

than 1000ft (300 m) with base and top above

ground level.

The cloud base and cloud top are given with

units of measurement.

Cb and TCU

ISOL/OCNL/FRQ Cb without thunderstorm and TCU

(Towering Cumulus)

Isolated/occasional/frequent

ISOL means sky coverage < 50%

OCNL means sky coverage from 50% to

75 %

FRQ means sky coverage > 75%.

55

Table 6. End CODE PHENOMENON AND CONTENT

MOD ICE

Moderate icing

Moderate icing not in convective clouds with

details of altitude layer; it is not given with valid

SIGMET on severe icing.

MOD TURB Moderate turbulence

Moderate turbulence (not in convective clouds)

with details of altitude layer; not given in valid

SIGMET on severe mountain waves.

MOD MTW Moderate mountain waves

Moderate mountaine waves with details of

altitude layer;

not given in valid SIGMET on severe mountain

waves.

General AIRMET format is given in Table 7.

Table 7

General AIRMET format

INFORMATION EXAMPLE

The first line

1. Location indicator of the air

traffic services unit serving the

FIR or control area to which

the AIRMT message refers

UKBV

2. Message identification and

consecutive day number

AIRMET 2

3. Day-Time group Code for the following period

(VALID)

Beginning the validity period UTC

(6 figures)

END of the validity period UTC (6

figures).

The preferable validity period of

AIRMET is not more than 4 - 6

hours

VALID 151410/151800

56

Table 7. Continued INFORMATION EXAMPLE

4. Issuing meteorological office

followed by a hyphen to separate

the preamble from the text

message

UKВВ-

The next line

5. The name of FIR (UIR) or

control area for which the

AIRMET is issued

KYIV FIR

6.Phenomenon description or

weather condition.

Each AIRMET includes only one

dangerous weather phenomenon or

weather condition.

EMBD TSGR

7. The information type: if

phenomenon is observed and

expected to continue abbreviation

“OBS” is used. If phenomenon is

forecast abbreviation “FCST” is

used. Relevant time of observation

is also given in UTC.

FCST

8. Phenomenon or weather

condition location.

The part of FIR or longitude and

latitude degrees or well-known

geografical features and flight

level are indicated.

9. Movement or expected

movement of phenomenon It is given with reference to one of

eight points of compass given in

KMH or KT.

MOV NE 20 KMH

10. The forecast change of

phenomena intensity:

Intensifying, weakening or no

change.

INTSF, WKN or NC

57

The list of abbreviations used when AIRMETs are composed is

given in appendix 3 of this manual.

AIRMET examples

UKBV AIRMET 2 VALID 151410/151800 UKВВ-

KYIV FIR MOD ICE FCST 1000/1800 М AGL W OF Е030 MOV NE

20 KMH NC

UKNV AIRMET 2 VALID 151410/151800 UKNN-

UKNV NATIONAL FIR MOD ICE FCST W OF E030 200/1200M

AGL MOV NE

20 KMH NC=

UKNV AIRMET 3 VALID 151600/151800 UKNN-

UKNV NATIONAL FIR CNL AIRMET 2 151410/151800

VVEE AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 VVWW SHEREMETJEVO

FIR MOD TURB OBS AT120548 DEG N 10 DEG EAT FL 080 NC

WAOS41 LOWM LOVV AIRMET 4 VALID 031100/031500 LOWW-

WIEN FIR LOC MOD ICE FCST BLW 5000FT MSL. NC.=

WAOS41 LOWM LOVV AIRMET 5 VALID 031500/031900 LOWW-

WIEN FIR LOC MOD ICE FCST IN LOW STRATUS BLW 5000FT

MSL ESPECIALLY SOUTH EAST OF ALPS AND DUE TO FZDZ.

NC.=

58

2.5. Significant meteorological information (SIGMET)

SIGMETs are aviation weather warnings for subsonic, transonic and

supersonic cruising levels.

The SIGMET information is composed for entire FIR unless any

restriction is given.

The SIGMET information is issued by a meteorological watch office

concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route

weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations

and the development of those phenomena in time and space.

The SIGMET information is given in open plain language using the

accepted ICAO abbreviations. SIGMET information shall be cancelled

when the phenomena are no longer expected to occur in the area. The

general SIGMET format is given in Table 8.

In a special case of SIGMET message for volcanic ash and tropical

cyclones it is recommended to include outlook giving information for up

to 12 hours beyond the period of validity concerning the trajectory of

the volcanic ash and position of the tropical cyclone centre. This outlook

should be based on advisory information provided by meteorological

centres designated by regional air navigation agreement.

It is recommended to desseminate SIGMET to meteorological watch

offices, World Area Forecast Centres (WAFC) and Regional Area

Forecast Centres (RAFC) and to other meteorological offices in

accordance with regional air navigation agreement.

