australia’s mothers and babies

Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdash

in brief

aihwgovau

Stronger evidence better decisions improved health and welfare

Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief presents key statistics and trends on pregnancy and childbirth of mothers and the characteristics and outcomes of their babies This report is designed to accompany complementary online data visualisations available at ltwwwaihwgovaureportsmothers-babies australias-mothers-babies-data-visualisationsgt

Australiarsquos mothers and babies

2017in brief


2017in brief

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare is a major national agency whose purpose is to create authoritative and accessible information and statistics

that inform decisions and improve the health and welfare of all Australians

copy Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019

This product excluding the AIHW logo Commonwealth Coat of Arms and any material owned by a third party or protected by a trademark has been released under a Creative Commons BY 30 (CC‑BY 30) licence Excluded material owned by third parties may include for example design and layout images obtained under licence from third parties and signatures We have made all reasonable efforts to identify and label material owned by third parties

You may distribute remix and build upon this work However you must attribute the AIHW as the copyright holder of the work in compliance with our attribution policy available at ltwwwaihwgovaucopyrightgt The full terms and conditions of this licence are available at ltcreativecommonsorglicensesby30augt

ISBN 978‑1‑76054‑553‑6 (Online)ISBN 978‑1‑76054‑554‑3 (Print)

ISSN 1321‑8336 (Online)ISSN 2205‑5134 (Print)

Suggested citationAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019 Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief Perinatal statistics series no 35 Cat no PER 100 Canberra AIHW

Australian Institute of Health and WelfareBoard Chair Mrs Louise Markus

Director Mr Barry Sandison

Any enquiries relating to copyright or comments on this publication should be directed to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare GPO Box 570 Canberra ACT 2601 Tel (02) 6244 1000 Email infoaihwgovau

Published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

Please note that there is the potential for minor revisions of data in this report Please check the online version at ltwwwaihwgovaugt for any amendments

Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief iii

Contents1 At a glance 1

Mothers at a glance 1Babies at a glance 4

2 Mothers 5Antenatal care 5Smoking during pregnancy 10Maternal health 12Place of birth 14Onset of labour 15Method of birth 17

3 Babies 22Gestational age 22Birthweight 24Low birthweight 25Small for gestational age 27Baby presentation and method of birth 31Apgar scores 33Resuscitation 34Hospital births and length of stay 35Admission to special care nurseries and neonatal intensive care units 36Perinatal deaths 37

4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and their babies 42Indigenous mothers 43Babies of Indigenous mothers 48Comparisons with non-Indigenous mothers and babies 51

5 Key statistics and trends 52

Appendixes 59Acknowledgments 59Abbreviations 60Glossary 61References 64Related publications 65

Chapter X Xiv

AIHW information on mothers and babiesAustraliarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief presents an overview of the key statistics from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) National Perinatal Data Collection The corresponding online data visualisations complement this report and are available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babiesaustralias‑mothers‑babies‑data‑visualisationsgt

Detailed data tables including state and territory data are also available online at ltwwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babiesaustralias‑mothers‑babies‑2017‑in‑briefgt

This report and the online data visualisations are part of a comprehensive program of AIHW work in relation to maternal and perinatal care and outcomes Other major projects includebull National Core Maternity Indicators (NCMIs) data visualisations available at lthttpswww

aihwgovaureportsmothers-babiesncmi-data-visualisationsgt The NCMIs monitor the safety and quality of maternity care to ensure there is continual improvement following the introduction of the National Maternity Services Plan (AHMC 2011)

bull National Maternity Data Development Project (NMDDP) latest report available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babiesenhancing‑maternity‑data‑collection‑reporting‑nmddgt The NMDDP aims to build a more comprehensive and consistent national data collection for maternal and perinatal health including development of clinical data items and maternity models of care and the establishment of ongoing national maternal and perinatal mortality data collection and reporting

bull geographic reporting of maternal and perinatal indicators from the Performance Accountability Framework latest report available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babieschild‑maternal‑health‑2014‑2016gt This publication presents detailed geographic data for indicators on antenatal care in the first trimester smoking during pregnancy and low birthweight

The National Perinatal Data CollectionThe National Perinatal Data Collection (NPDC) began in 1991 and is a collaborative effort by the AIHW and state and territory health departments

Perinatal data are collected for each birth in each state and territory usually by midwives and other birth attendants The data are collated by the relevant state or territory health department and a standard de‑identified extract is provided annually to the AIHW to form the NPDC

The NPDC covers both live births and stillbirths where gestational age is at least 20 weeks or birthweight is at least 400 grams except in Victoria and Western Australia where births are included if gestational age is at least 20 weeks or if gestation is unknown birthweight is at least 400 grams

See Appendix A for more information about the NPDC

Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief 1

At a glance

Mothers at a glanceMore women are giving birth but the birth rate is falling bull In 2017 301095 women gave birth in Australiamdashan increase of 40 since 2007

(289499 women)

bull The rate of women giving birth has decreased between 2007 and 2017 with a rate of 60 per 1000 women of reproductive age (15ndash44 years) in 2017 down from 66 per 1000 women in 2007

Rate of women of reproductive age giving birth 2007 to 2017

Women are giving birth later in lifebull The average age of all women who gave birth continues to rise It was 306 in 2017

compared with 299 in 2007 The median age was slightly higher at 31 years in 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year

Number per 1000 women aged 15ndash44

1

299years

301years

306years

2007 2012 2017

Average age of all mothers 2007 to 2017

Chapter X X2

Trend in births to younger and older mothers in Australia 2007 to 2017

The rate of multiple pregnancies has fallenIn 2017 multiple pregnancies represented 15 of all pregnancies Almost all multiple pregnancies (988) were twins while a small proportion (12) were other multiples (triplets quadruplets or higher)

The proportion of multiple pregnancies was lowest among mothers aged under 20 (08) and highest among mothers aged 40 and over (27)

Between 2007 and 2017 the number of multiple pregnancies increased slightly from 4634 in 2007 to a peak of 4703 in 2008 and then declined to 4516 in 2017 The rate decreased slightly over this time from 16 per 1000 mothers to 15 per 1000

Most mothers live in Major cities and were born in AustraliaMost mothers lived in Major cities (72) and most were themselves born in Australia (64)mdashsimilar to the proportions of all women of reproductive age in the population

Over one‑quarter (27) of mothers who gave birth in 2017 were born in a main non‑English‑speaking country (see Glossary) compared with 25 of women of reproductive age in the population The proportion of mothers born in a main non‑English‑speaking country has increased from 18 in 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Younger than 25 35 and older

Chapter 1 At a glance

bull The average age also increased for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers from 252 in 2007 to 260 in 2017 with a median of 25 years

bull The proportion of mothers aged 35 and over increased from 22 in 2007 to 24 in 2017 while the proportion of mothers aged under 25 decreased from 19 to 14

bull The average age of first‑time mothers also increased from 282 in 2007 to 292 in 2017


1 in 22 mothers were Aboriginal andor Torres Strait IslanderAround 45 of all mothers who gave birth in 2017 were Indigenousmdashslightly higher than the proportion of Indigenous women of reproductive age in the population (34)

Indigenous mothers were on average younger than non‑Indigenous mothers (260 years compared with 308)

Characteristics of mothers who gave birth in 2017

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia

Other main English-speaking countries

Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent

Find out more in data visualisations Demographics of mothers and babies

Chapter X X4

Babies at a glanceMore babies are being bornbull There were 305667 babies born in 2017mdashan increase of 4 since 2007bull In all 303478 were live births and 2174 (less than 1) were stillbirths (a baby born without

signs of life see Glossary) Birth status was not recorded for a small number of births bull The stillbirth rate of 71 deaths per 1000 births has decreased slightly following a recent

peak of 78 per 1000 births in 2009

Number of babies born 2007ndash2017

Baby boys slightly outnumber girlsSlightly more babies were male (51) than female (49) This pattern is consistent with previous years The ratio was 1061 male liveborn babies per 100 female liveborn babies

1 in 18 babies were Aboriginal andor Torres Strait IslanderAround 1 in 18 babies (55 or 16934) were Indigenous in 2017 (based on Indigenous status of the baby) and 1 in 22 babies (45 or 13757) were born to Indigenous mothers (based on Indigenous status of the mother)

3 in 4 babies were born to mothers living in New South Wales Victoria or QueenslandThe proportion of babies born in each state and territory closely reflects the distribution of the total population in 2017

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers

Antenatal careAlmost all mothers attend antenatal care with 7 in 10 attending in the first trimester

Antenatal care is a planned visit between a pregnant woman and a midwife or doctor to assess and improve the wellbeing of the mother and baby throughout pregnancy It does not include visits where the sole purpose is to confirm the pregnancy

Antenatal care is associated with positive maternal and child health outcomesmdashthe likelihood of receiving effective health interventions is increased through attending antenatal care The Australian Pregnancy Care Guidelines (Department of Health 2018) recommend that the first antenatal visit occur within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and that first‑time mothers with an uncomplicated pregnancy attend 10 visits (7 visits for subsequent uncomplicated pregnancies)

Regular antenatal care in the first trimester (before 14 weeks gestational age) is associated with better maternal health in pregnancy fewer interventions in late pregnancy and positive child health outcomes

Almost all mothers (999) who gave birth in 2017 had at least 1 antenatal visit

bull 94 had 5 or more visits



In 2017 in relation to the timing of the first antenatal visit

bull 56 of mothers had at least 1 antenatal visit in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy

bull 72 of mothers had at least 1 antenatal visit in the first trimester (less than 14 weeks)

bull 8 did not begin antenatal care until after 20 weeks gestation

2

Chapter X X6

Time to first antenatal visit by gestational age 2017

Trend information on antenatal care is limited due to the relatively recent standardised collection of data However the available data show little change over time

bull The proportion of mothers who had 5 or more antenatal visits throughout their pregnancy was 954 in 2012 and 957 in 2017 (based on mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation excludes data from Victoria)

bull The proportion of mothers who received antenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy was 627 in 2012 and 720 in 2017

See Chapter 5 for more data on trends

emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

Cumulative percentage

Gestational age (weeks)

Find out more in data visualisations Antenatal care

Chapter 2 Mothers


The proportion of mothers who had 5 or more antenatal visits varied slightly by remoteness and socioeconomic disadvantage (data exclude very pre‑term births)bull 95 of mothers living in Major cities compared with 91 in Very remote areas bull 96 of mothers living in the highest SES areas compared with 93 in the lowest SES areas

Mothers who were born in main non‑English‑speaking countries (see Glossary) were less likely to attend antenatal care in the first trimester (66 compared with 74 of those born in Australia and other main English‑speaking countries) However the proportion attending 5 or more antenatal visits was similar (943 compared with 946)

Almost 2 in 3 Indigenous mothers had an antenatal visit in the first trimester (63) and almost 9 in 10 attended 5 or more visits throughout their pregnancy (87) compared with 71 and 94 of non‑Indigenous mothers respectively (age‑standardised) See Chapter 4 for more information on Indigenous mothers

Antenatal visits in the first trimester and 5 or more antenatal visits by selected maternal characteristics 2017

(a) Age‑standardised percentagesNote Data on 5 or more antenatal visits exclude very pre‑term births (less than 32 weeks gestation)

emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Antenatal visit in first trimester

