audience analysis:role of journalism & social media in the consumption of news in iraq 2012

1

Audience Analysis

The Role of Journalism and Social Media in the

Consumption of News in Iraq

2012 Iraq Media Study

May 2012

2

Research Objective

The International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX) of Washington, DC, commissioned

D3 Systems, of McLean, VA, to research Iraqi citizens in order to obtain information on

media usage across demographic and psychographic variables. This research may be

used by media outlets to improve their responsiveness to the Iraqi audience and inform

their sales and marketing strategies. In addition, advertisers may use the research to

inform their media purchasing strategies. The research also may be used by media

development professionals working in Iraq.

3

Methodology

The IREX Audience Measurement Survey 2012 (W3) in Iraq is an ad hoc national quantitative

research study on media usage, habits and attitudes of people over the age of 15, across Iraq,

with a total sample size of 3,502 individuals. The total sample consists of a representative

sample of 2,702 individuals, as well as booster samples of 400 Iraqi youth using new media

and 400 young women ages 18-24. The margin of error is +/- 1.66%.

The questionnaire consists of 101 substantive questions, 19 demographic questions, and 28

management and quality control questions.

The fieldwork was conducted from February 25th - March 7th, 2012. The average length of a

successful interview was 101 minutes. 1,789 out of 5,291 contacts were refused by potential

respondents, resulting in refusal rate of 34%.

Internationally recognized KA Research Limited based in Turkey conducted the fieldwork in

Iraq as a strategic partner with D3 Systems.

• KA has been working in Iraq over the last 9 years and is known as one of the first

research companies to operate in Iraq.

• KA has 28 offices across 18 Iraqi provinces – employing over 800 fulltime experienced

Iraqi research and field staff.

• The company has conducted several hundred thousand quantitative interviews for D3

and other international and national companies in Iraqi since 2003.

4

Overview

This study is broken into three sections:

1. Demographic and psychographic information for the survey population.

2. Regional perspective on media behavior.

3. Media usage habits analyzed across five major mediums: Television, Radio, Print, the

Internet and Mobile Phones.

The analysis in this report has been weighted to represent the total population of Iraq.

The 18 province survey and data analysis is based on regional segmentation between

Northern Iraq, Central Iraq, and Southern Iraq.

North Central South

Dahuk (2%)

Erbil (5%)

Sulaymaniyah (6%)

Kirkuk (3%)

Al-Anbar (5%)

Baghdad (24%)

Diyala (5%)

Salah Al-Din (4%)

Nineveh (10%)

Karbala (3%)

Babil (6%)

Wasit (4%)

Al-Qadisiyyah (3%)

An-Najaf (4%)

Al-Muthanna (2%)

Basra (7%)

Maysan (3%)

Dhi Qar (5%)

Regional Population

5

Demographics (by Region)

National North Central South

Percent Surveyed

(Estimated Population)

100%

30.4 Million

16%

4.9 Million

47%

14.5 Million

36%

10.9 Million

Ethnicity

79% Arab

16% Kurdish

2% Turkoman

1% Assyrian

86% Kurdish

7% Arab

6% Turkoman

1% Armenian

89% Arab

5% Kurdish

3% Turkoman

2% Assyrian

100% Arab

Locality 67% Urban 73% Urban 70% Urban 60% Urban

Gender 52% Male 51% Male 50% Male 54% Male

Ages 15-24

25-39

40-49

50-55+

35%

36%

14%

16%

33%

35%

14%

13%

36%

34%

13%

18%

34%

39%

14%

13%

Education * 50% 48% 50% 51%

* Education includes “some /finished secondary” and “some university or higher”

6

CONTENTS

G e n e r a l M e d i a C o n s u m p t i o n H a b i t s

N e w s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n i n I r a q

S t a t e o f J o u r n a l i s m i n I r a q

T V V i e w e r s h i p a n d B r o a d c a s t e r T r u s t

R a d i o L i s t e n e r s h i p a n d B r o a d c a s t e r T r u s t

P r i n t M e d i a i n I r a q

I n t e r n e t U s a g e i n I r a q

M o b i l e M e d i a i n I r a q

N e w M e d i a Y o u t h i n I r a q

7

Genera l Media Consumpt ion Habi ts

T V c o n t i n u e s t o b e t h e l e a d i n g s o u r c e o f n e w s a n d

i n f o r m a t i o n f o r I r a q i s . H o w e v e r , s o c i a l

c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a r e a l s o s e e n a s s o u r c e s t h r o u g h

f a c e - t o - f a c e i n t e r a c t i o n s , t h e I n t e r n e t a n d m o b i l e

p h o n e s .

