aviation toxicology.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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AVIATION
TOXICOLOGY
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HAZARDS
PHYSICAL HAZARD
Hazards that result from energy and matter
And the relationship beteen the to
Physi!al
"iologi!alChemi!al
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HAZARDS
Physi!al
"iologi!alChemi!al
"iologi!al Hazard
Hazards that !ause an illness as a !onse#uen!e of
their infe!tious or to$i! properties
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HAZARDS
Physi!al
"iologi!alChemi!al
Chemi!al Hazard
Hazards that are to$i! in one form or another
and the amount of dose and e$posure determine
the amount of rea!tion
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%&R'I(AL L&AR(I()
*"+&C%I,&ACTION: Identify the toxic hazards in the
aviation environment
CONDITION: While serving as an aircrewmember
TANDA!D: In accordance with "IAW# $% &'()*&(+, and the $-ndamentals of Aeros.ace%edicine
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History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
Occ-.ational %edicine is an essential
com.onent of the Army Aviation
%edicine 0rogram
To .revent and solve .roblems
involving .otential toxic hazards inaviation environment
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/i..ocrates ")(( 2*C*#3$irst to describe the relationshi.
between wor4 and illness*
3$irst disc-ssed .rinci.les oftoxicology d-ring research to
control the absor.tion of a
com.o-nd to .revent overdose*
History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
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All substances are poisons; there is nonewhich is not a poison. The right dose
differentiates a poison from a remedy
History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
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"ernardino Ramazzini/s boo0 1De Morbis
Artificum. Des!ribed numerous diseases !aused
by e$posure to to$ins in the or0 en.ironment2
Some of hi!h ha.e undergone .ery little re.ision
o.er the past 344 years2
History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
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History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
Aviators wore long scarves to wi.e mist from their goggles andcover their mo-th 5 nose
$irst f-els -sed was a Castor oil mix for l-brication
$ront .ositioned engine ca-sed a contin-al mist of castor oil to
be s.rayed across the .ilot6s face
What did the ingested7inhaled castor oil do to the
aviator8
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C-rrently more than + million .ersonnelwor4 in the Aeros.ace 9nvironment
9ach of these occ-.ations are ex.osedto toxicological hazards that are -ni-eto their occ-.ation*
History of *!!upational
'edi!ine in A.iation
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%erms and Definitions
Occupational hazard: Anything ca.able
of .rod-cing an adverse health orsafety effect on an individ-al Toxicology: The scientific st-dy of
.oisons Exposure: The actual contactof the
harmf-l s-bstance with the biologicalorganism*
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Ty.es of 9x.os-re:
Acute exposure: 9x.os-re to an agent over ashort .eriod of time that ca-ses adversehealth effects
hronic exposure: A long'term ex.os-re to anagent or a series of re.eated ex.os-res to anagent that may event-ally lead to adversehealth changes*
Terms and Definitions
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Threshold limit !alues" T;
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&nabling Learning *b-e!ti.e
%hreeACTION: %atch the Aviation toxicology
.rinci.le with its definitions*
CONDITION: 1iven a list of terms anddefinitions
TANDA!D: IAW $% &'()*&(+ AND$-ndemental of Aeros.ace %edicne
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Time and Dose
!o-te of 9ntry!ate of !etention and 9xcretion
0hysiological 9ffects
0hysiochemical
9nvironmental
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
Time and dose .rinci.le: Toxin effectsde.end on the amo-nt and d-ration of
ex.os-re
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!o-te of 9ntry 0rinci.le: Ways a toxin
can enter the body ' #nhalation
$ #ngestion
$ Absorption
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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Inhalation: In the flight environment most
im.ortant method of getting a toxin in the body
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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Ingestion: Involves ta4ing a toxin orally
-nintentionally
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
mo4ing, eating, or drin4ing in the wor4
