atmosphere phe
DESCRIPTION
atmosphereTRANSCRIPT
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 17
Mars thin atmosphere
AtmosphereFrom Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
An atmosphere (New Latin atmosphaera created in the 17thcentury from Greek ἀτμός [atmos] vapor[1] and σφαῖρα [sphaira]sphere[2]) is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other materialbody of sufficient mass[3] that is held in place by the gravity of thebody An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity ishigh and the atmospheres temperature is low
The atmosphere of Earth which is mostly nitrogen also containsoxygen used by most organisms for respiration and carbon dioxideused by plants algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis alsoprotects living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultravioletradiation Its current composition is the product of billions of yearsof biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by livingorganisms
The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star andtypically includes the portion starting from the opaque photosphereoutwards Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may formcompound molecules in their outer atmosphere
Contents
1 Pressure2 Escape3 Terrain4 Composition5 Structure
51 Earth52 Others
521 In the Solar System522 Outside the Solar System
6 Circulation7 Importance8 See also9 References10 Further reading11 External links
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 27
The layers of Earths atmosphere
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area that is alwaysapplied perpendicularly to a surface by the surrounding gas It isdetermined by a planets gravitational force in combination with thetotal mass of a column of gas above a location On Earth units of airpressure are based on the internationally recognized standardatmosphere (atm) which is defined as 101325 Pa (760 Torr or14696 psi)
The pressure of an atmospheric gas decreases with altitude due tothe diminishing mass of gas above each location The height atwhich the pressure from an atmosphere declines by a factor of e (anirrational number with a value of 271828) is called the scaleheight and is denoted by H For an atmosphere with a uniformtemperature the scale height is proportional to the temperature andinversely proportional to the mean molecular mass of dry air timesthe planets gravitational force per unit area of on the surface ofEarth For such a model atmosphere the pressure declinesexponentially with increasing altitude However atmospheres arenot uniform in temperature so the exact determination of theatmospheric pressure at any particular altitude is more complex
Escape
Surface gravity the force that holds down an atmosphere differssignificantly among the planets For example the large gravitationalforce of the giant planet Jupiter is able to retain light gases such ashydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravitySecondly the distance from the Sun determines the energy availableto heat atmospheric gas to the point where its molecules thermalmotion exceed the planets escape velocity the speed at which gasmolecules overcome a planets gravitational grasp Thus the distantand cold Titan Triton and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheresdespite relatively low gravities Interstellar planets theoreticallymay also retain thick atmospheres
Since a gas at any particular temperature will have moleculesmoving at a wide range of velocities there will almost always besome slow leakage of gas into space Lighter molecules move fasterthan heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy and sogases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight It is thought thatVenus and Mars may have both lost much of their water when after being photo dissociated into hydrogenand oxygen by solar ultraviolet the hydrogen escaped Earths magnetic field helps to prevent this as
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 37
Earths atmospheric gases scatter blue light morethan other wavelengths giving the Earth a bluehalo when seen from space
normally the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen However over the past 3 billionyears the Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity including anet 2 of its atmospheric oxygen[4]
Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar windshyinduced sputtering impact erosionweathering and sequestration mdash sometimes referred to as freezing out mdash into the regolith and polar caps
Terrain
Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies Objects that have no atmosphere orthat have only an exosphere have terrain that is covered in craters Without an atmosphere the planet hasno protection from meteors and all of them collide with the surface and create craters
A rocky body with a thick atmosphere does not have significant craters on its surface The frictiongenerated when a meteor enters an atmosphere causes the vast majority to burn up before hitting thesurface When craters do impact the effects are often erased by the action of wind As a result craters arerare on objects with atmospheres
All objects with atmospheres have wind and weather Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping theterrain of rocky planets with atmospheres and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoesIn addition since liquids can not exist without pressure an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at thesurface resulting in lakes rivers and oceans Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface andterrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past
Composition
Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to thechemistry and temperature of the local solar nebuladuring planetary formation and the subsequent escape ofinterior gases The original atmospheres started with theradially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spacedrings that formed the planets They were then modifiedover time by various complex factors resulting in quitedifferent outcomes
The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars areprimarily composed of carbon dioxide with smallquantities of nitrogen argon oxygen and traces of othergases
The atmospheric composition on Earth is largelygoverned by the byshyproducts of the very life that itsustains Dry air from Earths atmosphere contains 7808 nitrogen 2095 oxygen 093 argon 0038carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen helium and other noble gases (by volume) but generally avariable amount of water vapour is also present on average about 1 at sea level
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 47
The low temperatures and higher gravity of the gas giantsmdashJupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptunemdashallowsthem more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses These planets have hydrogenndashheliumatmospheres with trace amounts of more complex compounds
Two satellites of the outer planets possess nonshynegligible atmospheres Titan a moon of Saturn and Tritona moon of Neptune which are mainly nitrogen Pluto in the nearer part of its orbit has an atmosphere ofnitrogen and methane similar to Tritons but these gases are frozen when farther from the Sun
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium These includethe Moon (sodium gas) Mercury (sodium gas) Europa (oxygen) Io (sulfur) and Enceladus (water vapor)
The atmospheric composition of an extrashysolar planet was first determined using the Hubble SpaceTelescope Planet HD 209458b is a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation PegasusIts atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1000 K and is steadily escaping into space Hydrogenoxygen carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planets inflated atmosphere[5]
