atmospheric motion nonrotating earth equator – warming and rising of air – rising air cools as...
TRANSCRIPT
Atmospheric Motion
Nonrotating Earth• Equator– Warming and rising of air– Rising air cools as it ascends– Surface winds blow towards
equator to replace ascending air
• Poles– Cool, dry air descends
Global Wind Bands• Hadley cells– Subtropical cells– Air rises at the equator due to solar heating, and
falls due to cooling at ~30º
Global Wind Bands• Ferrel cells– Temperate cells– Occurs between 30º and 50-60º latitude– Some air descending at 30º turns poleward
Global Wind Bands• Polar cells– Centered over each pole– At 50-60º, the air is warm and wet enough to
ascend, but too dense to mix with Ferrel cell
Wind Patterns• Between Cells:– Vertical air
movement– Weak surface
winds
• Within Cells:– Horizontal air
movement– Strong surface
winds
Wind Patterns• Between Cells:• Hadley cells– Doldrums• Near the equator• Decrease in
pressure gradient• Variable breezes
– Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Wind Patterns• Between Cells:• Hadley and Ferrel
cells– Horse latitudes• 30º latitude• Subtropical high
pressure• Sinking air; dry
– Many deserts are found at this latitude
Wind Patterns• Within Cells:– Hadley cell• Trade Winds
– Easterlies• Centered at 15º
– Ferrel cell• Westerlies• Centered at 45º
– Polar cell• Easterlies• 60-90º
Radiation and Latitude
• More heat gained at equator
• More heat lost at higher latitudes
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
High vs. Low Pressure High Pressure Cell
Anticyclonic rotation (clockwise) in N hemisphere
Downward vertical motion
Air is compressed and warmed
Dry weather
High vs. Low Pressure Low Pressure Cell
Cyclonic rotation (counter clockwise in N hemisphere)
Upward vertical motion
Air expands and cools as it rises
Wet weather
Fig. 8.16
Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
Monsoons - Summer• Land heats more rapidly
than ocean• Air above land expands
and rises creating low pressure
• Cool air flows from ocean
• Cool air is heated, expands, rises and condenses
Monsoons - Winter• Land cools more rapidly than ocean• Air contracts and sinks creating high pressure• Dry surface winds move seaward
Onshore & Offshore Breezes(small, daily mini-monsoons)
• Onshore Breeze
Onshore & Offshore Breezes(small, daily mini-monsoons)
• Offshore Breeze
Topographic Effect• Windward = wet• Leeward = dry
• Rain shadow
Jet Streams• High speed winds in the
upper troposphere
• Polar• Subtropical• Weather of temperate
zone
Hurricanes• Easterly wave
• > 26.5 C (80 F)
• Typhoon or cyclone
Hurricanes
El Niño – Southern Oscillation
El Niño – Southern Oscillation
El Niño• Sea surface topography
and temperature
• Normal• El Niño• End of El Niño
La Niña• Colder phases
Storm Surge• Low atmospheric pressure• Strong onshore winds