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Antenatal care visits vary by socioeconomic area and maternal characteristicsMothers living in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) areas began antenatal care later in pregnancymdash67 of mothers living in the lowest SES areas attended antenatal care in the first trimester compared with 76 in the highest SES areas in 2017 This is an increase from 55 and 69 in 2012 respectively

Chapter X X8

Number of antenatal visits varies depending on where mothers liveIn 2017 the proportion of mothers attending 5 or more antenatal visits nationally was 94 (275410) (data exclude very pre‑term births) However the proportion varied across Primary Health Network (PHN) areas ranging from 84 in the Murray PHN area to 98 in the Central and Eastern Sydney PHN area

Map of percentage of mothers attending 5 or more antenatal visits by Primary Health Network area of usual residence 2017

Notes1 Data exclude very pre‑term births (less than 32 weeks gestation)2 For the Australian Capital Territory in many cases early antenatal care provided by the womanrsquos general

practitioner is not reported3 See data table 51 for detailed data

Chapter 2 Mothers


Percentage of mothers attending 5 or more antenatal visits by Primary Health Network area of usual residence 2017

Notes

1 Data exclude very pre‑term births (less than 32 weeks gestation)

2 For the Australian Capital Territory in many cases early antenatal care provided by the womanrsquos general practitioner is not reported

3 See data table 51 for detailed data

977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100

Central and Eastern Sydney (PHN101)

Brisbane North (PHN301)

Northern Sydney (PHN102)

Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)

Perth South (PHN502)

South Eastern NSW (PHN106)

Nepean Blue Mountains (PHN104)

Central Queensland Wide BaySunshine Coast (PHN306)

Western NSW (PHN107)

Northern Queensland (PHN307)

Western Sydney (PHN103)

Hunter New England and Central Coast (PHN108)

Darling Downs and West Moreton (PHN304)

Perth North (PHN501)

Western Queensland (PHN305)

Brisbane South (PHN302)

Western Victoria (PHN206)

Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)

South Western Sydney (PHN105)

Murrumbidgee (PHN110)

Country WA (PHN503)

North Coast (PHN109)

Northern Territory (PHN701)

Tasmania (PHN601)

North Western Melbourne (PHN201)

Eastern Melbourne (PHN202)

Gippsland (PHN204)

South Eastern Melbourne (PHN203)

Australian Capital Territory (PHN801)

Murray (PHN205)

Per cent

Primary Health Network area

Chapter X X10

Smoking during pregnancyRates of smoking during pregnancy continue to fall

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is the most common preventable risk factor for pregnancy complications and is associated with poorer perinatal outcomes including low birthweight being small for gestational age pre-term birth and perinatal death

One in 10 mothers (29267 or 99) who gave birth in 2017 smoked at some time during their pregnancy a decrease from 146 in 2009 More data on trends are available in Chapter 5

Rates of smoking were higher in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy (28573 or 95) than after 20 weeks of pregnancy (21484 or 73)

On average mothers who smoked during pregnancybull had their first antenatal visit later in pregnancy

(13 weeks) than those who did not smoke (11 weeks)bull had 1 fewer antenatal care visits (9 visits) than those who did not smoke (10 visits)

These patterns were present across all socioeconomic groups

Some mothers were more likely than others to smoke in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy In 2017 proportions were highest among the following mothers noting that some may fall into more than 1 of these categoriesbull younger mothers (aged under 20)mdashalmost one‑third (324) smoked in the first 20 weeks

of pregnancy compared with 59 of mothers aged 35ndash39 and 67 aged 40 and over bull mothers living in Remote and Very remote areasmdasharound one‑third (337) of mothers in

Very remote and less than one‑fifth (176) in Remote areas compared with 72 of those living in Major cities

bull mothers living in the lowest SES areasmdashalmost one‑fifth (178) smoked in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy compared with 29 in the highest SES areas The difference was still notable after adjusting for maternal agemdash191 compared with 78 (age‑standardised percentages)

bull mothers born in Australia or other main English‑speaking countriesmdash125 compared with 17 of mothers from main non‑English‑speaking countries (see Glossary)

bull Indigenous mothersmdash434 smoked in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy compared with 114 of non‑Indigenous mothers (age‑standardised percentages)

1 in 10 mothers smoked during pregnancy

Find out more in data visualisations Smoking

Chapter 2 Mothers


Mothers who smoked in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy by selected maternal characteristics 2017

(a) Age‑standardised percentagesNote Per cents calculated after excluding records with not stated values

Almost 1 in 4 quit smoking during pregnancyWomen who stop smoking during pregnancy can reduce the risk of adverse outcomes for themselves and their babies Support to stop smoking is widely available through antenatal clinics

Almost 1 in 4 (6421 or 22) of the 28573 mothers who gave birth in 2017 and who reported smoking during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy did not continue to smoke after 20 weeks of pregnancy

Some women may smoke before knowing they are pregnant and stop once they find out they are pregnant According to the 2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey around 1 in 6 (16) women smoked before they knew they were pregnant and 1 in 10 (11) smoked after they found out they were pregnant (AIHW 2017)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia and mainEnglish-speaking countries

Main non-English-speaking countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12

Maternal healthAlmost half of mothers are overweight or obese at their first antenatal visitObesity in pregnancy contributes to increased risks of illness and death for both mother and baby Pregnant women who are obese have an increased risk of thromboembolism gestational diabetes pre‑eclampsia post‑partum haemorrhage (bleeding) and wound infections They are also more likely to deliver via caesarean section Babies of mothers who are obese have higher rates of congenital anomaly stillbirth and neonatal death than babies of mothers who are not obese (CMACE amp RCOG 2010)

Body mass index (BMI) is a ratio of weight and height (kgm2) The normal range of BMI for non‑pregnant women is 185 to 249 While increases in BMI are expected during pregnancy a BMI of 30 or more at the first antenatal visit is defined as obesity in pregnancy

Data on maternal BMI were available for mothers in all states and territories for the first time in 2017 However data collection methods vary between jurisdictions

Among mothers who gave birth in 2017

bull one‑fifth (200) were classified as obese (with a BMI of 300 or more)

bull one‑quarter (256) were overweight but not obese (BMI of 250ndash299)

bull half (504) were in the normal weight range (BMI of 185ndash249)

bull one in 25 (39) were underweight (BMI of less than 185)

The proportion of mothers who were overweight or obese increased with age from 37 of mothers aged under 20 to 51 of those aged 40 and over Mothers who had a caesarean section were more likely to be overweight or obese (53) than mothers who had a non‑instrumental (43) or instrumental vaginal birth (37) (age‑standardised)

Almost 1 in 2 mothers were overweight or obese at their first antenatal visit

Chapter 2 Mothers


Mothers by body mass index group maternal age and method of birth 2017

(a) Age‑standardised percentages For multiple births the method of birth of the first‑born baby was used

Note Per cents calculated after excluding records with not stated values

emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100

Under 20 20ndash24 25ndash29 30ndash34 35ndash39 40and over

Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection

Maternal age Method of birth

Per cent Underweight Normal Overweight Obese

(a)

Find out more in data visualisations Body mass index and Maternal medical conditions

Diabetes and hypertensionInformation is also available on other maternal health conditions including pre-existing or gestational hypertension and diabetes Gestational diabetes affected 127 per 1000 mothers who gave birth in 2017 while a small proportion of mothers had other conditionsbull 71 per 1000 mothers had pre‑existing (chronic) hypertension bull 360 per 1000 had gestational hypertensionbull 78 per 1000 had pre‑existing diabetes

Note that data collection methods for hypertension and diabetes vary across jurisdictions and data exclude Victoria (see Appendix Table D2)

Chapter X X14

Place of birthHospitals are the most common place to give birthAlmost all births in Australia occur in hospitals in conventional labour wards In 2017 97 (291052) of mothers gave birth in hospitals while much smaller proportions gave birth in birth centres (24 or 7247) at home (03 or 806) or in other settings including births occurring before arrival at hospital (07 or 1974 mothers)

Three-quarters of hospital births are in public hospitals The majority (74) of mothers who gave birth in hospital did so in a public hospital and the remaining 26 gave birth in a private hospital Almost two‑thirds (63) of mothers gave birth within 1 day of admission and a further 29 gave birth within 2 days of admission

After birth the median length of stay in hospital was 3 days The median was equal for mothers who delivered by caesarean section (3 days) and lower for those who had a vaginal birth (2 days) There was a trend toward shorter postnatal stays between 2007 and 2017 with 21 of mothers discharged less than 2 days after giving birth in 2017 (14 in 2007) and 14 of mothers staying 5 or more days (21 in 2007) The proportion of mothers discharged between 2 and 4 days after giving birth was unchanged at 65 (based on mothers who were discharged to home and excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

The average age of mothers who gave birth in hospitals was 306 years and 41 were under the age of 30 Mothers who gave birth in public hospitals were younger on average (299) than those who gave birth in private hospitals (327) Mothers who gave birth in hospitals were more likely to be first‑time mothers (43) than in other settings

Babies born in hospitals had a lower average birthweight (3340 grams) and lower average gestational age (387 weeks) than in birth centres or home settings This may be due to the fact that babies requiring a higher level of care including those who are pre-term or low birthweight are more likely to be delivered in a hospital setting

Mothers who give birth in birth centres are slightly youngerThe average age of mothers who gave birth in birth centres was 300 years slightly younger than in other birth settings and 44 were under the age of 30 Around one‑third (36) of those who delivered in birth centres were first‑time mothers The average birthweight of babies born in birth centres was 3476 grams and the average gestational age was 394 weeks

Mothers giving birth at home are older and less likely to be first-time mothersThe average age of the relatively small number of mothers who gave birth at home was higher than in other settings (317 years) and these mothers were less likely to be aged under 30 (31) or to be first‑time mothers (25) Babies born at home had a higher average birthweight (3672 grams) and higher average gestational age (397 weeks) than in other places of birth These data should be interpreted with caution due to the small numbers of mothers giving birth at home

Find out more in data visualisations Place of birth

Chapter 2 Mothers


Onset of labourYounger mothers are more likely to have spontaneous labourLabour can occur spontaneously or may be induced through medical or surgical intervention If there is no labour then a caesarean section is performed

Overall almost half of mothers who gave birth in 2017 (46 or 137293) had a spontaneous labour around 1 in 3 had an induced labour (33 or 97914) and 1 in 5 had no labour onset (22 or 65799)

Labour onset varied considerably by maternal age group Younger mothers (under 20) were the most likely to have spontaneous labour onset (574) and the least likely to have no labour onset (69) Conversely mothers aged 40 and over were least likely to have spontaneous labour onset (261) and most likely to have no labour onset (423) There was little difference in the proportion of mothers with induced labour between the age groups (30ndash36)

There were changes between 2007 and 2017 in the type of labour onsetmdasha decrease in spontaneous labour (from 57 to 46) and corresponding increases for the induction of labour (from 25 to 33) and no labour onset (from 18 to 22) See Chapter 5 for more data on trends

Mothers by onset of labour and maternal age 2017

Note lsquoInducedrsquo may include cases where induction of labour was attempted but labour did not result

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Under 20 20ndash24 25ndash29 30ndash34 35ndash39 40 and over

