auxiliary verbs

AUXILIARY VERBS VERB

1. TO DO TO WRITE

DO, DOES, DID 1. WRITE (V1)

2. TO BE 2. WRITES

AM, ARE, IS 3. WRITING

WAS, WERE 4. WROTE (V2)

3. TO HAVE 5. WRITTEN (V3)

HAS, HAVE, HAD

4. MODALSCAN COULDMAY MIGHTWILL WOULDSHALL SHOULDMUSTOUGHT TONEEDDARE

USED TO

DIIKUTI OLEH

FUNGSI AUXILIARY VERBS:

1. MENEGATIFKAN KALIMAT

2. MENGINTERROGATIFKAN KALIMAT

3. MENAMBAH MAKNA KATA DALAM KALIMAT

THEY DON’T COME TODAY

DO YOU LIKE TO STUDY ENGLISH?

THEY COME : MEREKA DATANG

THEY WILL COME : MEREKA AKAN DATANG

(+) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + V1 S. PRESENT T

THEY STUDY ENGLISH

DO STUDY

1. GENERAL TRUTH KEBENARAN UMUM

THE SUN RISES IN THE EAST

2. HABITUAL ACTION KEBIASAAN

I GET UP AT 5 EVERY MORNING

EVERY ……. (every morning, every day, every week, etc)

ONCE A ….. (once a day, once a week, once a month0

TWICE A ….. (twice a day, twice a week, etc)

THREE TIMES A ……

Written by: Onggung Gultom, M.Hum

TENSES

(KALA WAKTU)

SETIAP TINDAKAN HARUS DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN WAKTU

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

INDONESIAN ENGLISH

MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN KEMARIN

MEREKA PERGI KE MEDAN HARI INI

MEREKA SEDANG PERGI KE MEDAN SEKARANG

MEREKA SUDAH PERNAH PERGI KE MEDAN

MEREKA AKAN PERGI KE MEDAN BESOK

THEY WENT TO MEDAN YESTERDAY

THEY GO TO MEDAN TODAY

THEY ARE GOING TO MEDAN NOW

THEY HAVE EVER GONE TO MEDAN

THEY WILL GO TO MEDAN TOMORROW

(-) S (I, YOU, THEY, WE) + DO + NOT + V1THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH

(?) DO + S (YOU, THEY, WE) + V1DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH?

A: I LOVE YOUB: DO YOU?A: YES, I DO I DO LOVE YOU

SHE DOES NEED YOUTHEY DO COMEWE DO STUDYHE DOES LOVE HER

(+) S (SHE, HE, IT) + V-s/es

SHE STUDIES ENGLISH

DOES STUDY

(-) S (SHE, HE, IT) + DOES + NOT + V1

SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH

(?) DOES + S (SHE, HE, IT) + V1

DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH?VERB + ES

O GOES

X FIXES

CH WATCHES

SS DRESSES

SH BRUSHES

CONSONANT + Y = I ES CRY = CRIES

1. Yes/ No Question (DO, DOES, DID + s + v1)

Do you like English?

Yes, I do. I like English

No, I don’t. I don’t like English

2. Informative Question (WH-words + DO, DOES, DID + S + V1)

WHERE DOES SHE LIVE?

SHE LIVES ON MERDEKA STREET NO 007

WHAT DO YOU MEAN?

WHY DOES SHE LEAVE?

WHICH ONE DO YOU LIKE?

HOW DO YOU SPELL YOUR NAME? ARRANGED BY: ONGGUNG GULTOM, M.Hum

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT ADV OF TIME

I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

SHE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY

HE STUDIES ENGLISH EVERY DAY

IT EATS FISH EVERY DAY

SUBJ DO/ DOES + NOT

VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME

I DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

YOU DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

THEY DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

WE DO NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

SHE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

HE DOES NOT STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY

IT DOES NOT EAT FISH EVERY DAY

SUBJ SUBJ VERB OBJ ADV OF TIME

DO I STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DO YOU STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DO THEY STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DO WE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DOES SHE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DOES HE STUDY ENGLISH EVERY DAY?

DOES IT EAT FISH EVERY DAY?