areas witho-t ade-ate .reca-tions
are the main means of ex.os-rethro-gh ingestion*
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Absor.tion: This involves movement of
a toxin thro-gh the s4in
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
0rolong contact with most
0etrole-m, oils, l-bricants
"0O;s# may allow for dermal
absor.tion*
0hysical handling of a toxic.rod-ct is not the only
method of absor.tion? $-el contaminated clothing
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!ate of !etention and 9xcretion
' !etention: /ow longa toxin will remain inthe body* "toxins with high retention rates:lead, DDT, Asbestos, 2erylli-m#
' 9xcretion: /ow %uic&lythe body rids itselfof the toxin* This is -s-ally thro-gh which
organs8
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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0hysiological: Individ-al variables thatdetermine the res.onse to a toxin
' %etabolism: Age, conc-rrent medication
' 2ody $at: determine the effect fat sol-ble
toxins have on the body
' 1enetics: 9thnic gro-., sex
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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0hysiochemical: the biochemical
.rocess of detoxifying chemicals within
the body
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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9nvironmental: Toxicity may be
affected by? Atmospheric pressure? Temperature
? Humidity
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
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Atmos.heric .ress-re: $AA st-dies
show that hazardo-s f-mes become
more toxic the higher yo- go in altit-de
A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
'lane (ands #tself in )ayfield as 'ilot "lumbers
By Douglas R. Burnett
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A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
Tem.erat-re: Toxic agents are less.roblematic in the winter than s-mmer
d-e to the larger va.orization of volatile
chemicals in warmer tem.erat-re*
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A.iation %o$i!ology Prin!iples
/-midity: Chemicals are more ra.idly
absorbed thro-gh wet " .ers.iration#
s4in than cool dry s4in
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Enabling Learning Objectie !our
ACTION: %atch the aviation toxic s-bstancewith its hazard
CONDITION: 1iven a list of aviation toxics-bstances and a list of hazards
TANDA!D: IAW $% &'()*&(+ AND$-ndamentals of Aeros.ace %edicine
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%o$i! Substan!e *.er.ie
Aviation $-els and $-el Comb-stion
.rod-cts
olvents and Degreasers ;-bricants
/ydra-lic $l-ids
$ire 9xting-ishers
Com.osites and 0lastics
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Aiation !uels:
? Combination of m-lti.le "@(# .etrole-m
.rod-cts
? Tol-ene, xylene, benzene, na.hthaleneBs3 nown carcinogens
?Army et engines -ses 0'=
3 "erosene ' .rinci.al agent#3 $lash .oint of +(( $E
? 0rinci.al hazard is va.or inhalation
? ym.toms of 9x.os-re
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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Aviation $-el ym.toms of Ac-te 9x.os-re
' Ne-rological sym.toms: ;ight'headedness, conf-sion, fatig-e, coma, sl-rred
s.eech, res.iratory fail-re, im.aired .sychomotor ' Cardiac and !es.iratory sym.toms:
Irreg-lar heart beats, co-ghing, cho4ing, wheezing
' 1astrointestinal sym.toms: Na-sea, vomiting, easily absorbed thro-gh mo-th
' 4in sym.toms: Chemical b-rns, irritation d-e to the drying effect
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
Aviation $-el Comb-stion ' arbon *onoxide: One of the most
common and toxic of s-bstances in the
aviation environment ' ;ow concentrations over timecan .rod-ce high blood
concentration
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Carbon Monoxide
%ost common ca-se of fatal .oisonings in FA
0rod-ct of incom.lete comb-stion
CO is a colorless, odorless gas
CO (*>G for &( min-tes H 2lood Conc of )>G
With as little as +(G Carboxyhemoglobin can
decreased .eri.heral and night vision*
After removal from CO so-rce, only abo-t (*>G is
removed from blood every ) ho-rs*
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
Carbon Monoxide
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" #$$ "
" %$ "
" &$ "
" '$ "
" ($ "
" )$ "
" *$ "
" +$ "
" ,$ "
" #$ "
" $ " No effect
No maor effect exce.t for hortness of
2reath on 9xtreme 0hysical Activity
9xtreme hortness of 2reath d-ring
%oderate 9xertion, %inor /eadache
0rono-nced /eadache, $atig-e,
Irritability,-mpaired udgment
/eadache, Disorientation, $ainting,
Colla.se
Fnconscio-sness, !es.iratory $ail-re,
Death in ;ong 9x.os-res
-mmediate Death
Carbon Monoxide(Sympom!"