Per cent

Maternal age

Spontaneous Induced No labour

Chapter X X16

Induction type and reasonFor mothers whose labour was induced a combination of medical andor surgical types of induction were most commonly used (excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

Based on data from 5 jurisdictions diabetes (14) and prolonged pregnancy (13) were the main reasons for inducing labour (excludes data from New South Wales Victoria and South Australia see Appendix Table D2)

Augmentation of labourOnce labour starts it may be necessary to intervene to speed up or augment the labour Labour was augmented for 14 of mothers in 2017mdashequivalent to 30 of mothers with spontaneous onset of labour The augmentation rate was higher among first‑time mothers at 42 of those with spontaneous labour onset compared with 22 of mothers who had given birth previously (excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

emsp

Find out more in data visualisations Onset of labour

Chapter 2 Mothers


Method of birthTwo-thirds of mothers have vaginal births one-third have caesareansIn 2017 65 of mothers (196832) had a vaginal birth and 35 (104237) had a caesarean section Mothers who had a caesarean section include all mothers who had no labour onset as well as some mothers who required a caesarean section after labour started

Most vaginal births (81) were non‑instrumental When instrumental births were required vacuum extraction were more commonly used than forceps (11 and 8 respectively)

Non-instrumental vaginal birth decreased with age and increased slightly with each category of remotenessbull Non‑instrumental vaginal birth decreased as maternal age increased (from 68 for

teenage mothers to 38 for mothers 40 and over)bull Fewer mothers living in Major cities had a non‑instrumental vaginal birth (53) compared

with mothers in Very remote areas (56) (age‑standardised)bull Mothers living in the highest SES areas were less likely to have a non‑instrumental vaginal

birth (50) than those in the lowest SES areas (57) (age‑standardised)

Instrumental vaginal birth decreased as age increased (from 126 for teenage mothers to 78 for mothers 40 and over) and with increasing remoteness (from 125 in Major cities to 85 in Very remote areas age‑standardised) Instrumental vaginal birth was more common among mothers living in the highest SES areas (141) than in the lowest SES areas (96) (age‑standardised)

Mothers by method of birth and selected maternal characteristics 2017

(a) Age‑standardised percentages Note For multiple births the method of birth of the first‑born baby was used

0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20

20ndash24 25ndash29 30ndash34 35ndash39 40 andover

Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES

Maternal age Remoteness SES

Per centNon-instrumental vaginal Instrumental vaginal Caesarean section

(a) (a)

Chapter X X18

Perineal status after vaginal birthOne‑quarter of mothers had an intact perineum after vaginal birth (24) while around half had either a first degree laceration or vaginal graze (23) or a second degree laceration (30) A small proportion of mothers had a third or fourth degree laceration (3) or other types of laceration (8) Around 1 in 5 mothers had an episiotomy (23) and of these 42 also had a laceration of some degree Therefore these figures do not sum to 100

Internationally Australiarsquos rate of third and fourth degree lacerations was higher than the average for Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2014 for both non‑instrumental and instrumental vaginal birthsbull 25 per 100 non‑instrumental vaginal births compared with the OECD average of 15 bull 72 per 100 instrumental vaginal births compared with the OECD average of 57 (OECD 2017)

Variation between countries is likely to be affected by differences in clinical practice and reporting (ACSQHC 2017)

Caesarean sections are more common among older mothersCaesarean section rates increased with age but differed little by remoteness and SES Mothers aged 40 and over were almost 3 times as likely to deliver by caesarean section as teenage mothers (54 and 20)

The overall rate of primary caesarean section (that is caesarean sections to mothers with no previous history of caesarean sections) was 24 this rate was higher for first‑time mothers (36) and lower for mothers who had previously given birth (11)

The great majority (86) of mothers who had had a previous caesarean section had a repeat caesarean section while the remainder had a vaginal birth (110 had a non‑instrumental vaginal birth and 34 had an instrumental vaginal birth)

Having had a previous caesarean section was the most common main reason for having a caesarean section (excludes data from Victoria and South Australia see Appendix Table D2)

Caesarean sections have increased over timeSince 2007 vaginal non‑instrumental births have fallen 5 percentage points (decreasing from 58 in 2007 to 53 in 2017) whereas the caesarean section rate has increased by 4 percentage points (from 31 in 2007 to 35 in 2017) Vaginal birth with instruments has remained relatively stable between 11 and 13 throughout this period These trends remain when changes in maternal age over time are taken into account See Chapter 5 for more data on trends

Internationally the caesarean section rate has been increasing in most OECD countries The OECD average increased from a rate of 20 per 100 live births in 2000 to 28 per 100 in 2015 or nearest year Australiarsquos rate remained higher than the OECD average over this time and ranked 26th out of 34 OECD countries in 2015 or nearest year with a rate of 34 per 100 live births (rates ranked from lowest to highest) The rate was lowest in Finland (16 per 100 live births) and highest in Turkey (53 per 100) (OECD 2017)

Chapter 2 Mothers


Mothers by method of birth 2007 to 2017

Note For multiple births the method of birth of the first‑born baby was used

Robson classification of caesarean sectionsIn 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rather than a population‑based estimate of caesarean section rate the Robson 10 group classification system (Robson classification) be used to evaluate and compare caesarean section rates between groups of women (ACSQHC 2017 WHO RHR 2015) The Robson classification allocates women to 10 mutually exclusive groups based on obstetric characteristics such as parity (number of previous pregnancies) onset of labour whether there has been a previous caesarean section and the babyrsquos gestational age (WHO RHR 2015) (for more detail see Appendix D)

In 2017 using the Robson classification women with a breech pregnancy were most likely to have a caesarean section (92 for first births 87 for subsequent births) followed by those with singleton pregnancies near term who had 1 or more previous caesarean sections (85) Focusing on key groups within the Robson classification can provide a more detailed understanding of the relatively high caesarean section rate in Australia and can be used to inform targeted intervention

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Non-instrumental vaginal Instrumental vaginal Caesarean section

Chapter X X20

Women who gave birth in 2017 by the 10 Robson classification groups

First time mother singleton pregnancy baby in breech (feet first) presentation5994 women gave birth in this group5538 had a caesarean section

92 caesarean rate

Mother has previously given birth with current singleton baby in breech (feet first) presentation4912 women gave birth in this group4291 had a caesarean section

87 caesarean rate

Mother has previously given birth with a previous caesarean scar singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation ge37 weeks gestation44880 women gave birth in this group38297 had a caesarean section

85 caesarean rate

Multiple pregnancy including women with previous caesarean scars4516 women gave birth in this group3147 had a caesarean section

70 caesarean rate

All women with a singleton pregnancy baby in transverse (side on) or oblique lie including women with previous caesarean scars3220 women gave birth in this group1517 had a caesarean section

47 caesarean rate

First time mother singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation ge37 weeks gestation induced labour or caesarean section before labour58404 women gave birth in this group26305 had a caesarean section

45 caesarean rate

All women with a singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation le36 weeks gestation including women with previous caesarean scars17387 women gave birth in this group7249 had a caesarean section

42 caesarean rate

First time mother singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation ge37 weeks gestation spontaneous labour (not induced)51743 women gave birth in this group8508 had a caesarean section

16 caesarean rate

Mother has previously given birth without a previous caesarean scar singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation ge37 weeks gestation induced labour or caesarean section before labour 44292 women gave birth in this group7007 had a caesarean section

16 caesarean rate

Mother has previously given birth without a previous caesarean scar singleton pregnancy baby in vertex (head first) presentation ge37 weeks gestation spontaneous labour (not induced)61188 women gave birth in this group1571 had a caesarean section

26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers


Pain relief during labour and operative deliveryAnalgesia is used to relieve pain during labour (spontaneous or induced) while anaesthesia is used for operative delivery (caesarean section or instrumental vaginal birth) More than 1 type of analgesic or anaesthetic can be administered

Of the 235207 mothers who had labour in 2017 nearly 4 in 5 (78) had pain relief The most common types were nitrous oxide (inhaled) (54) followed by regional analgesic (38) and systemic opioids (16) Mothers who did not have pain relief were more likely to be older to have given birth before to be Indigenous and to live in the lowest SES areas or more remote areas than those who had pain relief

All mothers who have a caesarean section receive a type of anaesthetic except in the rare case of post‑mortem delivery In 2017 the vast majority (941) of mothers who had a caesarean section had a regional anaesthetic and 61 had a general anaesthetic (note that some mothers had both)

Most mothers who had an instrumental vaginal birth also had an anaesthetic (88) A regional anaesthetic was most common (65 of mothers who had an instrumental vaginal birth) followed by a local anaesthetic to the perineum (24)

4 in 5 mothers with labour onset received pain relief

Find out more in data visualisations Method of birth Perineal status Analgesia and Anaesthesia

Chapter X X22

Babies

Gestational age1 in 11 babies are born pre-termGestational age is the duration of pregnancy in completed weeks

In 2017 the median gestational age for all babies was 39 weeks with the vast majority (91) born at term (37ndash41 weeks)

Overall 87 of babies were born pre‑term (before 37 completed weeks gestation) in 2017 Most of these births (81) occurred between 32 and 36 completed weeks The median gestational age for all pre‑term births was 35 weeks

Pre‑term birth is associated with a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes This is reflected in the median gestational age for liveborn babies (39 weeks) which was considerably higher than for stillborn babies (24 weeks) It is also reflected in the fact that most stillbirths were for pre‑term babies (85) and only 15 of stillbirths occurred at term

Less than 1 per cent (05) of all babies were born post‑term (42 weeks and over)

From 2007 to 2017 the proportion of babies born between 37 and 39 weeks increased while the proportion born from 40 weeks onwards decreased

3

Gestational age of babies in 2017

8 7 pre-term 91 born at term lt1 post-term

Chapter 3 Babies


Babies by gestational age 2007 and 2017

Note Pre‑term births may include a small number of births of less than 20 weeks gestation

Pre-term birth much more likely for multiple birthsBabies born in multiple births were much more likely to be born pre‑termmdash660 of twins and 982 of all other multiples (triplets and higher) were born pre‑term in 2017 This compared with 70 of singleton babies

Other characteristics were also associated with increased likelihood of pre‑term birth noting that some babies might have had more than 1 of these characteristics These included

bull babies of Indigenous mothersmdash142 born pre‑term compared with 85 of babies of non-Indigenous mothers

bull babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancymdash136 born pre‑term compared with 81 of babies whose mothers did not smoke

bull babies born to mothers usually residing in more remote areasmdash135 in Very remote areas compared with 84 in Major cities

bull babies of younger (under 20) and older (40 and over) mothersmdash113 and 131 were pre‑term compared with 85 of babies with mothers aged 20ndash39

emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over

Pre-term Term Post-term

Per cent


2007 2017

Find out more in data visualisations Gestational age

Chapter X X24

BirthweightThe vast majority of liveborn babies are in the normal birthweight rangeA babyrsquos birthweight is a key indicator of infant health and a determinant of a babyrsquos chances of survival and health later in life This section provides an overview of birthweight the following sections focus on low birthweight and small for gestational age babies

In 2017 the average birthweight of all babies was 3313 grams The average was slightly higher for liveborn babies (3328 grams) with the vast majority of these born in the normal birthweight range (92 or 279485) 67 (20271) were low birthweight and a small proportion were high birthweight (12 or 3641)

