AvesAves

BirdsBirds

Well adapted to terrestrial, freshwater, and Well adapted to terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitatsmarine habitats

Bodies adapted for flightBodies adapted for flight

Endothermic- body temperature controlled Endothermic- body temperature controlled by metabolismby metabolism

Evolution:Evolution:

Evolved from reptiles Evolved from reptiles Few fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or Few fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones thin, hollow bones Archaeopteryx:Archaeopteryx:1. Possible link between birds & reptiles1. Possible link between birds & reptiles2. Lived during 2. Lived during Jurassic periodJurassic period3. Large skull with 3. Large skull with reptile like teethreptile like teeth4. 4. Bones not hollowBones not hollow5. 5. Claws on forelimbsClaws on forelimbs6. Long 6. Long tailtail7. Strong legs & rounded wings for 7. Strong legs & rounded wings for glidinggliding8. 8. FeathersFeathers9. 9. FurculumFurculum - fused collarbone or wishbone - fused collarbone or wishbone

Archaeopteryx:Archaeopteryx:

Evolution:Evolution:

Hesperonis:Hesperonis:1. Bird fossils from 1. Bird fossils from Cretaceous periodCretaceous period2. Large, flightless bird2. Large, flightless bird3. Had teeth like reptiles 3. Had teeth like reptiles

Evolution:Evolution:

Ichthyornis:Ichthyornis:1. Smaller, tern like bird1. Smaller, tern like bird2. Lived during 2. Lived during Cretaceous periodCretaceous period3. Had large flight wings 3. Had large flight wings

Similarities between birds and Similarities between birds and dinosaursdinosaurs

1.1. Flexible S-shaped Flexible S-shaped neckneck

2.2. Unique ankle jointUnique ankle joint

3.3. Hollow bonesHollow bones

Dinosaur and PigeonDinosaur and Pigeon

Characteristics of Birds:Characteristics of Birds: Body covered with Body covered with feathers feathers made of made of protein called protein called keratinkeratin Thin, hollow bonesThin, hollow bones Some Some bones fusedbones fused for extra strength for extra strength Forelimbs modified into Forelimbs modified into wingswings for  flight for  flight Two Two hind limbs with clawshind limbs with claws to support to support upright body upright body Scales on legsScales on legs

Characteristics of Birds:Characteristics of Birds:

Toothless, horny beakToothless, horny beak Additional Additional air sacs air sacs  with lungs for more oxygen with lungs for more oxygen EndothermsEndotherms (40 to 41 degrees Celsius body (40 to 41 degrees Celsius body temperature) temperature) Four chambered heartFour chambered heart with single, right aortic with single, right aortic arch arch Amniote egg with calcium carbonate shellAmniote egg with calcium carbonate shell Oviparity Oviparity with both parents often caring for eggs with both parents often caring for eggs Eggs usuallyEggs usually incubated within a nest incubated within a nest

Feathers:Feathers:

Modified scalesModified scales

Function to provide lift for Function to provide lift for flight & help flight & help conserve body heatconserve body heat

Five kinds of feathers ----- Five kinds of feathers ----- down, contour, down, contour, flight, filoplume, & bristlesflight, filoplume, & bristles

Down feathers:Down feathers:1. 1. Soft & fluffySoft & fluffy2. Cover the 2. Cover the body of nestlingsbody of nestlings3. Provide an undercoat 3. Provide an undercoat insulatinginsulating adult birdsadult birds

Feathers:Feathers:

Contour Feathers:Contour Feathers:1. Give 1. Give streamline shape streamline shape to bodyto body2. Provide 2. Provide colorationcoloration to adult birds to adult birds3. Give 3. Give additional insulation additional insulation to body to body Flight Feathers:Flight Feathers:1. Specialized 1. Specialized contour featherscontour feathers2. Found on 2. Found on wings & tailwings & tail Filoplumes:Filoplumes:1. Called 1. Called pin featherspin feathers2. 2. Hairlike feathersHairlike feathers under contour feathers on under contour feathers on body body

Feathers:Feathers:

Parts of a feather:Parts of a feather: Develop from tiny pits in the skin called Develop from tiny pits in the skin called folliclesfollicles ShaftShaft emerges from the follicle emerges from the follicle Two vanesTwo vanes develop on either side of shaft develop on either side of shaft BarbsBarbs branch off of each vane & have projections called branch off of each vane & have projections called barbulesbarbules Barbules have Barbules have microscopic hooksmicroscopic hooks to hold barbules to hold barbules together together Birds Birds preenpreen their feathers to clean them & coat them their feathers to clean them & coat them with oil with oil Preen glandsPreen glands - oil glands located at the base of the tail - oil glands located at the base of the tail Birds Birds shed or moltshed or molt feathers periodically: feathers periodically:1. Molting usually in 1. Molting usually in late summer between breeding & late summer between breeding & migrationmigration2. 2. Flight feathers replacedFlight feathers replaced3. Some birds 3. Some birds molt before courtshipmolt before courtship

Parts of a featherParts of a feather

Beaks and Feet:Beaks and Feet:

Adapted to habitat & feeding Adapted to habitat & feeding Hawks & eaglesHawks & eagles have have hooked beaks & talonshooked beaks & talons for for tearing meat tearing meat Swifts have tiny beaksSwifts have tiny beaks that open wide to catch insects that open wide to catch insects in midair in midair Flightless birds like Flightless birds like ostriches have legs & feet ostriches have legs & feet modified for runningmodified for running & walking & walking PenguinsPenguins have wings modified into have wings modified into flippersflippers for for swimming swimming Ducks & geeseDucks & geese with with webbed feetwebbed feet Legs of some birds such as Legs of some birds such as herons &  egrets turn vivid herons &  egrets turn vivid colorscolors to attract mates; caused by to attract mates; caused by hormoneshormones

Skeleton and Muscles:Skeleton and Muscles: Pelvic & pectoral girdles fusedPelvic & pectoral girdles fused for for strength strength Bones thin & hollow so bird lighterBones thin & hollow so bird lighter Furculum Furculum or wishbone is a fused or wishbone is a fused collarbone that stabilizes bird in flight collarbone that stabilizes bird in flight Lighter beakLighter beak replaces heavy teeth & jaws replaces heavy teeth & jaws Lower vertebrae fusedLower vertebrae fused so no heavy so no heavy ligaments needed ligaments needed

Skeleton and Muscles:Skeleton and Muscles:

Enlarged eye socketsEnlarged eye sockets reduce skull weight reduce skull weight Keeled sternumKeeled sternum for attachment of large flight for attachment of large flight muscles muscles PygostylePygostyle - terminal vertebrae support tail & - terminal vertebrae support tail & aids in flight (lift, steering, & braking) aids in flight (lift, steering, & braking) Two digits in forelimbs lost & other three digits Two digits in forelimbs lost & other three digits fused to form fused to form wingswings Wings shaped like air foilsWings shaped like air foils (thicker in front & (thicker in front & tapering to back) so air moves faster on top tapering to back) so air moves faster on top causing lift causing lift

SkeletonSkeleton

Skeleton and Muscles:Skeleton and Muscles:

Powerful muscles make up 50% of body weight Powerful muscles make up 50% of body weight

each wing movement uses different set of each wing movement uses different set of muscles muscles

Flight muscles called pectorals & are attached to Flight muscles called pectorals & are attached to wing & keeled sternum wing & keeled sternum

When When large pectorals contract, wings move large pectorals contract, wings move downdown

When When large pectorals relax & small pectorals large pectorals relax & small pectorals contract, wings move upwardcontract, wings move upward

Body Temperature:Body Temperature:

Metabolism generates body heat (endothermic) Metabolism generates body heat (endothermic)

Enables birds to survive in warm & cold Enables birds to survive in warm & cold environments environments

Rapid breathing & increased air sacs in lungs Rapid breathing & increased air sacs in lungs bring in more oxygen bring in more oxygen

Ingest Ingest large amounts of foodlarge amounts of food for energy for energy

Fluff out feathers to Fluff out feathers to trap air for insulationtrap air for insulation

Aquatic birds have thin layer of fatAquatic birds have thin layer of fat for for insulation insulation

Digestive System:Digestive System: Fast & efficient digestion (mouse digested Fast & efficient digestion (mouse digested in 3 hours) in 3 hours) No chewing No chewing Crop for temporary food storage Crop for temporary food storage Two part stomach --- Two part stomach --- proventriculus & proventriculus & gizzardgizzard Proventriculus is 1st chamberProventriculus is 1st chamber where where digestive juices added digestive juices added

Digestive System:Digestive System:

Gizzard is 2ndGizzard is 2nd part for crushing food part for crushing food Small stones & gravel eaten by birdsSmall stones & gravel eaten by birds aids aids grinding in gizzard grinding in gizzard Pyloric sphincterPyloric sphincter valve at lower end of gizzard valve at lower end of gizzard controls food movement into intestines controls food movement into intestines DuodenumDuodenum - beginning of small intestine where - beginning of small intestine where bile (digests fats) & pancreatic juice are bile (digests fats) & pancreatic juice are added & digested food is absorbedadded & digested food is absorbed

Excretory System:Excretory System:

Paired Paired kidneyskidneys filter nitrogen wastes filter nitrogen wastes (uric acid)(uric acid) from blood from blood

No urinary bladderNo urinary bladder to store liquid wastes to store liquid wastes

Uric acid travels down ureters to Uric acid travels down ureters to cloacacloaca where where intestinal wastes & reproductive products added intestinal wastes & reproductive products added

Uric acid secreted in Uric acid secreted in white, semi solid masswhite, semi solid mass

ShorebirdsShorebirds have have salt secreting glandssalt secreting glands above above the eyes & secrete excess salt through their the eyes & secrete excess salt through their nostrils nostrils

Respiratory System:Respiratory System:Fly at high altitudesFly at high altitudes where there is less where there is less oxygen so need efficient respiratory oxygen so need efficient respiratory system system High metabolic rateHigh metabolic rate requires large requires large amount of oxygen amount of oxygen Nine air sacsNine air sacs associated with lungs associated with lungs increase oxygen level & decrease density increase oxygen level & decrease density Air sacs Air sacs connected to air spaces in connected to air spaces in hollow boneshollow bones One way flow of airOne way flow of air in lungs & air sacs so in lungs & air sacs so more oxygen is removed more oxygen is removed

Respiratory System:Respiratory System:

Air pathway:Air pathway:air enters body through air enters body through nostrilsnostrils on on beak beak tracheatrachea (windpipe) (windpipe) syrinxsyrinx (voice (voice box) 2 primary box) 2 primary bronchibronchi 75% of air into 75% of air into two two posterior air sacsposterior air sacs and 25% of air into and 25% of air into lungslungs air from lungs into air from lungs into other seven air other seven air sacssacs When carbon dioxide exhaledWhen carbon dioxide exhaled, oxygen , oxygen from posterior air sacs moves into lungs to from posterior air sacs moves into lungs to always keep fresh oxygen supply always keep fresh oxygen supply

Circulatory System:Circulatory System:

Four chambered heartFour chambered heart Right sideRight side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood of heart pumps deoxygenated blood from body cells to lungs from body cells to lungs Left sideLeft side of heart receives oxygenated blood of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs & pumps it to the body cells from lungs & pumps it to the body cells Single aortic archSingle aortic arch Rapid heartbeatRapid heartbeat (hummingbird 600X/minute & (hummingbird 600X/minute & chickadee 1000X/minute) chickadee 1000X/minute) Less active birds such as ostrich have slower Less active birds such as ostrich have slower heart rates (70X/minute) heart rates (70X/minute)

Nervous System:Nervous System:Large brains relative to size of bird Large brains relative to size of bird Most highly developed brain areas control Most highly developed brain areas control flight flight CerebellumCerebellum coordinates movement coordinates movement Cerebrum Cerebrum controls navigation, mating, controls navigation, mating, nest building, & care of young nest building, & care of young Optic lobesOptic lobes receive & interpret visual receive & interpret visual stimuli stimuli Keen vision Keen vision Have Have color vision color vision for locating food for locating food

Nervous System:Nervous System:

Large Large eyes located on side of head eyes located on side of head for wide field of for wide field of vision in most birds vision in most birds Some birds such as Some birds such as owlsowls with eyes on front of head for with eyes on front of head for binocular visionbinocular vision (depth perception) (depth perception) No external earsNo external ears, but have feathers around ear , but have feathers around ear openings to direct sounds into ear canals openings to direct sounds into ear canals Tympanic membrane or eardrum for picking up sound Tympanic membrane or eardrum for picking up sound vibrations vibrations Semicircular canalsSemicircular canals in inner ear in inner ear regulate balanceregulate balance Poorly developed sense of smellPoorly developed sense of smell except in ducks & except in ducks & flightless birds flightless birds Sense of tasteSense of taste helps avoid bitter tasting or toxic foods helps avoid bitter tasting or toxic foods