(+) Subject + V2 + Object + Adv of time S. Past Tense He wrote a letter last night

did write(-) Subject + did + not + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place

He did not write a letter last night

(?) Did + Subject + V1 + Obj + Adv of time/place Did he write a letter last night? Yes, he did. He wrote a letter last night. No, he didn’t. He didn’t write a letter last night

(?) Wh-words Wh + did + Subject + V-1 + (Obj)+ Adv of time/place What did he write last night? He wrote a letter last night

Written by: Onggung P Gultom, M. Hum

Past Tense: The activity that happened in the past

• ADVERB OF TIMELast ……. Last night, Last week, last month, last year, etc…… Ago 5 minutes ago, two days ago, a few weeks ago This morning, yesterday, etc


WRITE

DO WRITE

WRITES

DOES WRITE

WROTE

DID WRITE


Put the following sentences into (-) and (?)1. She goes to the office every morning2. They came to her house last night3. The boy gets up at 5 every morning4. We study English twice a week5. Mary sings the song beautifully

Translate into English!1. Janet mengunjungi saya minggu lalu2. John tidak memberitahukan hal itu kepada saya3. Tahukah anda bahwa pendidikan itu mahal?4. Kemanakah anda pergi kemarin?5. Siapa yang tahu jawabannya?


PERSONAL PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE

PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN

EMPHATIC

PRONOUN

S O POSS. ADJ POSS. P SELF/ SELVES

I ME MY PEN MINE MYSELF MYSELF

SHE HER HER PEN HERS HERSELF HERSELF

HE HIM HIS PEN HIS HIMSELF HIMSELF

IT IT ITS TAIL (IT’S) ITSELF ITSELF

YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELF YOURSELF

THEY THEM THEIR PEN THEIRS THEMSELVES THEMSELVES

WE US OUR PEN OURS OURSELVES OURSELVES

YOU YOU YOUR PEN YOURS YOURSELVES YOURSELVES

PRONOUNS

TO BE 1. SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS + V-ING PR. CONT. T(+) THEY ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW(-) THEY ARE NOT STUDYING ENGLISH NOW(?) ARE THEY STUDYING ENGLISH NOW?

WH + AM, ARE, IS + + S+ V-ING?WHERE ARE THEY GOING NOW?THEY ARE GOING TO SCHOOL NOW

2. SUBJECT + WAS, WERE + V-ING PS. CONT. T(+) THEY WERE WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED(-) THEY WERE NOT WATCHING WHEN IT RAINED

(?) WERE THEY WATCHING TV WHEN IT RAINED Penambahan “Ing” dibelakang kata kerja

1. VERB YG BERAKHIR DENGAN “E”, MAKA “E” DIHILANGKAN KEMUDIAN DITAMBAH DENGAN “ING”

Eg. GIVE GIVINGLOVE LOVING


2.Verb yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata berakhir dgn 1 vocal dan 1 konsonan, maka konsonannya didouble: cut cutting

3. Verb yg terdiri dari 1 suku kata dan berakhir dgn “ie”, maka “ie” diganti dengan “Y” kemudian ditambah dgn “ing”. die dyingtie tyinglie lying

SUBJECT + AM, ARE, IS, WAS, WERE + V3 = PASSIVE SENTENCE1. Transitive Verb2. Subject dlm kal Active menjadi Object dlm kal Passive (Obj. Pelaku)3. Object dlm kal Active menjadi Subject dlm Passive4. (To) Be + V3 (past participle) = di/ ter ………..

1. Simple Present TenseActive PassiveS + V1/ Vs/es + Object S + am, are, is + V3 + (by) + ObjShe writes a letter A letter is written by her


2. Simple Past Tense

Active Passive

S + V2 + O S + was, were + V3 + (by) + O

She wrote a letter A letter was written by her

3. Present Continuous Tense

S + am, are, is + V-ing + O S + am, are, is + being + V3 + (by) + O

She is writing a letter now A letter is being written by her

4. Past Continuous Tense

S + was, were + V-ing + O S + was, were + being + V3 + (by) + O

She was writing many letters Many letters were being written by her

5. Present Perfect Tense

S + have, has + V3 + O S + have, has + been + V3 + (by) + O

She has written some letters Some letters have been written by her

6. Past Perfect Tense

S + had + V3 + O S + had + been + V3 + (by) + O

She had written a letter A letter had been written by her

7. Present Future Tense

S + will + V1 + O S + will + be + V3 + (by) + O

She will write a letter A letter will be written by her

8. Past Future Tense Active Passive

S + would + V1 + O S + would + be + V3 + (by) + OShe would write a letter A letter would be written by her

9. Present Perfect Continuous TenseS + have, has + been + V-ing + O S + have, has + been + being + V3 + (by) + OShe has been writing some letters Some letters have been being written by her