The average birthweight of stillborn babies (1097 grams) was far lower than for liveborn babies (3328 grams) Four in 5 (83) stillborn babies were low birthweight and two‑thirds (66) weighed less than 1000 grams

Babies by birthweight and birth status 2017

emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn

Birthweight rangesHigh 4500 grams and overNormal 2500 to 4499 grams Low less than 2500 grams

(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies


Low birthweight1 in 15 liveborn babies are low birthweight Babies are considered to be of low birthweight when their weight at birth is less than 2500 grams Low birthweight is closely associated with pre‑term birthmdashalmost 3 in 4 low birthweight babies were pre-term and more than half of pre-term babies were of low birthweight in 2017

This section looks at low birthweight in more detail and relates to live births only

In 2017 67 (20271) of liveborn babies were of low birthweight Of these babies

bull 15 or 2996 weighed less than 1500 grams


Between 2007 and 2017 there was little change in the proportion of low birthweight babiesmdashit remained between 61 and 67 over this time

The proportion of low birthweight babies was higher among

bull female babies (73) compared with male babies (61)

bull twins (55) and other multiples (99) compared with singletons (52)

bull babies born in public hospitals (73) compared with babies born in private hospitals (49)

bull babies of mothers who smoked during pregnancy (129) compared with babies whose mothers did not (60)

bull babies of Indigenous mothers (125) compared with those of non‑Indigenous mothers (64) (see Chapter 4 for more information)

Internationally the proportion of low birthweight babies in Australia in 2016 or nearest year (65) was equal to the OECD average (65) with Australia ranked 17th out of 36 OECD countries The rate of low birthweight was lowest in Estonia and Finland (41) and highest in Japan (94) (OECD 2017)

lt2500 grams

6 7

Proportion of low birthweight babies in 2017

Chapter X X26

Low birthweight liveborn babies by selected maternal characteristics 2017

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent

Find out more in data visualisations Birthweight

Chapter 3 Babies


Small for gestational ageBabies of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to be small for gestational age A baby may be small due to being born early (pre‑term) or be small for gestational age which indicates a possible growth restriction within the uterus Poor fetal growth is associated with increased risk of stillbirth and with fetal distress during labour and may predispose babies to long-term conditions in later life

Babies are defined as small for gestational age if their birthweight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age and sex according to national birthweight percentiles The latest birthweight percentiles were developed for Australia using information about liveborn singleton babies born between 2004 and 2013 (Johnson et al 2016 for more detail see Appendix D) Data in this section relate to singleton live births only

Certain characteristics were associated with increased likelihood of being small for gestational age in 2017 noting that some babies may have had more than 1 of these characteristics These included

bull babies of Indigenous mothersmdash14 were small for gestational age compared with 9 of babies of non-Indigenous mothers

bull babies of mothers born in main non‑English‑speaking countries (see Glossary)mdash13 compared with 8 of babies whose mothers were born in Australia or other main English‑speaking countries


bull babies of mothers living in the lowest SES areasmdash11 compared with 9 in the highest SES areas

bull babies of younger mothers (under 20)mdash14 were small for gestational age compared with 9 of babies with mothers aged 20ndash39

bull babies whose mothers were underweightmdash18 compared with 10 of babies whose mothers were in the normal weight range according to BMI

bull babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancymdash16 compared with 9 of babies whose mothers did not smoke

Chapter X X28

Babies who were small for gestational age by selected maternal characteristics 2017

Note Includes liveborn singleton babies only

emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l

Find out more in data visualisations Birthweight adjusted for gestational age

Chapter 3 Babies


Rates of small for gestational age babies vary depending on where mothers liveThe proportion of liveborn singleton babies who were small for gestational age varied across the 31 PHN areas in Australia in 2017 The proportions ranged from 69 in the Western Victoria PHN area to 133 in the Western Sydney PHN area

Map of percentage of small for gestational age babies by Primary Health Network area of motherrsquos usual residence 2017

Notes1 See data table 56 for detailed data2 Includes liveborn singleton babies only

Chapter X X30

Percentage of small for gestational age babies by Primary Health Network area of motherrsquos usual residence 2017


133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total




Perth South (PHN502)Hunter New England and

Central Coast (PHN108)Murrumbidgee (PHN110)

Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)




Country SA (PHN402)Darling Downs and

West Moreton (PHN304)Murray (PHN205)


Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies


Baby presentation and method of birthMultiple births are less likely to present head firstThe presentation of the baby at birth refers to the anatomical part of the baby that is facing down the birth canal

In 2017 the vast majority of babies (94 or 287463) were in a vertex presentation at birth in which the top of the head is facing down the birthing canal Small proportions of babies had different (non‑vertex) presentations

bull around 1 in 22 babies (45 or 13621) were in a breech presentation (where the baby exits buttocks or feet first)

bull around 1 in 100 babies (13 or 4121) were in other presentations including face brow shouldertransverse and compound presentations

In 2017 multiple births were around 7 times as likely to be in non‑vertex presentation as singletons (33 compared with 5 respectively) The proportion was greater for higher‑order multiples (triplets and higher) (39) than for twins (33) Non‑vertex presentation increased with birth order for multiple births from 24 among babies who were born first to 41 among subsequent babies

Babies by presentation at birth and plurality 2017

Note lsquoOtherrsquo includes face brow shouldertransverse and compound presentations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Singleton Twins Other multiples

Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32

A babyrsquos presentation at birth can influence the method of birth Most babies in a vertex presentation were delivered by vaginal birth (68) and 32 were delivered via caesarean section Conversely almost 9 in 10 babies (88) presenting in breech position were delivered via caesarean section and only 12 delivered by vaginal birth

A babyrsquos method of birth can also be influenced by plurality (the number of births resulting from a pregnancy) The likelihood of vaginal birth decreased as plurality increased from two‑thirds (66) of singleton babies to around one‑third (30) of twins and 10 of other multiples This pattern was reversed for caesarean sections which were least common among singletons (34) and most common among multiple births (70 of twins and 90 of other multiples)

See Chapter 2 for more information on method of birth for mothers where the method of birth of the first‑born baby is used when reporting multiple births

Babies by method of birth and selected baby characteristics 2017

Note lsquoOtherrsquo presentation includes face brow shouldertransverse and compound presentations

emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent

Vaginal Caesarean section

Find out more in data visualisations Method of birth and Presentation

Chapter 3 Babies


Apgar scores Apgar scores are highest among babies born at termApgar scores are clinical indicators of a babyrsquos condition shortly after birth The score is based on 5 characteristics of the baby skin colour pulse breathing muscle tone and reflex irritability Each characteristic is given between 0 and 2 points with a total score between 0 and 10 points

An Apgar score of 7 or more at 5 minutes after birth indicates the baby is adapting well to the environment while a score of less than 7 indicates complications for the baby

In 2017 almost all liveborn babies (98) had an Apgar score of 7 or more Apgar scores of 4ndash6 were recorded for 15 of all liveborn babies while just 03 had scores of 0ndash3

Apgar scores differed by gestational age and birthweight

bull 92 of babies born pre‑term had an Apgar score of 7 or more compared with 98 of babies born at term

bull 91 of low birthweight babies (less than 2500 grams) had an Apgar score of 7 or more compared with 98 of babies weighing 2500 grams or more

Liveborn babies Apgar score of 7 or more at 5 minutes by gestational age and birthweight 2017

75 80 85 90 95 100

Pre-term (20ndash 36)

Term (37ndash 41)

Post-term (42 and over)

Less than 2500 grams(low birthweight)

2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent

Find out more in data visualisations Apgar score at 5 minutes

Chapter X X34

Resuscitation1 in 5 liveborn babies require active resuscitationResuscitation is undertaken to establish independent breathing and heartbeat or to treat depressed respiratory effect and to correct metabolic disturbances Resuscitation types range in severity from suction to external cardiac massage and ventilation If more than 1 type of resuscitation is performed the most severe type is recorded

Almost one‑fifth (19) of liveborn babies required some form of active resuscitation immediately after birth in 2017 (excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2) Around one‑third of those requiring resuscitation received suction or oxygen therapy (33) and the same proportion (33) received breathing assistance by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) through a bag and mask or by endotracheal intubation Less than 2 of babies who required resuscitation had external cardiac massage and ventilation

Liveborn babies who received active resuscitation by resuscitation measure 2017

Note Excludes data from Western Australia (see Appendix Table D2)

emspFind out more in data visualisations Resuscitation

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

IPPV through bag and mask

Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV

External cardiac massageand ventilation

Other (not further defined)

Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies


Hospital births and length of stayPre-term babies low birthweight babies and babies in multiple births stayed in hospital longerThe vast majority of babies were born in hospital (97 or 295593 babies in 2017) and of these most were discharged home (95 or 249647) A small proportion of babies (3) were transferred to another hospital and 1 were perinatal deaths (stillbirths or neonatal deaths occurring in the hospital of birth) Note that all data presented for this topic exclude data from Western Australia (see Appendix Table D2)

Among babies who were discharged home the median length of stay in hospital was 3 days with around 9 in 10 (92) staying 5 days or less

A number of factors influence a babyrsquos length of stay in hospital including birthweight and gestational age low birthweight babies had a median stay of 8 days (compared with 3 days for normal birthweight babies) and pre‑term babies had a median stay of 7 days (compared with 3 days for babies delivered at term)

As noted in earlier sections babies who are part of a multiple birth are more likely to be of low birthweight and to be born pre‑term This is reflected in the median length of stay in hospital which was higher for twins (5 days) and for other multiples (32 days) than for singletons (3 days)

emsp

Find out more in data visualisations Hospital length of stay (baby)

Median length of hospital stay

All babies Pre-term babies

Low birthweight babies

3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36

Admission to special care nurseries and neonatal intensive care unitsPre-term babies and multiple births are more likely to need specialised careSome liveborn babies require more specialised treatment and care than is available on the postnatal ward Of all liveborn babies 18 (31723) were admitted to a special care nursery (SCN) or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 2017 Note that babies who were transferred between hospitals (around 4 of all babies) and who were then admitted to an SCN or NICU may not be included in these data and data also exclude New South Wales and Western Australia (see Appendix Table D2)

Pre‑term babies were more likely to be admitted to an SCN or NICU (80) than babies delivered at term (12) or post‑term (14) Most pre‑term babies are of low birthweight and 79 of low birthweight babies were admitted compared with 14 of normal birthweight babies and 26 of those with a high birthweight

The majority of multiple births are pre-term and therefore twins and other multiples were much more likely to be admitted than singletons (69 and 94 compared with 17 respectively)

Babies born to Indigenous mothers were 15 times as likely to be admitted to an SCN or NICU as babies of non‑Indigenous mothers

Liveborn babies by admission to a special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit by selected baby characteristics 2017

Note Excludes data from New South Wales and Western Australia (see Appendix Table D2)

emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Pre-term (20ndash36)

Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother

Non-Indigenous mother

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent

Find out more in data visualisations Admission to a SCN or NICU

Chapter 3 Babies


Perinatal deathsGestational age and birthweight are the biggest predictors of perinatal death