The information shall be indicated using one of the following as

appropriate:

1) at subsonic cruising levels (up to 13 km):

Thunderstorm TS

Obscured OBSC TS

Embedded EMBD TS

Frequent FRQ TS

Squall line SQL TS

Obscured with heavy hail ОBSC TSGR

Embedded with heavy hail EMBD TSGR

Frequent with heavy hail FRQ TSGR

59

Squall line with heavy hail SQL TSGR

Tropical cyclone

Tropical cyclone with 10-minute mean

surface wind speed of 63 KPH (34 KT) or

more

TC + cyclone name

Turbulence

Severe turbulence SEV TURB

Icing

Severe icing SEV ICE

Severe icing due to freezing rain SEV ICE (FZRA)

Mountain wave

Severe mountain wave SEV MTW

Duststorm

Heavy duststorm HVY DS

Sandstorm

Heavy sandstorm HVY SS

Volcanic ash VA + volcano name,

if known

2) at transonic and supersonic cruising levels:

Turbulence

Moderate turbulence MOD TURB

Severe turbulence SEV TURB

Cumulonimbus CB

Isolated CB ISOL CB

Occasional CB OCNL CB

60

Frequent CB FRQ CB

Hail GR

Volcanic ash VA + volcano name,

if known

Table 8

The general SIGMET format

INFORMATION EAMPLE

The first line

1.Location indicator of the air traffic services

unit serving the FIR (UIR) or control area to

which the SIGMET message refers.

YUDD

2.Message identification and consecutive day

number SIGMET is used for subsonic cruising levels.

SIGMET SST is used for transonic and

supersonic cruising levels.

The SIGMET number corresponds to the

number of SIGMET issued for the FIR since

0001 UTC.

SIGMET and SIGMET SST messages use

separate series of sequence numbers.

SIGMET 2

3. Day-Time group.

Code for the following period (VALID)

Beginning of the validity period UTC (6

figures)

END of the validity period UTC (6 figures).

The validity period of SIGMET is preferable

not more than 4 - 6 hours.

VALID 221215/

221600

4.Issuing meteorological office followed by a

hyphen to separate the preamble from the text

message.

UKBB-

61

Table 8. End

INFORMATION EXAMPLE

The next line

5. The name of FIR (UIR) or control area

for which the SIGMET is issued

AMSWELL FIR

6. Phenomenon description or weather

condition.

Each SIGMET includes only one dangerous

weather phenomenon or weather condition

(taken from the list above).

EMBD TSGR

7. The information type: if phenomenon is

observed and expected to continue

abbreviation “OBS” is used. If phenomenon

is forecast abbreviation “FCST” is used.

Relevant time of observation is also given in

UTC.

OBS

8. Phenomenon or weather condition

location.

The part of FIR or longitude and latitude

degrees or well-known geografical features

and flight level are indicated.

TOP FL 300 S OF

N50

9. Movement or expected movement of

phenomenon.

It is given with reference to one of eight

points of compass given in KMH or KT.

MOV NW 40 KMH

10. The forecast change in phenomena

intensity:

Intensifying, weakening or no change.

INTSF, WKN or NC

The list of abbreviations used when SIGMETs are composed is

given in appendix 3 of this manual.

The one of the possiblevariant of SIGMET weather information

indication at the terminal of air traffic controllers is given in Fig.2.

62

Fig.2. Indication of weather information at the terminal of air traffic

controllers (SIGMET) (www.softaero.ru)

The SIGMET examples

UKBV SIGMET 2 VALID 181040/181400 UKBB-

KYIV FIR FRQ TS FCST TOP FL 300 S OF N50 MOV NW 40

KMH WKN


KYIV FIR CNL SIGMET 2 181040/181400

UKNV SIGMET 2 VALID 181040/181400 UKNN-

UKNV NATIONAL FIR FRQ TS FCST S OF N50 TOP FL 300

MOV NW

40 KMH WKN=

UKBV SIGMET 1 VALID 020350/020950 UKBB -

UKBV KYIV FIR VA MT ETNA LOC N3744 E01500 VA CLD

OBS AT

0322Z S OF N50 AND W OF E031 FL300 MOV UNKNOWN =


http://www.softaero.ru/

63

UKBV KYIV FIR VA ERUPTION MT GRIMSVOTN LOC

N6416W01716

VA CLD FCST FL200/550 N OF N5130 E OF E02900 MOV SE

40KM

FCST 0600Z VA CLD APRX WHOLE FIR AREA

OTLK 1200Z VA CLD APRX E OF E03400=

WSTPAT KZOA SIGMET TANGO 30 VALID 270850/271450

PHFO- OAKLAND OCEANIC FIR. TYPHOON IOKE 920HPA

NEAR N1730 E18000 AT 270600 UTC. WITHIN 120 NM OF

THE POINT N1646 E17950 CB TOPS TO FL520. MOV WSW

13KT. NC. OTLK POSITION...TC CENTER AT 271800 UTC

N1705 E17805. REFER TO TROPICAL CYCLONE

ADVISORY ISSUED BY JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL

AGENCY.

64

Literature

1. International standards and recommended practice. Meteorological

Service for International Air Navigation. Annex 3 to International

Civil Aviation Convention.- ICAO, - Montreal: 2004. Issue 15 -

180p.

2. Правила метеорологічного забезпечення авіації. Наказ

Державної служби Украйни з нагляду за забезпеченням

безпеки авіації, Міністерства охорони навколишнього

природного середовища України, Міністерства України ід

14 листопада 2005, №851/409/661. http://ukraviatrans.gov.ua/rekomend_INT.htm

3. Наставление по кодам, том 1. Сборник №306МО (с учетом

дополнения № 4 от августа 2003) http://n.w.s.noaa.gov/tg/wmodocs.html

4. http://weather.gov/

5. http://adds.aviationweather.noaa.gov/

6. http://russian.wunderground.com/Aviation/

7. http://softaero.ru/

http://ukraviatrans.gov.ua/rekomend_INT.htm

http://n.w.s.noaa.gov/tg/wmodocs.html

http://weather.gov/

http://adds.aviationweather.noaa.gov/

http://russian.wunderground.com/Aviation/

http://softaero.ru/

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