Reproductive System:Reproductive System:TestesTestes in males produces sperm that travels by the vas in males produces sperm that travels by the vas deferens to cloaca deferens to cloaca Females have Females have single ovarysingle ovary that makes eggs that makes eggs Eggs are Eggs are fertilized in the oviductsfertilized in the oviducts Shell added by Shell added by shell glandshell gland & then egg moves into  & then egg moves into  In mating, male presses cloaca to female to transfer In mating, male presses cloaca to female to transfer sperm (internal fertilization) sperm (internal fertilization) Lay an amniote egg:Lay an amniote egg:1. Embryo suspended in fluid called 1. Embryo suspended in fluid called albumenalbumen (white of (white of egg)egg)2. 2. ChalazaChalaza - rope like strands suspending embryo in - rope like strands suspending embryo in albumenalbumen3. 3. ChorionChorion is membrane inside of shell is membrane inside of shell4. 4. YolkYolk is stored food surrounded by yolk sac is stored food surrounded by yolk sac

Bird EggBird Egg

Incubation & development of Incubation & development of EggEgg

Eggs Eggs incubated incubated by one or both parents  by one or both parents  Brood patchBrood patch - thickened, featherless patch of skin on - thickened, featherless patch of skin on abdomen of bird used to warm eggs abdomen of bird used to warm eggs Membranes grow out of embryo's digestive tract & Membranes grow out of embryo's digestive tract & surround yolk surround yolk Membranes make digestive enzymes to dissolve Membranes make digestive enzymes to dissolve proteins & lipids in yolk proteins & lipids in yolk Yolk sac has blood vesselsYolk sac has blood vessels to carry food to embryo to carry food to embryo   WastesWastes from embryo collect in membrane called from embryo collect in membrane called allantoisallantois Chorion Chorion membrane lines the shell & allows gas membrane lines the shell & allows gas exchange exchange Young birds may be Young birds may be precocial or altricialprecocial or altricial

Incubation & development of Incubation & development of EggEgg

Precocial young:Precocial young:1. Have longer incubations1. Have longer incubations2. More eggs laid2. More eggs laid3. Active as soon as hatch3. Active as soon as hatch4. Nestlings can swim, walk, & feed 4. Nestlings can swim, walk, & feed themselvesthemselves5. Need some parental care5. Need some parental care6. Includes chickens, ducks, geese, & 6. Includes chickens, ducks, geese, & swans swans

Incubation & development of Incubation & development of EggEgg

Altricial young:Altricial young:1.Lay fewer eggs1.Lay fewer eggs2. Hatch quickly2. Hatch quickly3. Hatchlings are blind, naked, & helpless3. Hatchlings are blind, naked, & helpless4. Depend on parents for warmth & food 4. Depend on parents for warmth & food for several weeksfor several weeks5. Includes songbirds, woodpeckers, 5. Includes songbirds, woodpeckers, hawks, pigeons, doves, raptors hawks, pigeons, doves, raptors

Behavior:Behavior:

Longer parental care allows Longer parental care allows more complex learning more complex learning (courtship, nesting, migration, etc.) (courtship, nesting, migration, etc.) TerritorialityTerritoriality allows males to establish & defend allows males to establish & defend breeding areas breeding areas Courtship behaviors are used by males to attract Courtship behaviors are used by males to attract mates:mates:1. Brightly colored feathers1. Brightly colored feathers2. Flight displays2. Flight displays3. Songs 3. Songs Nest buildingNest building holds eggs, conceals & shelters young holds eggs, conceals & shelters young birds, may help attract mates birds, may help attract mates Nests are built in sheltered, well-hidden spots in trees, Nests are built in sheltered, well-hidden spots in trees, on the ground, etc. & are made of twigs, mud, grass, on the ground, etc. & are made of twigs, mud, grass, feathers... feathers...

Behavior:Behavior:

Migration to new areas is triggered by Migration to new areas is triggered by dropping temperatures & dwindling food dropping temperatures & dwindling food supplies supplies Birds use migration clues including:Birds use migration clues including:1. Position of sun & stars1. Position of sun & stars2. Topographical landmarks2. Topographical landmarks3. Magnetic clues3. Magnetic clues4. Air pressure changes4. Air pressure changes5. Low frequency sounds 5. Low frequency sounds