Counting perinatal deaths

Various definitions are used for reporting and registering perinatal deaths in Australia The National Perinatal Data Collection defines perinatal deaths as all fetal deaths (stillbirths) and neonatal deaths (deaths of liveborn babies aged less than 28 days) of at least 400 grams birthweight or at least 20 weeks gestation

Fetal and neonatal deaths may include late termination of pregnancy (20 weeks or more gestation)

Perinatal and fetal death rates are calculated using all live births and stillbirths in the denominator Neonatal death rates are calculated using live births only

Neonatal deaths may not be included for babies transferred to another hospital re-admitted to hospital after discharge or who died at home after discharge The AIHW has established a separate National Perinatal Mortality Data Collection to capture complete information on these deaths The latest report from this collection is for deaths occurring in 2015 and 2016 and is available from the AIHW website ltwwwaihwgovaugt (AIHW 2019)

Perinatal and infant death periods used by the National Perinatal Data Collection

20 weeks gestation Labour Birth 28 days

Prior to labour andor birth During labour andor birth

First 24 hours 1ndash7 days 8ndash27 days

Antepartum Intrapartum Very early neonatal

Early neonatal

Late neonatal

Stillbirths Neonatal deaths

Perinatal deaths

At least 20 weeks gestation or 400 grams birthweight

Chapter X X38

In 2017 there were 10 perinatal deaths for every 1000 births a total of 2911 perinatal deaths This included

bull 2174 fetal deaths (stillbirths) a rate of 7 deaths per 1000 births

bull 737 neonatal deaths a rate of 2 deaths per 1000 live births

Perinatal mortality rates decreased as gestational age and birthweight increased

bull For gestational age rates were highest among babies born at 20ndash27 weeks gestation (694 per 1000 births) and lowest among babies born at term (37ndash41 weeks) (2 per 1000 births)

bull For birthweight rates were highest among extremely low birthweight babies (less than 1000 grams) (692 per 1000 births) and lowest among babies with a birthweight of 2500 grams or higher (2 per 1000 births)

Other factors were also associated with higher rates of perinatal mortality (although to a lesser extent than gestational age and birthweight) including

bull maternal agemdashbabies born to mothers under 20 20ndash24 and 40 and over had the highest rates of perinatal mortality (16 12 and 13 deaths per 1000 births respectively) Babies of mothers aged 30ndash34 had the lowest rate (8 per 1000)

bull maternal Indigenous statusmdashperinatal mortality rates among babies of Indigenous mothers (16 per 1000 births) were 17 times those of non‑Indigenous mothers (9 per 1000) (see Chapter 4 for more information)

bull multiple birthsmdashtwins and other multiples had perinatal mortality rates around 4 and 11 times that of singletons (35 and 95 deaths per 1000 births compared with 9 respectively)

Patterns by these characteristics were similar for both fetal and neonatal deaths noting that fetal mortality (stillbirth) rates were consistently higher than neonatal mortality rates

Chapter 3 Babies


Perinatal deaths by gestational age and birthweight 2017

emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500andoverGestational age (weeks) Birthweight (grams)

Deaths per 1000 births

650

675

Find out more in data visualisations Stillbirths and neonatal deaths

Chapter X X40

Congenital anomalies are the leading cause of perinatal deaths

Classifying perinatal deaths

Causes of death for perinatal deaths are classified according to the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Clinical Practice Guideline for Perinatal Mortality Perinatal Death Classification (PSANZ‑PDC)

Information about cause of death is based on data for 6 states and territories (Victoria Queensland South Australia Tasmania the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory) Perinatal deaths in these 6 jurisdictions (1829 deaths) represented almost two‑thirds of all perinatal deaths in 2017

The most common cause of all perinatal deaths was congenital anomalies accounting for 3 in 10 (31) perinatal deaths This was followed by spontaneous pre‑term birth and unexplained antepartum death (15 and 14 respectively) The leading causes of death vary between fetal and neonatal deaths

Fetal and neonatal deaths by cause of death (PSANZ-PDC) 2017


0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Congenital anomalies

Unexplained antepartum death

Maternal conditions

Specific perinatal conditions

Spontaneous pre-term

Fetal growth restriction

Antepartum haemorrhage

Perinatal infection

Hypertension

Hypoxic peripartum death

No obstetric antecedent

Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies


These patterns were influenced by gestational age maternal age and plurality For example

bull perinatal deaths due to congenital anomalies increased with increasing maternal age

bull spontaneous pre-term birth decreased with increasing gestational age

bull the most common cause of death among singleton babies was congenital anomaly while spontaneous pre‑term birth and specific perinatal conditions were the most common causes of death among twins and other multiples

bull most perinatal deaths of babies born to mothers aged under 20 were due to maternal conditions while congenital anomalies were the most common cause of perinatal death for babies whose mothers were 40 and over

Chapter X X42

4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and their babies

Most Indigenous mothers and their babies are doing well with improvements in outcomes for mothers and babies observed in recent years There has been a notable increase in the proportion of Indigenous mothers attending an antenatal visit in the first trimester and a slight increase in the proportion attending 5 or more antenatal visits The rate of Indigenous mothers smoking during pregnancy has decreased and there is also a small decrease in perinatal mortality rates and the proportion of babies of Indigenous mothers who are small for gestational age

Although a range of data by Indigenous status has been presented in earlier chapters this chapter provides more in-depth information on Indigenous mothers and their babies This is followed by some comparisons with non-Indigenous mothers and babies which show the scope for further improvements

All data in this chapter is based on crude rates rather than age-standardised rates unless otherwise stated

In 2017 45 of all women who gave birth identified as being Aboriginal andor Torres Strait Islander These 13551 women gave birth to 13757 babies Around 1 in 18 (55 or 16934) of all babies born were Aboriginal andor Torres Strait Islander (based on the Indigenous status of the baby)

emsp

Proportion of Indigenous mothers and babies in 2017

4 5 5 5

Chapter 4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and their babies


Indigenous mothers3 in 4 Indigenous mothers who gave birth are aged under 30In 2017 Indigenous mothers were most likely

bull to be aged 20ndash24 years (32) followed by 25ndash29 years (24) and less than 20 years (20)

bull to live in Major cities (34) however a substantial proportion lived in Remote (8) or Very remote areas (12)

bull to live in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) areas (46) compared with the highest SES areas (36)

Characteristics of Indigenous mothers who gave birth in 2017

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44

More Indigenous mothers are accessing antenatal care in the first trimesterOn average Indigenous mothers attended their first antenatal visit at 13 weeks gestation and attended a total of 9 antenatal visits in 2017 (data on number of visits exclude very pre‑term births)

Most Indigenous mothers (63) had their first antenatal visit in the first trimester of pregnancy (less than 14 completed weeks gestation) in 2017 and this has increased over time from 50 in 2012

The proportion of Indigenous mothers receiving antenatal care in the first trimester was highest in Inner regional areas (65) compared with 62ndash63 in other areas These proportions have all increased since 2012

The majority of Indigenous mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more attended at least 5 antenatal visits (88) a small increase from 86 in 2012 (excludes data from Victoria see Appendix Table D2)

Indigenous mothers who attended an antenatal visit in the first trimester by remoteness 2012 and 2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Major cities Inner regional Outer regional Remote Very remote

Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017



Fewer Indigenous mothers are smoking during pregnancyAbout 2 in 5 Indigenous mothers (44) reported smoking during pregnancy a decrease from 52 in 2009

For Indigenous mothers rates of smoking were highest among Remote (48) and Very remote (55) areas and lowest in Major cities (38) Since 2012 smoking rates have decreased across all remoteness areas with the exception of Very remote areas which has increased slightly from 53

Of those who smoked the rate of smoking cessation during pregnancy was 12 This is based on Indigenous mothers who reported smoking in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy and not smoking after 20 weeks of pregnancy

Indigenous mothers who smoked at any time during pregnancy 2009 to 2017

Note Motherrsquos tobacco smoking status during pregnancy is self‑reported

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46

Around 2 in 5 Indigenous mothers are in the healthy weight rangeAmong Indigenous mothers who gave birth in 2017

bull around 2 in 5 (39) were in the normal weight range according to body mass index

bull one‑quarter (25) were overweight

bull almost one‑third (30) were obese

bull a small proportion were underweight (7)

Information is also available on other maternal health conditions including pre-existing or gestational hypertension and diabetes In 2017 among Indigenous mothers who gave birth

bull 12 had gestational diabetes and 20 had pre‑existing diabetes

bull 34 had gestational hypertension and 09 had pre‑existing (chronic) hypertension (excludes data from Victoria see Appendix Table D2)

Around half of Indigenous mothers have spontaneous onset of labourIndigenous mothers were more likely to have spontaneous onset of labour (52) than induced labour (31) or no labour (17) in 2017

Since 2007 the rate of spontaneous onset of labour has decreased from 67 while the rates of induced labour and no labour have increased correspondingly (from 21 and 12 respectively)

Of Indigenous mothers who had labour in 2017 around 3 in 4 (76) received pain relief during labour

Non-instrumental vaginal births are most common for Indigenous mothersMost (64) Indigenous mothers had a non‑instrumental vaginal birth in 2017 followed by a caesarean section (29) and an instrumental vaginal birth (7)

Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal birth have both increased since 2007 (from 24 and 5 of mothers respectively) and the rate of non‑instrumental vaginal birth has decreased (from 71)



Indigenous mothers by method of birth 2007 and 2017


emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017

Find out more in the data visualisations Indigenous mothers

Chapter X X48

Babies of Indigenous mothersMost babies of Indigenous mothers are born at termIn 2017 the median gestational age of babies of Indigenous mothers was 39 weeks

The majority of babies of Indigenous mothers were born at term (85) however around 1 in 7 (14) were born pre‑term Less than 1 were born post‑term These proportions have remained steady since 2007

Steady rates of low birthweight among babies of Indigenous mothersIn 2017 the average liveborn baby of an Indigenous mother weighed 3202 grams

Of all liveborn babies of Indigenous mothers 125 (1695) were of low birthweight This proportion included

bull 104 of babies of Indigenous mothers in the low birthweight range of 1500ndash2499 grams

bull 20 of babies of Indigenous mothers with very low birthweight (less than 1500 grams) Most babies in this group were extremely low birthweight (less than 1000 grams)

There was no change in the proportion of low birthweight babies born to Indigenous mothers between 2007 and 2017 with the rate remaining steady at 125 However the proportion of babies born small for gestational age has decreased slightly between 2013 and 2017 from 144 to 137 See Chapter 5 for more data on trends

Low birthweight babies of Indigenous mothers were similar across remoteness areas ranging from 12 in Major cities to 14 in Very remote areas

lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5

Proportion of low birthweight babies of Indigenous mothers in 2017



Low birthweight of liveborn babies of Indigenous mothers by remoteness 2012 and 2017

Almost all babies of Indigenous mothers have high Apgar scores at 5 minutes after birthApgar scores use of resuscitation and admission to special care nurseries (SCN) or neonatal intensive care units (NICU) can give an indication of the health of newborn babies

In 2017 among liveborn babies of Indigenous mothers

bull around one‑quarter (27) were admitted to an SCN or NICU (excludes data from New South Wales and Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

bull the vast majority had an Apgar score of 7 or more at 5 minutes (97)

bull around one‑fifth (21) required some form of active resuscitation (excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