10. Past Perfect Continuous TenseS + had + been + V-ing + O S + had + been + being + V3 + (by) + OShe had been writing some letters Some letters had been being written by her

11. Present Future Continuous TenseS + will + be + V-ing + O S + will + be + being + V3 + (by) + OShe will be writing a letter A letter will be being written by her

12. Past Future Continuous TenseS + would + be + V-ing + O S + would+ be + being + V3 + (by) + OShe would be writing a letter A letter would be being written by her

13. Present Future Perfect TenseS + will + have + V3 + O S + will + have + been + V3 + (by) + OShe will have written a letter A letter will have been written by her

14. Past Future Perfect TenseS + would + have + V3 + O S + would + have + been + V3 + (by) + OShe would have written a letter A letter would have been written by her

15. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense Active Passive

S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O

She will have been writing a letter A letter will have been being written by her

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing + O S + would + have + been + being + V3 + (by)

+ O She would have been writing a letter A letter would have been being written by her

AdditionMODALS + BE + V3

Example: The book can be bought at the book store The exercise can be done by the students These announcement will be announced tomorrow


• Change the following sentences into passive

• 1. He bought some books yesterday• 2. He gives me some money• 3. They will build a new house• 4. He has taken the books• 5. W. R Supratman composed Indonesia

Raya

Written by: Onggung P. Gultom, M.Hum

VERB –ING HE IS SINGING

VERB 3 THE BOOK IS WRITTEN BY HIM

TO BE

NOUN I AM A STUDENT

ADJECTIVE THEY ARE BUSY

ADVERB THE STUDENTS ARE OUTSIDE

IT IS 7 O’CLOCK


HAVE

1. As an Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu)2. As a Verb (full verb/ kata kerja) Ad. 1. As an Auxiliary Verb Present Perfect Tense

(+) Subject + has, have + V3 She has studied English for 5 years( - ) She has not studied English for 5 years( ? ) Has she studied English for 5 years?

Yes, she has No, she hasn’t

SINCE & FOR

(+) Subject + had + V3 Past Perfect TenseThey had left for Jakarta

( - ) Subject + had + not + V3They hadn’t left for Jakarta

( ? ) Had they left for Jakarta? Yes, they had No, they hadn’t


SUBJECT

HAVE/ HAS HAD V3

I HAVE HAD EATEN

YOU HAVE HAD EATEN

SHE HAS HAD EATEN

HE HAS HAD EATEN

IT HAS HAD EATEN

THEY HAVE HAD EATEN

WE HAVE HAD EATEN

ad 2 As a verb (full verb)1 To possess (possessive) mempunyai2 To take makan/ minum3 To experience mengalami/ merasakan4 Obligation/ necessity harus/ terpaksa5 To ask (causative) menyuruh/ memerintah

Ad. 1. To possess (memiliki)Eq. They have a big house

She has much money I don’t have any money (informal: I have no money)

Ad. 2. To take (makan/ minum)I have breakfast at 6 (between breakfast and luch “brunch”)She has lunch at 12They have dinner at 7He has supper at 11What did you have for breakfast this morning?I had instant noodleWhat would you like to have? I would like to have coca-cola


Ad. 3. To experience (mengalami/ merasakan)I have a trouble with my pronunciationShe has headache He has toothacheJane has stomache

Ad. 4. Obligation/ necesiity (harus/ terpaksa) I have to study hard = I must study hard She does not have to leave now = She mustn’t leave nowAs a young generation you have to work hard = You have to obey your parents =As human beings we have to respect each other=You don’t have to say good bye = They didn’t have to go to Medan = (mereka tidak harus pergi ke Medan kemarin)

akan harus = will have toharus dapat = have to be ableharus (pada waktu lampau) “had to”


Ad. 5. To ask (causative) = menyuruh/ memerintah1. Active Meaning

Subject + have. Has, had + Object + V1I ask the boy to come in I have the boy come inThe manager asks me to work harder The manager has me work harderMy mother asks my sister to sweep the floor My Mom has my sister

sweep the floor2. Passive Meaning

Subject + have, has, had + Object + V3I ask someone to paint my house = I have my house paintedThe man asks him to repair his car = The man has his car repaired Mr. Smith asks the barber to cut his hair = Mr. Smith has his hair cut

Get as causative: Active meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + to-infinitive

eq. I ask the boy to come in I get the boy to come inThe lectures asks the students to go The lectures gets the students to go

Get as causative: Passive meaning Subject + get, gets, got + Object + V3The man asks his son to wash the car The man gets the car washedHe asks the man to cut the tree He gets the tree cutJim asks the mechanic to repair his car Jim gets his car repaired


Put the following sentences into causative “have or get”!