Classification:Classification:Class Class AvesAves 27 orders27 orders GaviiformesGaviiformes - loons - loons PelecaniformesPelecaniformes - pelicans & cormorants - pelicans & cormorants CiconiiformesCiconiiformes - wading birds like ibises & herons - wading birds like ibises & herons Anseriformes Anseriformes - ducks, geese, & swans - ducks, geese, & swans Falconiformes Falconiformes - falcons, eagles, hawks, vultures - falcons, eagles, hawks, vultures GalliformesGalliformes - turkey, quail, pheasants - turkey, quail, pheasants GruiformesGruiformes - cranes, coots, & rails - cranes, coots, & rails CharadriiformesCharadriiformes - snipes, sandpipers, gulls, terns - snipes, sandpipers, gulls, terns ColumbiformesColumbiformes - pigeons & doves - pigeons & doves PsittaciformesPsittaciformes - parrots, parakeets, & macaws - parrots, parakeets, & macaws CucluiformesCucluiformes - cuckoos & roadrunners - cuckoos & roadrunners StrigiformesStrigiformes - owls - owls CaprimulgiformesCaprimulgiformes - whippoorwill & nighthawk - whippoorwill & nighthawk ApodiformesApodiformes - hummingbird & swifts - hummingbird & swifts CoraciiformesCoraciiformes - kingfishers - kingfishers PiciformesPiciformes - woodpeckers, sapsuckers, & flickers - woodpeckers, sapsuckers, & flickers PasseriformesPasseriformes - perching birds like robins, cardinals, blue jays - perching birds like robins, cardinals, blue jays

Food & Habitat Adaptations:Food & Habitat Adaptations:AnseriformesAnseriformes (ducks, geese, & swans)(ducks, geese, & swans) have have webbed webbed feetfeet for swimming & for swimming & flattened billsflattened bills; young are precocial ; young are precocial but need some parental care but need some parental care Strigiformes (owls)Strigiformes (owls) have sharp, have sharp, hooked beaks & hooked beaks & talonstalons (claws) for meat eating, keen hearing & eyesight, (claws) for meat eating, keen hearing & eyesight, & forward facing eyes & forward facing eyes Apodiformes (hummingbirds)Apodiformes (hummingbirds) are small, are small, fast-flyingfast-flying birds with birds with tiny feettiny feet & & long tongueslong tongues for drinking nectar; for drinking nectar; found only in western hemisphere found only in western hemisphere Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos, parakeets...)Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos, parakeets...) have a strong, have a strong, hooked beakhooked beak for seed opening & for seed opening & two two forward & two rear facing toesforward & two rear facing toes for perching & climbing for perching & climbing Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans, & flickers)Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans, & flickers) have have two rear facing toestwo rear facing toes for dwelling in tree cavities & for dwelling in tree cavities & sharp, sharp, chisel like billschisel like bills for drilling into trees for drilling into trees Falconiformes or raptors ( hawks, eagles, vultures)Falconiformes or raptors ( hawks, eagles, vultures) have hooked have hooked beaks & talons beaks & talons & keen vision for seeing & keen vision for seeing prey prey

Food & Habitat Adaptations:Food & Habitat Adaptations:Passeriformes or songbirds (blue jays, cardinals, sparrows, robins ...) Passeriformes or songbirds (blue jays, cardinals, sparrows, robins ...) have enlarged have enlarged rear facing toerear facing toe to grip branches, a to grip branches, a syrinxsyrinx or voice box in or voice box in males to produce songs, & a males to produce songs, & a variety of beak shapesvariety of beak shapes to feed on seeds, to feed on seeds, nectar, fruits, & insects; known as nectar, fruits, & insects; known as passerines or perching birdspasserines or perching birds Columbiformes (pigeons & doves) Columbiformes (pigeons & doves) have have small heads & billssmall heads & bills, a crop that , a crop that makes makes "pigeon's milk""pigeon's milk" for feeding young, for feeding young, short incubation periodshort incubation period (2 (2 weeks) weeks)   Ciconiiformes (herons, ibises, & egrets)Ciconiiformes (herons, ibises, & egrets) have long legs for wading & have long legs for wading & sharp pointed bills for piercing frogs & fish sharp pointed bills for piercing frogs & fish Galliformes (turkeys, quail, pheasants, & chickens)Galliformes (turkeys, quail, pheasants, & chickens)  have   have plump bodiesplump bodies with limited flying & a with limited flying & a large gizzardlarge gizzard for grinding grains for grinding grains Sphenisciformes (penguins)Sphenisciformes (penguins) have wings modified into flippers, an extra have wings modified into flippers, an extra layer of body fat for insulation, & webbed feet for swimming layer of body fat for insulation, & webbed feet for swimming Struthioniformes (ostrich)Struthioniformes (ostrich) are the are the largestlargest birds that can't fly but have long birds that can't fly but have long legs with legs with only two toesonly two toes adapted for fast running adapted for fast running