Babies of Indigenous mothers born in hospital and discharged home had a median length of stay in hospital of 2 days Almost 1 in 3 (30) stayed 1 day or less and a further 45 stayed 2ndash3 days followed by smaller proportions staying 4ndash5 days (14) or 6 days or more (11) (excludes data from Western Australia see Appendix Table D2)

2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50

Perinatal mortality rates decreasing slightly for babies of Indigenous mothersIn 2017 there were 16 perinatal deaths for every 1000 births among babies of Indigenous mothers This included

bull 11 fetal deaths (stillbirths) per 1000 births for babies of Indigenous mothersmdasha decrease from 13 per 1000 in 2007

bull 5 neonatal deaths per 1000 live births for babies of Indigenous mothersmdasha decrease from 7 per 1000 in 2007

Perinatal mortality rates have decreased from 20 deaths per 1000 births in 2007 to 16 in 2017

The leading causes of death for babies of Indigenous mothers were spontaneous pre-term birth (23 of perinatal deaths in 2017) and congenital anomalies (21) (data excludes New South Wales and Western Australia)

emsp



Comparisons with non-Indigenous mothers and babiesThere were disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers and their babies across a range of maternal and perinatal measures in 2017

Compared with non-Indigenous mothers Indigenous mothers were

8 x as likely to be teenage mothers

0 9 x as likely to attend an antenatal visit in the first trimester of pregnancy

0 9 x as likely to attend 5 or more antenatal visits (data excludes very pre‑term births)

4 x as likely to smoke at any time during pregnancy

1 6 x as likely to be obese

1 2 x as likely to have gestational diabetes (data excludes Victoria)

4 x as likely to have pre‑existing diabetes (data excludes Victoria)

1 4 x as likely to have pre‑existing (chronic) hypertension (data excludes Victoria)

1 3 x as likely to have gestational hypertension (data excludes Victoria)

Note Data are based on age-standardised percentages with the exception of teenage mothers

Compared with babies of non-Indigenous mothers babies of Indigenous mothers were

1 7 x as likely to be born pre-term

1 9 x as likely to be low birthweight

1 5 x as likely to be small for gestational age

1 5 x as likely to be admitted to a special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit

1 6 x as likely to be stillborn

2 x as likely to die within the first 28 days of life (neonatal death)


Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)

Chapter 5 Key statistics and trends


Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



AppendixesAppendixes are available for download from the AIHW website on the Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief web page ltwwwaihwgovaureportsmothers-babies australias‑mothers‑babies‑2017‑in‑briefgtbull Appendix A About the National Perinatal Data Collectionbull Appendix B Perinatal national minimum data set itemsbull Appendix C State and territory perinatal data collectionsbull Appendix D Data quality methods and interpretation

AcknowledgmentsThis report was written by Deanna Eldridge Kathryn Sedgwick Denae Cotter and Joshua Alexander of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Fadwa Al-Yaman and Natalie Cooper also of the AIHW

A large number of stakeholders provided valuable advice and input to the National Perinatal Data Collection and to this report including the National Perinatal Data Development Committee and in particular the following staff from the state and territory health departments who provided data and reviewed this reportbull Tim Harrold and Martin Drummond Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence

New South Wales Ministry of Healthbull Shirin Anil Diana Stubbs and Mary‑Ann Davey from the Consultative Councils Unit

Stewardship and Support Branch Safer Care Victoria and Kirsty Anderson from the Health Information and Reporting Branch Department of Health and Human Services Victoria

bull Sue Cornes Joanne Ellerington Vesna Dunne and Ben Wilkinson Statistical Services Branch Department of Health Queensland

bull Maureen Hutchinson and Alan Joyce Maternal and Child Health Unit Information Data and Standards Department of Health Western Australia

bull Katina DrsquoOnise Helen Thomas and Brooke Drechsler Prevention and Population Health Branch Department of Health South Australia

bull Peter Mansfield Peggy Tsang and Cynthia Rogers Health Information Unit Department of Health and Human Services Tasmania

bull Rosalind Sexton and Wayne Anderson Epidemiology Section ACT Healthbull Leanne OrsquoNeil and Shu Qin Li Health Gains Planning Department of Health

Northern Territory

The AIHW also acknowledges the time effort and expertise of all maternity staff in collecting and providing the data for the National Perinatal Data Collection

Chapter X X60

AbbreviationsACT Australian Capital Territory

AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

BMI body mass index

COB country of birth

IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation

NBEDS national best endeavours data set

NCMI National Core Maternity Indicators

NICU neonatal intensive care unit

NMDDP National Maternity Data Development Project

NMDS national minimum data set

NPDC National Perinatal Data Collection

NSW New South Wales

NT Northern Territory

OECD Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development

PHN Primary Health Network

PSANZ‑PDC Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Clinical Practice Guideline for Perinatal Mortality Perinatal Death Classification

Qld Queensland

SA South Australia

SCN special care nursery

SES socioeconomic status

Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria

WA Western Australia

WHO World Health Organization


Glossaryage-specific rate A rate for a specific age group The numerator and denominator relate to the same age group

age standardisation A method of removing the influence of age when comparing populations with different age structures This is usually necessary because the rates of many diseases vary strongly (usually increasing) with age The age structures of the different populations are converted to the same lsquostandardrsquo structure and then the disease rates that would have occurred with that structure are calculated and compared

age structure The relative number of people in each age group in a population

antenatal The period covering conception up to the time of birth Synonymous with prenatal

Apgar score Numerical score used to indicate the babyrsquos condition at 1 minute and at 5 minutes after birth Between 0 and 2 points are given for each of 5 characteristics heart rate breathing colour muscle tone and reflex irritability The total score is between 0 and 10

augmentation of labour Intervention after the spontaneous onset of labour to assist the progress of labour

babyrsquos length of stay Number of days between date of birth and date of separation from the hospital of birth (calculated by subtracting the date of birth from the date of separation)

birth status Status of the baby immediately after birth (stillborn or liveborn)

birthweight The first weight of the baby (stillborn or liveborn) obtained after birth (usually measured to the nearest 5 grams and obtained within 1 hour of birth)

breech presentation A fetal presentation in which the buttocks are at the opening of the uterus In a frank breech the legs are straight up in front of the body In a complete breech the legs are folded but the feet are above the buttocks In an incomplete breech the feet are below the buttocks

caesarean section A method of birth in which a surgical incision is made into the motherrsquos uterus via the abdomen to directly remove the baby

diabetes (diabetes mellitus) A chronic condition in which the body cannot properly use its main energy source the sugar glucose This is due to a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin Insulin a hormone produced by the pancreas helps glucose enter the bodyrsquos cells from the bloodstream and then be processed by them Diabetes is marked by an abnormal build‑up of glucose in the blood and can have serious short‑ and long‑term effects

episiotomy An incision of the perineum and vagina to enlarge the vulval orifice

fetal death (stillbirth) Death before the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception of 20 or more completed weeks of gestation or of 400 grams or more birthweight Death is indicated by the fact that after such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life such as beating of the heart pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles

Chapter X X62

fetal death rate Number of fetal deaths per 1000 total births (fetal deaths plus live births)

first degree laceration Graze laceration rupture or tear of the perineal skin during delivery that may be considered to be slight or that involves fourchette labia vagina or vulva

forceps Handheld hinged obstetric instrument applied to the fetal head to assist birth

fourth degree laceration Perineal laceration rupture or tear as in third degree laceration occurring during delivery and also involving anal mucosa or rectal mucosa

gestational age Duration of pregnancy in completed weeks calculated from the date of the first day of a womanrsquos last menstrual period and her babyrsquos date of birth or via ultrasound or derived from clinical assessment during pregnancy or from examination of the baby after birth

high blood pressurehypertension Definitions vary but a well‑accepted one is from the World Health Organization (WHO) a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or more or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more or [the person is] receiving medication for high blood pressure

Indigenous A person of Aboriginal andor Torres Strait Islander descent who identifies as an Aboriginal andor Torres Strait Islander

induction of labour Intervention to stimulate the onset of labour

instrumental birth Vaginal birth using forceps or vacuum extraction

intrauterine growth restriction A fetus whose estimated weight is below the 10th percentile for its gestational age

live birth The complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy which after such separation breathes or shows any other evidence of life such as beating of the heart pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached each product of such a birth is considered liveborn (WHO definition)

low birthweight Weight of a baby at birth that is less than 2500 grams

main non-English-speaking country Countries where a language other than English is likely to be spoken Includes all countries other than Australia Canada Republic of Ireland New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom and the United States of America

maternal age Motherrsquos age in completed years at the birth of her baby

mode of separation Status at separation of patient (dischargetransferdeath) and place to which patient is released (where applicable)

motherrsquos length of stay Number of days between admission date (during the admission resulting in a birth) and separation date (from the hospital where birth occurred) The interval is calculated by subtracting the date of admission from the date of separation


neonatal death Death of a liveborn baby within 28 days of birth

neonatal mortality rate Number of neonatal deaths per 1000 live births

non-Indigenous People who have indicated that they are not of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent

parity Number of previous pregnancies resulting in live births or stillbirths excluding the current pregnancy

perinatal death A fetal or neonatal death of at least 20 weeks gestation or at least 400 grams birthweight

perinatal mortality rate Number of perinatal deaths per 1000 total births (fetal deaths plus live births)

perineal status State of the perineum following birth Perineal status is categorised as intact first second third or fourth degree laceration episiotomy or as another type of perineal laceration rupture or tear

plurality Number of births resulting from a pregnancy

postneonatal death Death of a liveborn baby after 28 days and within 1 year of birth

post-term birth Birth at 42 or more completed weeks of gestation

presentation at birth The part of the fetus that presents first at birth

pre-term birth Birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation

primary caesarean section Caesarean section to a mother with no previous history of caesarean section

resuscitation of baby Active measures taken shortly after birth to assist the babyrsquos ventilation and heartbeat or to treat depressed respiratory effort and to correct metabolic disturbances

second degree laceration Perineal laceration rupture or tear as in first degree laceration occurring during delivery and also involving pelvic floor perineal muscles or vaginal muscles

spontaneous labour Onset of labour without intervention

stillbirth See fetal death (stillbirth)

teenage mother Mother aged younger than 20 at the birth of her baby

third degree laceration Perineal laceration rupture or tear as in second degree laceration occurring during delivery and also involving the anal floor rectovaginal septum or sphincter not otherwise specified

vacuum extraction Assisted birth using traction or rotation on a suction cap applied to the babyrsquos head

Chapter X X64

ReferencesACSQHC (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care) 2017 The Second Australian Atlas of Healthcare Variation Sydney ACSQHC Viewed 1 May 2019 lthttpswwwsafetyandqualitygovauatlasatlas‑2017gt

AHMC (Australian Health Ministersrsquo Conference) 2011 National Maternity Services Plan Canberra Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing

AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) 2017 National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016 detailed findings Drug statistics series no 31 Cat no PHE 214 Canberra AIHW

AIHW 2019 forthcoming Stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Australia 2015 and 2016 Cat no PER 102 Canberra AIHW

CMACE amp RCOG (Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries amp Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) 2010 Management of women with obesity in pregnancy CMACERCOG Joint Guideline Viewed 1 May 2019 lthttpswwwrcogorgukglobalassetsdocumentsguidelinescmacercogjointguidelinemanagementwomenobesitypregnancyapdfgt

