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Atomic Theory-Democritus Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” “not to be cut.” Democritus’ atoms were Democritus’ atoms were small small , hard particles that , hard particles that were all made of the same were all made of the same material but were material but were different different shapes and sizes. shapes and sizes. Atoms were Atoms were infinite infinite in in number, always moving and number, always moving and capable of joining together. capable of joining together.

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Page 1: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Atomic Theory-DemocritusAtomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BCGreek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter Named the smallest piece of matter

“atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Democritus’ atoms were Democritus’ atoms were smallsmall, hard , hard

particles that were all made of the particles that were all made of the same material but were same material but were differentdifferent shapes and sizes.shapes and sizes.

Atoms were Atoms were infiniteinfinite in number, in number, always moving and capable of always moving and capable of joining together.joining together.

Page 2: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Aristotle and PlatoAristotle and Plato

earth, fire, air and water

Their ideas held sway because of their eminence as philosophers.

The atomos idea was buried for approximately 2000 years.

Page 3: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

John DaltonJohn Dalton

Early 1800sEarly 1800s English ChemistEnglish Chemist Performed a number of Performed a number of

experiments that experiments that eventually led to the eventually led to the acceptance of the idea acceptance of the idea of atoms.of atoms.

Became the foundation Became the foundation of modern chemistry!of modern chemistry!

First theory based on First theory based on scientific evidence.scientific evidence.

Page 4: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Dalton’s TheoryDalton’s Theory1. Atoms cannot be divided!1. Atoms cannot be divided!

NO! Subatomic Particles NO! Subatomic Particles

2. All atoms of a particular element are identical! 2. All atoms of a particular element are identical!

NO! Isotopes NO! Isotopes

3. Different elements have different atoms3. Different elements have different atoms

YES!YES!

4. Atoms combine in 4. Atoms combine in whole-numberwhole-number ratios only! ratios only!

YES! Called the Law of Definite ProportionsYES! Called the Law of Definite Proportions

5. In a chemical reaction, atoms 5. In a chemical reaction, atoms rearrange only. rearrange only. Atoms Atoms

are not created or destroyed.are not created or destroyed.

YES! Called the Law of Conservation of MassYES! Called the Law of Conservation of Mass

Page 5: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

J.J. ThomsonJ.J. Thomson

18971897English scientistEnglish scientistPlum pudding Plum pudding

modelmodelAtom is made of Atom is made of

even even smallersmaller particles.particles.

Page 6: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Thompson ModelThompson Model

Cathode ray tube - Electric Cathode ray tube - Electric current through a gascurrent through a gas

Rays went from negative Rays went from negative end to positive end – end to positive end – particles were NEGATIVE!particles were NEGATIVE!

Wheel inside spun – Wheel inside spun – particles had MASS!particles had MASS!

Since atoms are neutral, Since atoms are neutral, there also must be positive there also must be positive subunits???subunits???

Page 7: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford

19081908English physicistEnglish physicistFired a stream of tiny Fired a stream of tiny

positively chargedpositively charged particles at a thin particles at a thin sheet of sheet of gold foilgold foil (2000 (2000 atoms thick)atoms thick)

Page 8: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Gold Foil ExperimentGold Foil Experiment MostMost particles passed right through particles passed right through

the gold atoms in the sheet of the gold atoms in the sheet of gold gold

foilfoil without changing course at all - without changing course at all -

Atom was Atom was mostly empty spacemostly empty space..

SomeSome particles did bounce away particles did bounce away

from the gold sheet as if they had hit from the gold sheet as if they had hit

something solid - Atoms had a something solid - Atoms had a

dense, positive center surrounded by dense, positive center surrounded by

negative charges.negative charges.

Page 9: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Discovery of the NeutronDiscovery of the Neutron

Irene and Frederick Irene and Frederick Joloit-CurieJoloit-Curie

Sir James ChadwickSir James Chadwick1930’s1930’sExpanded Expanded

Rutherford’s workRutherford’s work

Page 10: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Niels BohrNiels Bohr In 1913In 1913 Danish scientistDanish scientist Theory placed each Theory placed each

electron in a electron in a specificspecific energy level around the energy level around the nucleus, much like nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. planets circle the sun.

Orbits Orbits are located at are located at certain distances from certain distances from the nucleus.the nucleus.

Page 11: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

The Quantum (Wave) ModelThe Quantum (Wave) Model Today’s atomic modelToday’s atomic model Electrons Electrons do not movedo not move about an about an

atom in a atom in a definite path,definite path, ImpossibleImpossible to determine the exact to determine the exact

location of an electron. location of an electron. ProbableProbable location of an electron is location of an electron is

based on how much based on how much energyenergy the the electron has.electron has.

Atom has a Atom has a small positively small positively charged nucleuscharged nucleus surrounded by a surrounded by a large region in which there are large region in which there are enough electrons to make an enough electrons to make an atom neutral.atom neutral.

Page 12: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Electron Cloud:Electron Cloud:

A space in which electrons are A space in which electrons are likely to be found.likely to be found.

Electrons Electrons whirlwhirl about the nucleus about the nucleus billions of times in one secondbillions of times in one second

They are not moving around in They are not moving around in randomrandom patterns. patterns.

Location of electrons depends Location of electrons depends upon how much upon how much energyenergy the the electron has.electron has.

More energy = further from the More energy = further from the nucleusnucleus

Page 13: Atomic Theory-Democritus Greek philosopher, 400 BC Greek philosopher, 400 BC Named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.” Named

Atomic Scientist EulogyAtomic Scientist EulogyChoose an atomic scientist from the list on Choose an atomic scientist from the list on

the atomic timeline link (No Einstein)the atomic timeline link (No Einstein)Write-up a eulogy that you will present Write-up a eulogy that you will present

next class period at the funeralnext class period at the funeral250 words max.250 words max.Rubric for project on p16 of workbookRubric for project on p16 of workbookLinks to use for projectLinks to use for project

http://atomictimeline.net/index.phphttp://atomictimeline.net/index.phpwww.eulogyspeech.net

http://www.eulogyspeech.net/

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