8

Weekly Usage of Traditional Media Sources For News and Information


Iraqi TV Stations 97% 97% 99% 96%

International TV (Arabic) 89% 72% 94% 90%

International TV (non-Arabic) 8% 12% 8% 6%

Iraqi Radio Stations 42% 51% 40% 41%

International Radio (non-Iraqi) 27% 22% 25% 31%

Iraqi Newspaper (Arabic) 20% 26% 21% 16%

Intl Newspaper (non-Iraqi) 3% 1% 6% 1%

Magazines 7% 17% 6% 3%

Friends and Family 43% 39% 32% 59%

Mosques/Religious Leaders 22% 33% 14% 27%

While Friends and Family are not “Media”, it is important to note that 43% of Iraqis

say they get news and information about current events from them at least once a

week.

9

Weekly Usage of New Media Sources For News and Information


Internet (Social Networks) 28% 23% 29% 30%

Internet (Official News Orgs.) 22% 18% 24% 21%

Blogs 6% 11% 9% 1%

Mobile Phone

(Friends and Family SMS)31% 30% 25% 39%

Mobile Phone

(Official News SMS)15% 12% 14% 16%

Noteworthy is the use of new media to get news and information from social

connections via online social networks and mobile phone-SMS.

10

Television Is Essential To Delivering News to Iraqis

Nationally, 97% of Iraqis are watching TV for their news, more than double any

other media source.

1 „Television, Iraqi‟2 „Radio, Iraqi‟

*combined Internet-News Organizations, Internet-Social Networks, and Blogs

**combined Mobile-News Organizations and Mobile-Friends or Family

Percentage of people who

used the medium for news in

the last week97%1 42%2 34%* 33%** 20%

Percent that spend at least 45

minutes consuming news via

medium on an average day52% 14% 17% 2% 1%

Percent that spent at least 45

minutes consuming

entertainment by media type89% 16% 25% 16% 7%

11

Northern Iraq: 96% are watching TV for news on weekly basis –



the last week97%1 51%2 30%* 31%** 26%


minutes per day consuming

news by media type63% 25% 15% 10% 4%




72% are watching TV entertainment more than 45 minutes a day




12

Central Iraq: 99% are watching TV for news



the last week99%1 40%2 38%* 29%** 21%







While over half of Iraqis in the Central provinces watch more than 45 minutes of

news, 93% spend more than 45 minutes a day watching TV for entertainment.1 „Television, Iraqi‟2 „Radio, Iraqi‟



13

Southern Iraq: 96% are watching news on TV



the last week96%1 41%2 31%* 40%** 16%







40% report using their mobile phones as a source of news




14

News and Informat ion in I raq

Iraqis are primarily interested in local news and are increasingly less

interested in information the further removed it is from directly

impacting them.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

International news

Democracy

Real estate / construction

Health/medicine

Women‟s concerns

Economic developments in Iraq

Human rights

International politics

Religion

Youth concerns

Domestic politics

Crimes

Education

Corruption

News about local community/neighborhood

News about the rest of Iraq

Employment

News about your province

Top News and Current Events Content Interest Level


16

Higher interest in provincial, domestic, and local news, as well as reporting on

employment and corruption

Sample Size

National = 3502 | North = 573 | Central = 1659 | South = 1270 Combined „Very interested‟ and „Somewhat interested‟

17

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Agriculture

News about neighbor countries

Business news in Iraq



Science and technology


Education

Domestic politics

Women’s concerns

Youth concerns

Crimes


Human rights

Employment

News and Current Events Content Interest Level - 2009 to 2012

2009 2011 2012

Topics with less than 5 percentage points of change were left off the graph (Democracy, Obituaries, International News,