Department of Health 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines Pregnancy Care Canberra Australian Government Department of Health

Johnson D Prendergast L Ramage C Eldridge D Liu C amp Al‑Yaman F 2016 lsquoDeveloping national birthweight for gestational age percentile charts for Australiarsquo Presentation at the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) 20th Annual Congress Townsville 22ndash25 May

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development) 2017 Health at a glance 2017 OECD indicators Paris OECD Publishing Viewed 1 May 2019 lthttpsdoiorg101787health_glance‑2017‑engt

WHO RHR (World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research) 2015 WHO statement on caesarean section rates WHORHR1502 Geneva WHO Viewed 1 May 2019 lthttpwwwwhointreproductivehealthpublicationsmaternal_perinatal_healthcs‑statementengt

WHO 1992 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision Geneva WHO


Related publicationsThis report Australiarsquos mothers and babies 2017mdashin brief is part of an annual series Earlier and subsequent editions can be downloaded free from the AIHW website ltwwwaihwgovaureports-statisticspopulation-groupsmothers-babiesreportsgt

Detailed data tables and appendixes relating to this report were published separately online See ltwwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babiesaustralias‑mothers‑babies‑2017‑in‑briefgt

The following AIHW publications and data visualisations relating to mothers and babies may also be of interest

bull Australiarsquos mothers and babies data visualisations available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers-babiesaustralias-mothers-babies-data-visualisationsgt

bull AIHW 2019 forthcoming Stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Australia 2015 and 2016 Cat no PER 102 Canberra AIHW

bull AIHW 2018 Teenage mothers in Australia 2015 Cat no PER 93 Canberra AIHW

bull AIHW 2018 MyHealthyCommunities Child and maternal health in 2014ndash2016 Web report available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babieschild‑maternal‑health‑2014‑2016gt Canberra AIHW

bull AIHW 2018 Maternal deaths in Australia 2016 Cat no PER 99 Canberra AIHW

bull National Core Maternity Indicators data visualisations available at lthttpswwwaihwgovaureportsmothers‑babiesncmi‑data‑visualisationsgt


in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care

Smoking during pregnancy

Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight

Small for gestational age

Baby presentation and method of birth

Apgar scores

Resuscitation

Hospital births and length of stay

Admission to special care nurseries and neonatal intensive care units

Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers

Babies of Indigenous mothers

5 Key statistics and trends

Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References

Related publications

Blank Page

Blank Page


2017in brief






















Chapter X Xiv












At a glance


(289499 women)





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year


1

299years

301years

306years

2007 2012 2017


Chapter X X2







0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year










0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia


Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent


Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page






















Chapter X Xiv












At a glance


(289499 women)





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year


1

299years

301years

306years

2007 2012 2017


Chapter X X2







0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year










0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia


Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent


Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page


At a glance


(289499 women)





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year


1

299years

301years

306years

2007 2012 2017


Chapter X X2







0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year










0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia


Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent


Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X2







0

5

10

15

20

25

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year










0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia


Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent


Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

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ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page





0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Australia


Other countries

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

Coun

try

of b

irth

Per cent


Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X4








0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number

Year


51 49



Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page


Mothers













2

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X6






emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41




Chapter 2 Mothers







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

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erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

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ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

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r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

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per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

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AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent


0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

5 or more visits

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)


Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X8





Chapter 2 Mothers



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page



Notes




977

976

974

973

972

966

966

965

962

961

961

960

960

956

951

950

949

948

944

943

941

939

938

937

936

930

922

921

889

886

849

841

0 20 40 60 80 100




Country SA (PHN402)

Adelaide (PHN401)














Total

Gold Coast (PHN303)



Country WA (PHN503)



Tasmania (PHN601)



Gippsland (PHN204)



Murray (PHN205)

Per cent


Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X10
















Chapter 2 Mothers







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page







0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Mat

erna

lCO

B

Per cent

Indi

geno

usst

atus

(a)

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

Chapter X X12











Chapter 2 Mothers





emsp

0

20

40

60

80

100


Non-instrumental

vaginal

Instrumentalvaginal

Caesareansection



(a)




Chapter X X14









Chapter 2 Mothers








0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Maternal age


Chapter X X16




emsp


Chapter 2 Mothers











0

20

40

60

80

100

Under20


Majorcities

Innerregional

Outerregional

Remote Veryremote

LowestSES

HighestSES



(a) (a)

Chapter X X18










Chapter 2 Mothers






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year


Chapter X X20



92 caesarean rate


87 caesarean rate


85 caesarean rate


70 caesarean rate


47 caesarean rate


45 caesarean rate


42 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


16 caesarean rate


26 caesarean rate

Chapter 2 Mothers








Chapter X X22

Babies







3



Chapter 3 Babies










emsp

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20ndash36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and over


Per cent


2007 2017


Chapter X X24





emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499

2500ndash2999

3000ndash3499

3500ndash3999

4000ndash4499

4500and over

Low Normal High

Per cent

Birthweight (grams)

Liveborn Stillborn


(WHO 1992)

Chapter 3 Babies















lt2500 grams

6 7


Chapter X X26


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Smoked

Did not smoke

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous

Smok

ing

stat

usRe

mot

enes

sSE

SIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies












Chapter X X28



emsp

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Smoked

Did not smoke

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Indigenous

Non-Indigenous



Smok

ing

stat

usM

ater

nal B

MI

Rem

oten

ess

Indi

geno

usst

atus

COB

Per cent

Mat

erna

l


Chapter 3 Babies





Chapter X X30



133

117

113

107

106

101

101

101

99

98

94

92

91

90

90

89

89

88

88

88

88

86

84

83

81

80

79

79

77

77

77

69

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14











Total






Adelaide (PHN401)


Country WA (PHN503)







Gippsland (PHN204)


Tasmania (PHN601)

Gold Coast (PHN303)


Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies









0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Per cent

Plurality

Vertex Breech Other

Chapter X X32






emsp

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vertex

Breech

Other

Singleton

Twins

Other multiples

Pres

enta

tion

Plur

alit

y

Per cent



Chapter 3 Babies









75 80 85 90 95 100


Term (37ndash 41)



2500 grams and over

Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Birt

hwei

ght

Per cent


Chapter X X34






0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Suction

Oxygen therapy

Endotracheal IPPV



Per cent

Chapter 3 Babies






emsp





3 days

7 days

8 days

Chapter X X36







emsp

0 20 40 60 80 100


Term (37ndash 41)


Singletons

Twins

Other multiples

Indigenous mother


Ges

tati

onal

age

(wee

ks)

Plur

alit

yIn

dige

nous

stat

us

Per cent


Chapter 3 Babies













Early neonatal

Late neonatal


Perinatal deaths


Chapter X X38












Chapter 3 Babies



emsp

0

25

50

75

100

125

150


Less than1000

1000ndash1499

1500ndash1999

2000ndash2499



650

675


Chapter X X40








0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35



Maternal conditions





Perinatal infection

Hypertension



Not stated

Per cent

Fetal deaths

Neonatal deaths

Chapter 3 Babies







Chapter X X42






emsp


4 5 5 5








0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Under 20

20ndash24

25ndash29

30ndash34

35ndash39

40 and over

Major cities

Inner regional

Outer regional

Remote

Very remote

Lowest SES

Highest SES

Mat

erna

l age

Rem

oten

ess

SES

Per cent

Chapter X X44






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per cent

Remoteness area

2012 2017








0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Per cent

Year

Chapter X X46


















emsp

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Per cent

Method of birth

2007 2017


Chapter X X48









lt2500 grams

11 6

lt2500 grams

12 5











2012 2017

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per cent

Remoteness area

Chapter X X50






emsp























Chapter X X52

5 Ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tre

nds

This

cha

pter

pre

sent

s th

e da

ta b

ehin

d th

e ke

y st

atis

tics

and

tren

ds re

port

ed in

cha

pter

s 2

to 4

Det

aile

d da

ta ta

bles

in

clud

ing

stat

e an

d te

rrito

ry d

ata

are

als

o av

aila

ble

onlin

e fr

om th

e AI

HW

web

site

at

ltww

wa

ihw

gov

au

repo

rts

mot

hers

‑bab

ies

aust

ralia

s‑m

othe

rs‑b

abie

s‑20

17‑in

‑brie

fgt

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Mot

hers

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h N

umbe

r 28

949

929

215

929

454

729

545

629

734

330

757

030

477

730

784

430

426

831

024

730

109

51

743

60

Wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h pe

r 10

00 w

omen

of

repr

oduc

tive

age

(15ndash

44 y

ears

)

Rate

65

865

364

663

963

764

863

363

261

762

359

6ndash0

5ndash

74

Aver

age

mat

erna

l age

(yea

rs)

A

ll m

othe

rs

Aver

age

299

299

300

300

300

301

301

302

303

305

306

01

22

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

Aver

age

252

251

252

252

253

252

253

255

256

259

260

01

33

F

irst-t

ime

mot

hers

Av

erag

e 28

228

227

928

329

028

428

628

728

929

029

20

13

9M

ater

nal a

ge (y

ears

)

Und

er 2

5 Pe

r cen

t 18

718

718

318

017

517

216

916

015

314

413

8ndash0

5ndash

258

2

5ndash34

Pe

r cen

t 59

058

458

959

059

860

460

961

962

362

762

50

58

1

35

and

over

Pe

r cen

t 22

322

922

923

022

722

422

322

122

322

823

70

01

3An

tena

tal v

isits

5 o

r mor

e an

tena

tal v

isits

(b)

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a95

495

495

295

595

795

70

10

4

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a86

185

185

586

986

687

60

42

2

Non

-Indi

geno

us

m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

953

954

953

955

956

956

01

03

(con

tinue

d)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

A

nten

atal

visi

t in

the

first

trim

este

r

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

a62

761

861

664

668

672

02

01

65

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

505

518

527

569

619

629

28

28

0

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

an

a61

460

260

163

167

170

72

01

71

Toba

cco

smok

ing

durin

g pr

egna

ncy

S

mok

ed a

t any

tim

e du

ring

preg

nanc

y

All

mot

hers

Pe

r cen

t n

an

a14

613

713

212

511

711

010

49

99

9ndash0

6ndash

348

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

499

494

481

471

477

452

447

428

443

ndash08

ndash13

5

Non

-Indi

geno

us

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

a16

315

414

814

213

212

612

211

611

8ndash0

6ndash

301

S

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

A

ll m

othe

rsPe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

a12

912

111

310

610

19

59

5ndash0

6ndash

279

I

ndig

enou

s m

othe

rs

AS p

er c

ent

na

na

na

na

472

465

466

444

436

419

434

ndash09

ndash10

8

N

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

AS

per

cen

tn

an

an

an

a14

513

812

812

211

811

211

4ndash0

5ndash

231

Post

nata

l sta

y

L

ess

than

2 d

ays

Per c

ent

138

144

170

163

172

180

196

205

207

214

211

08

55

2

2

ndash4 d

ays

Per c

ent

649

653

637

663

659

654

650

649

649

647

651

ndash00

ndash02

5

or m

ore

days

Pe

r cen

t 20

719

318

217

416

916

515

414

514

313

813

7ndash0

7ndash

349

Ons

et o

f lab

our

S

pont

aneo

us la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 56

657

056

256

054

854

252

751

350

148

445

6ndash1

1ndash

185

I

nduc

ed la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 25

324

825

325

226

026

327

628

429

330

532

50

73

01

N

o la

bour

Pe

r cen

t 18

118

218

418

819

119

419

720

320

521

021

90

42

05

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X54

Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Met

hod

of b

irth

N

on-in

stru

men

tal

v

agin

al b

irth

Per c

ent

579

575

568

563

556

552

548

544

542

534

528

ndash05

ndash8

5

I

nstr

umen

tal v

agin

al

b

irth

Per c

ent

112

114

117

120

121

124

124

125

125

128

126

01

12

7

C

aesa

rean

sec

tion

Per c

ent

309

311

315

302

323

324

328

331

333

338

346

04

12

4M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

M

ultip

le p

regn

anci

es

p

er 1

000

mot

hers

Ra

te

160

161

156

159

155

150

152

150

149

145

150

ndash01

ndash8

9

Babi

esBa

bies

bor

n N

umbe

r 29

420

829

692

829

922

730

021

530

202

531

225

130

948

931

254

830

888

731

481

430

566

71

727

58

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm (2

0ndash36

wee

ks)

