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Atoms for Peace in the Middle East: What Might Go Wrong A Presentation by Henry Sokolski Henry Sokolski Executive Director The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center www npolicy org www .npolicy .org before Moving Toward a Region Free of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Challenges for 2012 in the Middle East: Challenges for 2012 June 1315, 2011 Washington, D.C. 1

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  • Atoms for Peace in the Middle East:  What Might Go Wrong

    A Presentation by

    Henry SokolskiHenry SokolskiExecutive Director

    The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center

    www npolicy orgwww.npolicy.orgbefore 

    Moving Toward a Region Free of Weapons of Mass Destructionin the Middle East: Challenges for 2012in the Middle East:  Challenges for 2012

    June 13‐15, 2011Washington, D.C.

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  • LWR – the Reactor of Choice – Is Considered P lif i R iProliferation Resistant

    2

  • Result:  Many, Large, Reactors Planned by 2030 i h M Ein the M.E.

    3

  • Wh Mi h G WWhat Might Go Wrong

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  • M.E. Nuclear Customers Suspected of NuclearM.E. Nuclear Customers Suspected of Nuclear Weapons or Nuclear Fuel Making Ambitions

    Iran & Syria ‐‐ violated IAEA safeguards with covert reactors and fuel making plants

    Algeria ‐‐ tried to build a large covert research reactor in excess of its needs inAlgeria tried to build a large covert research reactor in excess of its needs in desert surrounded by air defenses and has hot cells to batch reprocess spent fuel

    Egypt – declared  interest developing bombs, hired Germans to help in the l950s on nuclear program caught playing with undeclared nuclear fuel relatedon nuclear program, caught playing with undeclared nuclear fuel related 

    experiments.

    Turkey – declared interest in developing bombs, studied how might use LWRs to make weapons usable pumake weapons usable pu,

    Saudi Arabia – declared interest in acquiring bomb option, financed and visited Pakistani nuke program, acquired nuclear capable PRC missiles

    5

    Jordan – Declared interest in enriching uranium

  • Some Nuclear Visitors to Iran Are Hardly Pushing y gAtoms for Peace

    New York Times, “Nuclear Aid byDrs. Prasad and Surendar,Indian tritium extraction experts “advising” on Bushehr’s“safety”; USG sanctioned both

    New York Times,  Nuclear Aid by Russian to Iranians Suspected”October 9, 2008, PARIS— International nuclear inspectors are investigating whether a Russian scientist helped Iranwhether a Russian scientist helped Iranconduct complex experiments on how to detonate a nuclear weapon.

    WMD Commissionunanimously recommended IAEA require visitors to registerIAEA require visitors to register at any IAEA safeguarded site, p. 50

    6

  • Bifo Russian Weapons Lab High Speed Cameras, R i HWR F l T h & IAEA UF6 H l IRussian HWR Fuel Tech & IAEA UF6 Help to Iran

    7

  • The Reactors Are blA Problem Too

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  • But the Reactors Will be LWRs : Aren’th “P lif i R i ” E h?they “Proliferation Resistant” Enough?

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  • ld ’ h d d l l kiBut Wouldn’t the Needed Nuclear Fuel Making Plants Be Difficult to Hide?

    10

  • Small, Covert Reprocessing Plant Can Make 20 or More Bombs/Month from Spent Fuel

  • What the IAEA Has Missed in the M.E.What the IAEA Has Missed in the M.E.

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  • How the Mid‐East Nexus Between Reactors and Bombs Has Been Handled to Date

    13 Military Strikes against IAEA member13 Military Strikes against IAEA member states’ large reactors since 1980

    11 against safeguarded reactors since 19801980 Iran against Osirak1980 Iran against Osirak1981 Israel against Osirak1980‐1985 Seven Iraqi strikes against  Bushehr

    1990 US against Osirak1990 US against Osirak2003 US against Osirak

    2 against IAEA member states reactors1991 1 Iraqi Scud attack attempted1991 1 Iraqi Scud attack attempted against Dimona

    2007 Israeli strike against Syria’s Reactor

    Israeli 67 war a Russian provocation aimed at

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    Israeli 67 war, a Russian provocation aimed at Dimona reactor that Israel claimed was “peaceful” for electricity 13

    13

  • What About the the Economic and EnvironmentalWhat About the the Economic and Environmental Arguments for Nuclear?

    14

  • Middle Eastern Natural Gas:  Production Is I iIncreasing

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  • North Africa and the ContinentNorth Africa and the Continent

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  • Latest Levant Basin Natural Gas Finds:  “Bigger than A thi W H A d i th US” USGSAnything We Have Assessed in the US” ‐‐ USGS

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  • Rising Costs of Nuclear Power Plant C iConstruction

    12000

    10000

    )

    Construction Cost Projections

    6000

    8000

    ed K

    W (2

    008$

    )

    Average of the Projections for Each Year

    4000

    6000

    Dol

    lars

    /Inst

    alle

    2000

    D

    18

    02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

    Year

  • Natural Gas Likely to Stay Cheaper, More Plentiful than Nuclear for Some Time

    1919

  • Largest US Nuke Utility Says New Reactors Bad Buy for Reducing Carbon for the Next 10‐20 yrsfor Reducing Carbon for the Next 10‐20 yrs.

    chart courtesy Excelon

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  • RecommendationsRecommendations

    • Restrict nuclear sales to nonweapons states that forswear making l f l d f dd l lnuclear fuel and ratify Additional Protocol

    – Amend US AEA to penalize suppliers doing business in the US that fail to adopt these conditions with regard to their exports

    – NSG agreement to the Gold Standard as a condition of supplyNSG agreement to the Gold Standard as a condition of supply• Clarify what IAEA can and cannot effectively safeguard against diversion

    – Work with IAEA – Do national evaluations (FY 2009 House State Authorization Act)Do national evaluations (FY 2009 House State Authorization Act)

    • Compare costs of different energy projects with an eye to which is the quickest and cheapest way to reduce carbon– G‐20 effort to agree to common energy project accounting standards– IRENA UN effort– national evaluations (that include cost of subsidies)

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