Health/Medicine, Corruption, Environment/Ecology, News about your province, Religion, and Sports)Sample Size

2012 = 3502 | 2011 = 3000 | 2009 = 2175

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

The supply of electricity

Available job/economic opportunities

Roads, bridges and other …

Ability to afford things I need and want

Availability of medical care

The rights of women

The rights of children

Freedom of movement

The availability of clean water

The education available to youth

Your living conditions overall

Security from crime and violence

Availability of food

Conditions in Iraq (% 'very good' and 'somewhat good„)

National North Central South 18

Overall living conditions are considered “good” by 52% of Iraqis –

Primary issues in Iraq are related to employment, electricity and the

infrastructure and security in the Central provinces.

Sample Size

National = 3502 | North = 573 | Central = 1659 | South = 1270

19

State of Journal ism in I raq

20

31%

56%

50%

61% 60%

52%

64%

30%

43%

64% 63%

73% 73%

66%

61%

29%

39%41%

45% 46%

54%56%

63% 63%

69%

Magazines Iraqi Newspapers TV - Int'l, Non-Arabic

Int'l Newspapers Radio--Iraqi Radio-- Int'l, Non-Iraqi

TV - Int'l, Arabic TV - Iraqi Mosques/Religious Leaders

Friends or Family

Reliablity of Traditional News Sources - 2009 to 2012

2009 2011 2012

Sample Size varied for each year and source depending on the number of respondents who reported using the source for news.

While most news sources saw a decline in reliability according to respondents, print

media sources declined dramatically

21

Ethical journalists has become the most important quality for respondents

regarding journalism in Iraq

Sample Size


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Detailed and important source of sports news

A broad spectrum of social interests and minorities represented in the media

Journalist and editors do not practice self-censorship

Detailed and important source of social, art, culture news

Reporting is fair, objective and well-sourced

News reflects a balanced coverage, presenting all sides of issues

Credibility in reporting regional/international news

Detailed and important source of political news

Journalist cover key events and issues

News without any influence from governments or political groups

Journalists are ethical

Importance of Journalistic Qualities(combined '4' or '5' on 5-point scale)


Journalistic freedom is important in Iraq – Iraqis in the central provinces

perceive conditions to be worse than those from other parts of Iraq.

22

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Journalist in Iraq are free to present an independent perspective on the news

Media coverage presents a variety of political and social viewpoints

Foreign journalists are able to cover the news free from intimidation

Journalism is able to present news and information with an independent voice

Journalists and media outlets are free from intimidation

Local journalists are able to cover the news free from intimidation

Journalism in Iraq is free from official censorship

Conditions of Journalism in Iraq(combined 'very good' and 'somewhat good')


Sample Size


23

TV Viewership and Broadcaster Trust

24Sample Size

National = 3502

68%

58% 57%56%

44% 43% 42% 41% 41% 41% 40% 39%

31%

3%

22%

26%

15%

0%

15%

2%

15%

0%

13%

2%

Al-Sharqiya TV MBC 1 Al-Iraqia Al-Arabiya Al-Sumaria TV Melody TV Al-Baghdadia LBC Al Jazeera Rotana Cinema Al-Hurra Dubai TV

Iraq Weekly TV Viewership and Level of Trust

Viewership: Percentage of respondents who report watching the channel „yesterday‟ or „within the past seven days‟

Trust: Percentages for the question “Which television channels do you trust the most for news and information?” (Total of three mentions)

25

Northern Iraq: Kurdistan Satellite TV (61%) is the most watched TV

station for news and information

Sample Size

North = 573

61%

57% 57%54% 54%

51%48% 48% 47%

43%44%

34%

40%

6%5%

8%

1%

34%

7%

16%

Kurdistan Satellite TV Channel (PDK

TV)

Gali Kurdistan KurdSAT (PUK TV) Speda Channel Payam TV Korek Channel Jamawer Channel KNN TV Zagros TV NRT Channel