Per c

ent

81

82

82

83

83

85

86

86

87

85

87

01

72

T

erm

(37ndash

41 w

eeks

) Pe

r cen

t 90

990

990

890

991

090

990

990

990

990

890

7ndash0

0ndash0

1

P

ost‑t

erm

(42

wee

ks

a

nd o

ver)

Pe

r cen

t 0

90

90

90

80

70

60

50

50

40

60

5ndash0

1ndash

567

Birt

hwei

ght(c

)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

tPe

r cen

t 6

26

16

26

26

36

26

46

46

56

56

70

08

2

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

125

124

120

120

126

118

122

118

119

116

125

ndash00

ndash33

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

bab

ies

with

non

-Indi

geno

us m

othe

rs

Per c

ent

59

59

59

60

60

60

61

62

62

63

64

01

86

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

Ind

igen

ous

babi

es

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

111

108

111

108

115

01

30

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

non

-Indi

geno

us b

abie

s Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a6

16

16

26

26

30

13

4

(con

tinue

d)

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)



Year

Topi

cU

nit

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Annu

al

chan

ge(a

)Pe

r ce

nt

chan

ge(a

)

Birt

hwei

ght(c

) (con

tinue

d)

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

onPe

r cen

t 4

74

74

74

84

84

84

84

95

05

15

20

09

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

s

ingl

eton

bab

ies

with

Ind

igen

ous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

112

112

109

107

112

105

109

105

104

102

107

ndash01

ndash6

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t

sin

glet

on b

abie

s w

ith

n

on-In

dige

nous

mot

hers

Per c

ent

45

44

45

45

45

45

46

47

48

48

49

00

10

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

I

ndig

enou

s ba

bies

Pe

r cen

t n

an

an

an

an

an

a9

89

69

69

69

90

00

9

L

ow b

irthw

eigh

t sin

glet

on

n

on-In

dige

nous

bab

ies

Per c

ent

na

na

na

na

na

na

45

46

47

48

49

01

66

Perin

atal

dea

ths

P

erin

atal

dea

ths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

103

102

74

102

102

96

97

96

92

91

95

ndash00

ndash43

S

tillb

irths

per

10

00 b

irths

Ra

te

74

74

78

73

74

72

71

70

70

67

71

ndash01

ndash9

2

N

eona

tal d

eath

s

p

er 1

000

live

birt

hs

Rate

2

92

82

22

92

82

42

62

52

22

42

4ndash0

0ndash1

61

na

N

ot a

vaila

ble

In

dica

tes

resu

lts w

ith s

tatis

tical

ly s

igni

fican

t inc

reas

es o

r dec

reas

es a

t the

p lt

00

5 le

vel o

ver t

he p

erio

d 20

07 to

201

7 S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

(a)

Det

erm

ined

by

linea

r reg

ress

ion

(see

App

endi

x D

for f

urth

er in

form

atio

n on

met

hods

) Th

e an

nual

cha

nge

is th

e es

timat

ed a

vera

ge a

nnua

l cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7 T

he p

erce

ntag

e ch

ange

is th

e pe

rcen

tage

cha

nge

betw

een

2007

and

201

7(b

) Ba

sed

on w

omen

who

gav

e bi

rth

at 3

2 w

eeks

or m

ore

gest

atio

n (e

xclu

ding

unk

now

n ge

stat

ion)

Tre

nd d

ata

excl

udes

Vic

toria

(see

App

endi

x Ta

ble

D2)

(c

) In

clud

es li

vebo

rn b

abie

s on

ly

Not

es1

Re

sults

sho

uld

be in

terp

rete

d w

ith c

autio

n du

e to

cha

nges

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n m

etho

ds o

ver t

ime

2

Age‑

stan

dard

ised

(AS)

per

cen

ts h

ave

been

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Key

tren

ds fo

r Au

stra

liarsquos

mot

hers

and

bab

ies

200

7 to

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X56

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Mat

erna

l cha

ract

eris

tics

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Mot

herrsquos

Indi

geno

us

stat

us(e

)

In

dige

nous

62

90

987

30

943

43

832

30

914

21

710

72

23

01

7

N

on-In

dige

nous

70

7

941

11

4

347

8

5

49

1

8

Mat

erna

l age

U

nder

20

614

90

5

324

19

7

113

9

1

29

20ndash

24

653

11

924

10

207

06

238

12

89

08

63

07

22

08

2

5ndash29

70

01

194

11

010

30

329

61

58

20

74

90

51

90

7

30ndash

34

744

12

950

10

63

02

360

18

82

07

46

05

17

06

3

5ndash39

75

01

295

11

15

90

242

82

29

20

85

10

61

70

6

40

and

over

74

31

294

61

06

70

254

02

713

11

27

00

82

10

7

Rem

oten

ess

M

ajor

citi

es

715

94

6

72

10

347

8

41

05

0

17

In

ner r

egio

nal

735

10

936

10

149

21

344

10

94

11

54

11

21

12

O

uter

regi

onal

73

51

094

11

016

82

334

61

09

41

15

71

12

11

2

R

emot

e 73

01

094

01

017

62

534

51

09

71

15

81

12

81

7

V

ery

rem

ote

685

10

912

10

337

47

350

10

135

16

93

19

32

19

Soci

oeco

nom

ic s

tatu

s (S

ES)

L

owes

t SES

67

20

992

91

017

86

133

00

99

71

26

51

62

31

5

H

ighe

st S

ES

758

95

6

29

35

5

78

4

1

15

(con

tinue

d)



Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

than

7 a

t 5

min

s(d)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Dur

atio

n of

pre

gnan

cy a

t firs

t ant

enat

al v

isit

(wee

ks)

L

ess t

han

14 (fi

rst t

rimes

ter)

962

8

2

361

8

8

49

1

8

1

4ndash19

93

71

010

21

231

70

97

50

95

11

01

81

0

2

0 an

d ov

er

834

09

174

21

319

09

92

11

66

13

20

11

Num

ber o

f ant

enat

al v

isits

N

one

547

62

219

06

393

51

258

56

57

35

1

38

30

5

16

01

831

20

919

02

511

92

63

92

4

2ndash4

54

70

7

20

92

431

20

923

53

114

63

24

82

9

5 o

r mor

e 73

4

88

35

1

77

4

6

17

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy

S

mok

ed

621

08

880

09

318

09

136

17

112

25

28

16

D

id n

ot s

mok

e 73

0

951

35

1

82

4

5

17

Baby

out

com

es

Ges

tatio

nal a

ge

P

re‑te

rm

725

10

892

09

155

17

484

14

522

266

77

58

T

erm

72

0

947

9

0

336

2

0

13

P

ost‑t

erm

65

80

995

21

07

30

834

31

0

0

20

11

20

9

(con

tinue

d)

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)

Chapter X X58

Mot

hers

Babi

es

Ante

nata

l vi

sit i

n fir

st

trim

este

r

5 or

mor

e an

tena

tal

visi

ts(a

)

Smok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks

of p

regn

ancy

Caes

area

n se

ctio

n(b)

Pre-

term

Low

bi

rthw

eigh

t(c)

Apga

r sc

ore

less

th

an 7

at

5 m

ins(d

)

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Per

cent

Rate

ra

tio

Birt

hwei

ght

L

ow (l

ess

than

25

00

g

ram

s)70

31

089

50

919

22

147

01

472

519

1

8

15

8

N

orm

al (2

500

to 4

499

gra

ms)

721

94

6

89

33

8

38

1

4

H

igh

(45

00 g

ram

s

a

nd o

ver)

707

10

951

10

62

07

448

13

11

03

17

13

Plur

ality

S

ingl

eton

s

34

4

70

5

2

18

Tw

ins

666

19

660

95

553

107

45

26

O

ther

mul

tiple

s

62

61

898

214

198

719

07

64

3

Tota

l 72

0

93 8

9

5

34 6

8

7

5 2

1

8

Not

app

licab

le

(a)

Base

d on

wom

en w

ho g

ave

birt

h at

32

wee

ks o

r mor

e ge

stat

ion

(exc

ludi

ng u

nkno

wn

gest

atio

n)

(b)

Per c

ents

for c

aesa

rean

sec

tion

deliv

ery

have

bee

n di

rect

ly a

ge‑s

tand

ardi

sed

to th

e Au

stra

lian

fem

ale

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5ndash44

as

at 3

0 Ju

ne 2

001

w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ater

nal a

ge c

ateg

ory

(c)

Incl

udes

live

born

sin

glet

on b

abie

s on

ly w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e pl

ural

ity c

ateg

ory

(d)

Incl

udes

live

born

bab

ies

only

(e

) Pe

r cen

ts b

y m

othe

rrsquos In

dige

nous

sta

tus

for a

nten

atal

vis

it in

the

first

trim

este

r 5

or m

ore

ante

nata

l vis

its s

mok

ed in

the

first

20

wee

ks o

f pre

gnan

cy a

nd

caes

area

n se

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

dire

ctly

age

‑sta

ndar

dise

d to

the

Aust

ralia

n fe

mal

e po

pula

tion

aged

15ndash

44 a

s at

30

June

200

1

Not

e R

efer

ence

cat

egor

ies

for r

ate

ratio

s ar

e in

dica

ted

in it

alic

s S

ee A

ppen

dix

D fo

r fur

ther

info

rmat

ion

on m

etho

ds

Key

stat

isti

cs b

y m

ater

nal c

hara

cter

isti

cs a

nd b

aby

outc

omes

201

7 (c

onti

nued

)













Northern Territory


Chapter X X60



BMI body mass index









NSW New South Wales





Qld Queensland

SA South Australia



Tas Tasmania

Vic Victoria


















Chapter X X62






































Chapter X X64






















in brief

aihwgovau




2017in brief

Contents

1 At a glance

Mothers at a glance

Babies at a glance

2 Mothers

Antenatal care


Maternal health

Place of birth

Onset of labour

Method of birth

3 Babies

Gestational age

Birthweight

Low birthweight



Apgar scores

Resuscitation



Perinatal deaths


Indigenous mothers



Appendixes

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Glossary

References


Blank Page

Blank Page

australia’s mothers and babies

Documents