1. The director asked his secretary to type some letters.

2. The teacher will ask the students to do the exercise.

3. My father asks my younger brother to post the letter.

4. Mr. Black asks the guest to come in.

5. The captain asks his men to arrest the bandits.

6. My mother asks me to hang the picture.

7. The headmaster asks the students to obey the rules.

8. The guide asks the tourists to follow him

9. The man asked his sons to clean the house.

10. The police asks the man to open the door.


MODALS

SUBJECT + MODALS + V1

CAN

1. ABILITY (Kemampuan)

2. POSSIBILITY (Kemungkinan)

3. PERMISSION (izin)

1. Ability = to be able to (Subject + am, are, is, was, were + able to + V1)

He can sing a song beautifully = He is able to sing a song beautifully

She can answer the test correctly = She is able to answer the test correctly

2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)

They can come late today

John can be at home

3. Permission (Memohon izin)

Can I borrow your dictionary, please?

You can go home now

COULD

1. ABILITY (kemampuan pada waktu lampau) = to be able to (was, were able to + V1)

He could run fast when he was young = He was able to run fast when he was young

2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)

You could be late if you walked so slowly

The man could be Mr. James

3. Permission (Izin)

Could I come to your house tonight?

You could use one of my pen

Could you accompany me to go there tonight?

• MAY

1. Permission

2. Possibility

1. Permission (more polite)

May I come in, sir?

May I borrow your book, please?

2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)

He may come today

They may be at home

MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kuran pasti)

She might fail in the exam

He might fall in love with you

WILL

1. To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan

I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house

She will help you = She is going to help you

2. Permission

Will you wait for me, please?

Will you help me, please?

Would = Conditional (Past Future)

Type I (Future Possible)

Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense

IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense

I will pass the exam if I study hard

If I study hard, I will pass the exam

I will come to your birthday party if I have time

If I have time, I will come to your birthday party

Type II (Present – Unreal)Past Future Tense + IF + Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense + Past Future Tense I would pass the exam if I studied hardIf I if studied hard, I would pass the exam Type IIIPast Future Perfect Tense + If + Past Perfect TenseIf + Past Perfect Tense + Past Future Perfect TenseI would have passed the exam If I had studied hardIf I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam WOULD (Asking for Permission) Present TenseWould you give me your hands, please?Would you mind coming to the meeting tonight?SHALLBritish = Akan ( I & We + Shall + V1)American = Harus(Br) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow(Am) I shall leave for Jakarta tomorrow1. SHOULD (Sesuatu yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau tetapi tidak dilakukan) You shouldn’t do such foolish thing You should study hard You should take a rest2. Keharusan (Present tense) You shoud obey your parents We should help each other We should respect each other

MUST (Harus/ mesti/ terpaksa) = Have toThey must study hard = They have to study hardChildren mustn’t play in the rain = Children don’t have to play in the rain

(+) They had to move to a new house(-) They didn’t have to move to a new house(?) Did they have to move to a new house?

Where did they have to go yesterday?They had to go to Jakarta yesterday

OUGHT TO (harus)You ought to come to my birthday partyYou ought to study more serious

NEED (perlu/ butuh)1. As an Aux Verb (Subject + need + V1)

(+) I need say something to you(-) I needn’t say anything to you(?) Need you say anything to me?As a verb (need to + V1)(+) She needs to do the exercise (-) She doesn’t need to do the exercise(?) Does she need to do the exercise?

DARE (Berani/ tega)

1. As an aux verb (Subject + dare + V1)

(+) She dare say that she is right

(-) She daren’t say that she is right

(?) dare she say that she is right?

As a Verb

(+) She dares to say so

(-) She doesn’t dare to say so

(?) Does she dare to say so?

USED TO (kebiasaan pada waktu lampau/ tidak terjadi lagi sekarang)

I used to go there when I was a kid

She used to live alone when she was a student

We used to quarrel when we lived together

I didn’t use to sleep alone when a was a kid

He didn’t use study at night when he was a student

My sister didn’t use to come late a night

auxiliary verbs

Documents

study english

studies english

study s

day subj

medan tomorrow s i

hum subject

medan yesterday

medan today