Northern Iraq Weekly TV Viewership and Level of Trust



26

Central Iraq: Al-Sharqiya is the most watched station for news and

information

Sample Size

Central = 1659

78%

68%

64% 63%

54% 53%

48% 48% 48% 48%

38%

29%

19%

3%

23%

18%

8%6%

0% 0%

Al-Sharqiya TV

Al-Arabiya Al-Iraqia MBC 1 Al Jazeera Al-Baghdadia Al Rasheed TV

Abu Dhabi TV Rotana Cinema

Melody TV

Central Iraq Weekly TV Viewership and Level of Trust

Viewership

Trust



27

Southern Iraq: Al-Iraqia and Al-Sharqiya are the two most watched

TV channels for news and information

Sample Size

South = 1270

66%

61%

58%

53% 52%50%

47%

43%41%

30%

35%

4%

17%

1%

32%

21%

11%

2%

Al-Sharqiya TV Al-Iraqia MBC 1 Al Fayha TV Al Anwar TV Al-Arabiya Al-Sumaria TV Al-Forat LBC

Southern Iraq Weekly TV Viewership and Level of Trust



28

Radio L is tenership and Broadcaster

Trust

R a d i o l i s t e n e r s h i p i s r e l a t i v e l y l o w c o m p a r e d t o

T V , h o w e v e r i t s i m p o r t a n c e i n d e l i v e r i n g n e w s i s

c l e a r – a s w i t h T V , l o w l e v e l s o f t r u s t a r e e v i d e n t .

29

Iraqis listen to a variety of radio programs–

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Radio Drama

Sports

Talk shows

Religious programs

Music/Songs

News

Radio Programs Listened to at Least Once a Week


Sample Size


30

Nationally, Radio Sawa is the most listened radio station in Iraq on a

weekly basis

Sample Size

National = 3502

25%

19%18%

17%

14%

11%

9% 9%

6%5% 5%

4%

33%

8%

15%

17%

19%18%

7%8%

3%

7% 7%6%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Radio Sawa Baghdad Radio Radio Nawa Al-Iraqia RadioBBC London (Arabic)Radio Monte CarloRadio Sumer FMRadio Daru al-SalamAl-Mustaqbal Radio (Future Radio)KDP (Voice of Kurdistan)PUK (Voice of the People of Kurdistan)Voice of America

Iraq Weekly Radio Listenership and Trust

Listenership: Percentage of respondents who report listening to the station „yesterday‟ or „within the past seven days‟

Trust: Percentages for the question “Which radio stations do you trust the most for news and information?” (Total of three mentions)

31

Northern Iraq: Radio Nawa is the most listened to radio station –

followed closely by KDP and PUK

Sample Size

North = 573

36%

28% 28%

22%

17%

12% 12%11%

9% 9%

32%

28% 28%

24%

12%

8% 8%6%

4% 5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Radio Nawa KDP PUK Zagros Radio Radio Sawa Dangi Hawler Voice of America

Radio Monte Carlo

BBC London (Arabic)

Al-Iraqia Radio

Northern Iraq Weekly Radio Listenership and Trust


Trust: Percentages for the question “Which radio station do you trust the most for news and information?” (Total of three mentions)

32

Central Iraq: Radio Sawa and Baghdad Radio remain the top two stations for weekly radio

listenership in the central provinces

Sample Size

Central = 1659

27%

22%

17% 17% 17%15% 15% 15%

10%8% 8%

39%

11%

15%

23%

14% 13%

24%

16%

5%

7%

5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Radio Sawa Baghdad Radio Radio NawaBBC London (Arabic)Al-Iraqia RadioRadio Sumer FMRadio Monte CarloRadio Daru al-SalamAl-Mustaqbal Radio (Future Radio)Aur FM Demozy FM

Central Iraq Weekly Radio Listenership and Trust



33

Southern Iraq: Al Iraqi and Baghdad Radio join Radio Sawa as the key stations in the

region in terms of weekly listenership

Sample Size

South = 1270

26%

22%20%

13%

10%9%

8%7% 7%

6%

38%

30%

9%

24%

1%3%

14%

17%

8%

4%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Radio Sawa Al-Iraqia Radio Baghdad Radio BBC London (Arabic)

Radio Daru al-Salam

Radio Nawa Idha' at Baghdad/ Idha'

at Basra

Radio Monte Carlo

Al Mirbad Radio Iraq al Hur (Radio Free

Iraq)

Southern Iraq Weekly Radio Listenership and Trust



34

Pr int Media in I raq

N e w s p a p e r r e a d e r s h i p i s l o w e s t u s e d o f t h e

m e d i u m s s u r v e y e d .