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/olents and Degreaser: Organic bases -sed todissolve other .etrole-m .rod-cts" Water, ;i.id#
' Tol-ene isocynate: an additive to .aints, foams,and adhesives
' Trichloroethylene "TC9#: Fsed
in aircraft maintenance
as solvent or degreasing agent
' %ethyl'ethyl'4etone "%9#:olvent s.ecified by the
maintenance man-al
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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Lubricants
' -bstances that red-ce friction
' ;ocated in 9ngine , A0F,
Transmission, and gear boxes
' When ex.osed to hot s-rfaces aninhalation hazard is .rod-ced,
sym.toms similare to CO ' 4in contact ca-ses
a dermatitis reaction
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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Hydraulic !luids
' 0etrolat-m, Castor oil, ilicon, or
0hos.hate 9ster based
' %aintained -nder high .ress-re and a small
lea4 can .rod-ce a finely aerosolized mist inthe coc4.it*
' $ine mist can im.air vision and act as an
irritant* Inhalation can irritate the l-ngs*
' ;arge lea4 can ca-se .ooling in thecoc4.it
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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!ire E0tinguishers
' A threat 1hen operated in anenclosed or unenclosed enironment
" -nhalation is the primary threat Three Types
? Halon
? 2arbon Dio0ide? A3ueous !ilm !orming !oam
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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Halon ' ;i-efied com.ressed gas which
chemically interr-.t comb-stion
' Non'toxic -nless discharged within anenclose s.ace
' Decom.oses into "hydrogen fl-oride,
chloride, bromide and .hosgene
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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2arbon Dio0ide
' afe, large -antities needed
' /eavier than air
' In low concentrations "J G# acts as ares.iratory stim-lant
' /igh concentration "'>G#, drowsiness,
headache, res.iratory, loss of concentration
' At +(G or above, colla.se,;OC, and death can occ-r
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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A3ueous !ilm !orming !oam ' !elatively nontoxic .rotein based
.rod-ct
' The concentrated foam is harsh andcan irritate the s4in
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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2omposite and 4lastics
' Com.osed of a n-mber of
com.onents which give strength,thermal resistance, light weight
' %ade -. of resins,fibers, solvents
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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!ibers
' Incl-de gra.hite, boron, 4evlar, and or fiberglass
' 0roblems occ-r d-ring crash, wor4ing, b-rning,sanding, or scra..ing
' 0rimary hazard is
inhalation of .articles
J &*> micrometer*
' Can develo.asbestosis li4e
reaction
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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Resins ' 2onding agents, hold the fibers in a matrix
' 9.oxy, .oly-rethane, .henol, and amino resinsma4e -. the bonding agents
' 0rimary hazard is inhalation d-e to thermalrelease of tol-ene diisocyantes, methylenedianiline"%DA# f-mes
' CN de.ression, -nconscio-sness, allergicreaction
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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4lastics ' 0oly-rethane -sed in coc4.it7cabin interiors
and fl-orocarbon .lastics -sed in wiring
ins-lation and corrosion resistant coating
' 0rimary hazard is
inhalation d-ring
decom.osition
which may releasecyanide, fl-orine gas
and .hosgene
A.iation %o$i! Substan!e
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&nabling Learning *b-e!ti.e
5i.eACTION: Identify .rotective meas-res
to .revent or red-ce toxic s-bstance
ex.os-re*
CONDITION: 1iven a list
TANDA!D: IAW $% &*()'&(+, A! >('& A! >('K
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-ndiidual
' 0revent contamination of yo-r A2DF 7 NO%9Lflight s-its
' mo4e and eat only in a-thorized areas ' Wash hands decrease ris4 of ingesting
a toxin*
' Wear .ersonal .rotective e-i.ment "009#
' 0ay attention to yo-r .hysical sym.toms" headache, b-rning eyes, choc4ing, na-sea,and 7 or s4in irritation#
Prote!ti.e 'easures
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2oc5pit
' 2e aware of the .otential for toxic ex.os-rein flight
' mo4e and f-mes are very serio-s
matter
' Ta4e immediate actionM ventilate, descend,
land, evac-ate the aircraft, and see4 medicaleval-ation
Prote!ti.e 'easures
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Prote!ti.e 'easures
6eneral
' 2e aware of the .otential for toxic
ex.os-re in the aviation environment
' 2e aware of the hazardo-s material in
yo-r wor4 area
' Develo. and rehearse
evac-ation .lan
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67IZ
1o to the bottom of the Aircrew Training Tab*
Clic4 on -iztar ;ogin to access the
Aviation Toxicology-iz