35

Nearly two-thirds of Iraqis are not reading newspapers

Sample Size

National = 3502

8% 7%12% 12%

61%

Daily or almost every day

Several times a week

Once a week Less than once a week

Do not read at all

Frequency of Newspaper Readership

36

The two most read newspapers are Azzaman and Al Sabah, with more than double the mentions

of the next most read paper

Sample Size

National = 1352

33%

30%

14%12%

11%

7% 6% 6% 6% 6%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Al-Sabah Azzaman Al-Mada Al-Sabah Al-Jadid Al-Atihad Al-Bayna Al-Bayan Rodaw Al-Mua'tamar Al-Adala

Newspaper Read Most on a Regular Basis

37

In ternet Usage in I raq

38

Four of the top five computer activities are “social” in nature

Sample Size


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Purchase goods or services with phone credits

Work related purposes

School/research purposes

Downloading or Listening to Music

Downloading or watching video

Personal/research purposes

To find out the latest news

Search Engines

Communicate with chat or news groups

Send/Receive Instant Messages

Send/Receive Email

Browse the internet with no specific purpose

Social networking

Computer Activities ('Everyday' or 'At least once a week')


39

23%

28%

31%

37%

40%

40%

45%

53%

55%

60%

63%

64%

10%

6%

40%

37%

29%

40%

31%

37%

40%

47%

51%

42%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Work Related

School/Research

Download or Listen to Music

Download or Watch Video

Personal/Research

Get the Latest News

Search Engines

Communicate with chat/news groups

Send/Receive Instant Messages

Send/Receive Email

Browse the Internet

Social Networking

Computer Activities - 2011 to 2012

2011 2012

Sample Size

2012 = 1535 | 2011 = 1407

Weekly computer use for almost all activities increased from 2011 to 2012,

with a 22% increase in social networking activity

40

Facebook is by far the leading social network service in Iraq – with more than twice the

accounts registered with Maktoob, Twitter or YouTube

Sample Size


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

MySpace

Google

Yahoo

Maktoob

YouTube

Twitter

Facebook

Social Network Account Ownership in Iraq(for those who mentioned using the computer for social networking)


Note: Only respondents who mentioned using the computer for social networking were asked

which network or networks they had accounts with

41

While Google and Yahoo are generally popular traditional web

destinations – Facebook and Maktoob (social networking sites) are

ranked prominently as a source of news and information in Iraq

Sample Size

National = 3502

2%3%3%3%3%3%3%

5%5%

5%6%

9%13%

20%22%

22%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Elaph (www.elaph.com)

www.koora.com

Kitabat (www.kitabat.com)

Radio Nawa (www.radionawa.com)

Sot al Iraq (www.sotaliraq.com)

www.alsharqia.com

Radio Sawa (www.radiosawa.com)

Al Hurra (www.alhurra.com)

BBC Arabic (bbcarabic.com)

Al-Arabiya (www.alarabiya.net)

Al-Jazeera (www.aljazeera.net)

Hotmail (www.hotmail.com)

Maktoob (www.maktoob.com)

Google (news.google.com)

Yahoo (www.yahoo.news.com)

Facebook

Top Websites by Weekly Visits(‘Yesterday’ or ‘Within the last seven days’)

42

Mobi le Media in I raq

43

A majority of respondents (57%) use their mobile phones to

communicate with SMS messages

Sample Size

National = 3502

3%

4%

7%

15%

16%

19%

24%

34%

57%

98%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Other

Pay for products or services

Read news, via SMS from news orgs

Listen to radio broadcasts

Send and receive videos

Send status updates (Social networks)

Send and receive photos

Listen to downloaded music

Send/Receive SMS messages

To make phone calls

Mobile Phone Uses('everyday' or 'at least once a week')

44

About a fifth of Iraqis own more than one mobile phone – their phone is

typically considered their own personal phone versus sharing it with others

Sample Size

National = 3502 | Mobile Phone Owners = 3440

Do not own2%

1 handset

78%

2 handsets16%

3 or more handsets

4%

Handset Ownership in Iraq

83%

8%

9%

Mobile Ownership in Iraq

My personal phone (no one else uses it)

I share a phone with others in my house

The phone is owned by the head of the household

45

New Media Youth in I raq

I r a q i s b e t w e e n 1 5 a n d 2 4 y e a r s o l d m a k e u p m o r e

t h a n a t h i r d o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n – t h i s y o u n g e r

g e n e r a t i o n u t i l i z e t h e i n t e r n e t f o r n e w s a n d

i n f o r m a t i o n a n d s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e a n

i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f s t a y i n g i n f o r m e d .

46

New Media Youth in Iraq

In this survey we describe New Media Youth as 15-24 year old Iraqis using at least one of

the following on a weekly basis:

• Internet Blogs

• News Organizations on the Internet (National/International – Al Jazeera, BBC, etc.)

• Social Networks on the Internet (Facebook, Maktoob, Twitter, etc.)

• Mobile Phone/PDA SMS from an official news organization

• Mobile Phone/PDA SMS from an information source (Friends and Family)

568 (weighted)/759 (unweighted) out of 3502 respondents fit the profile of a New Media

Youth

47

New Media Youth, based on their selection, use social media and the Internet at higher rates than

the general population. Interestingly, the New Media Youth also use friends and family for news and

information at more nearly double the percent of the national sample.

All Others New Media Youth

Iraq TV 97% 98%

International TV (Arabic) 89% 93%

International TV (non-Arabic) 8% 7%

Iraq Radio 42% 50%

International Radio (non-Iraqi) 27% 37%

Iraqi Newspaper (Arabic) 20% 18%

Intl Newspaper (non-Iraqi) 3% 3%

Magazines 7% 9%

Friends and Family 43% 84%

Mosques/Religious Leaders 22% 18%

Internet (Social Networks) 28% 84%

Internet (Official News Sites) 22% 76%

Blogs 6% 20%

Mobile Phone

(Friends and Family SMS)31% 82%

Mobile Phone

(Official News SMS)15% 61%

Sample Size

National = 3502 | New Media Youth = 568Combined use „Everyday of the week‟ and „At least once a week‟

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Obituaries

International news

Sports

Agriculture

News about neighboring countries

Democracy

Science and technology

Business news in Iraq

Environment/ecology


Health/medicine

Women’s concerns


Human rights


Religion

Youth concerns

Domestic politics

Crimes

Education

Corruption

News about local community/neighborhood


Employment

News about your province

Interest Level ('very interested' and 'somewhat interested') by News Topic

National New Media Youth48

Sample Size

National = 3502 | New Media Youth = 568

The New Media Youth are more interested in topics such as youth

concerns, sports, democracy, and science and technology

49

While the general prioritization of journalistic qualities is similar – New Media Youth value

news without outside influence as well as balanced, fair, objective and well-sourced reporting

more than the National population

Sample Size

National = 3502 | New Media Youth = 568

30%

39%

43%

50%

63%

63%

56%

59%

64%

70%

66%

26%

38%

40%

46%

55%

55%

55%

56%

57%

61%

63%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Detailed and important source of sports news

A broad spectrum of social interests and minorities represented in the media

Journalist and editors do not practice self-censorship

Detailed and important source of social, art, culture news

Reporting is fair, objective and well-sourced

News reflects a balanced coverage, presenting all sides of issues

Credibility in reporting regional/international news

Detailed and important source of political news

Journalist cover key events and issues

News without any influence from governments or political groups

Journalists are ethical

Importance of Journalistic Qualities(Combined '4' and '5' on 5-point scale)

National New Media Youth

50

For More Information

Regarding The Findings Provided In This Report Contact:

Evan Tachovsky

IREX

202.628.8188

[email protected]

www.irex.org

Ben Stevenson

D3 Systems

703.388.2450

www.D3Systems.com

audience analysis:role of journalism & social media in the consumption of news in iraq 2012

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