Structure
Earth
The Earths atmosphere consists from the ground up of the troposphere (which includes the planetaryboundary layer or peplosphere as lowest layer) stratosphere (which includes the ozone layer) mesospherethermosphere (which contains the ionosphere) exosphere and also the magnetosphere Each of the layershas a different lapse rate defining the rate of change in temperature with height
Three quarters of the atmospheric mass resides within the troposphere and the depth of this layer variesbetween 17 km at the equator and 7 km at the poles The ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet energy fromthe Sun is located primarily in the stratosphere at altitudes of 15 to 35 km The Kaacutermaacuten line locatedwithin the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km is commonly used to define the boundary between theEarths atmosphere and outer space However the exosphere can extend from 500 up to 1000 km above thesurface where it interacts with the planets magnetosphere
Others
Other astronomical bodies such as these listed have known atmospheres
In the Solar System
Atmosphere of the SunAtmosphere of MercuryAtmosphere of VenusAtmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of the MoonAtmosphere of MarsAtmosphere of Ceres
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 57
Atmosphere of JupiterAtmosphere of IoAtmosphere of CallistoAtmosphere of EuropaAtmosphere of Ganymede
Atmosphere of SaturnAtmosphere of TitanAtmosphere of Enceladus
Atmosphere of UranusAtmosphere of Titania
Atmosphere of NeptuneAtmosphere of Triton
Atmosphere of Pluto
Outside the Solar System
Atmosphere of HD 209458 b
Circulation
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a moreefficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation On planets where the primary heat source is solarradiation excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes When a planet generates a significantamount of heat internally such as is the case for Jupiter convection in the atmosphere can transport thermalenergy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface
Importance
From the perspective of the planetary geologist the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to themorphology of a planet The wind transports dust and other particles which erodes the relief and leavesdeposits (eolian processes) Frost and precipitations which depend on the composition also influence therelief Climate changes can influence a planets geological history Conversely studying surface of Earthleads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet mdash both its present state and its past
For a meteorologist the composition of the atmosphere determines the climate and its variations
For a biologist the composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution
See also
Atmometer (evaporimeter)
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 27
The layers of Earths atmosphere
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area that is alwaysapplied perpendicularly to a surface by the surrounding gas It isdetermined by a planets gravitational force in combination with thetotal mass of a column of gas above a location On Earth units of airpressure are based on the internationally recognized standardatmosphere (atm) which is defined as 101325 Pa (760 Torr or14696 psi)
The pressure of an atmospheric gas decreases with altitude due tothe diminishing mass of gas above each location The height atwhich the pressure from an atmosphere declines by a factor of e (anirrational number with a value of 271828) is called the scaleheight and is denoted by H For an atmosphere with a uniformtemperature the scale height is proportional to the temperature andinversely proportional to the mean molecular mass of dry air timesthe planets gravitational force per unit area of on the surface ofEarth For such a model atmosphere the pressure declinesexponentially with increasing altitude However atmospheres arenot uniform in temperature so the exact determination of theatmospheric pressure at any particular altitude is more complex
Escape
Surface gravity the force that holds down an atmosphere differssignificantly among the planets For example the large gravitationalforce of the giant planet Jupiter is able to retain light gases such ashydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravitySecondly the distance from the Sun determines the energy availableto heat atmospheric gas to the point where its molecules thermalmotion exceed the planets escape velocity the speed at which gasmolecules overcome a planets gravitational grasp Thus the distantand cold Titan Triton and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheresdespite relatively low gravities Interstellar planets theoreticallymay also retain thick atmospheres
Since a gas at any particular temperature will have moleculesmoving at a wide range of velocities there will almost always besome slow leakage of gas into space Lighter molecules move fasterthan heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy and sogases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight It is thought thatVenus and Mars may have both lost much of their water when after being photo dissociated into hydrogenand oxygen by solar ultraviolet the hydrogen escaped Earths magnetic field helps to prevent this as
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 37
Earths atmospheric gases scatter blue light morethan other wavelengths giving the Earth a bluehalo when seen from space
normally the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen However over the past 3 billionyears the Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity including anet 2 of its atmospheric oxygen[4]
Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar windshyinduced sputtering impact erosionweathering and sequestration mdash sometimes referred to as freezing out mdash into the regolith and polar caps
Terrain
Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies Objects that have no atmosphere orthat have only an exosphere have terrain that is covered in craters Without an atmosphere the planet hasno protection from meteors and all of them collide with the surface and create craters
A rocky body with a thick atmosphere does not have significant craters on its surface The frictiongenerated when a meteor enters an atmosphere causes the vast majority to burn up before hitting thesurface When craters do impact the effects are often erased by the action of wind As a result craters arerare on objects with atmospheres
All objects with atmospheres have wind and weather Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping theterrain of rocky planets with atmospheres and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoesIn addition since liquids can not exist without pressure an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at thesurface resulting in lakes rivers and oceans Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface andterrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past
Composition
Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to thechemistry and temperature of the local solar nebuladuring planetary formation and the subsequent escape ofinterior gases The original atmospheres started with theradially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spacedrings that formed the planets They were then modifiedover time by various complex factors resulting in quitedifferent outcomes
The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars areprimarily composed of carbon dioxide with smallquantities of nitrogen argon oxygen and traces of othergases
The atmospheric composition on Earth is largelygoverned by the byshyproducts of the very life that itsustains Dry air from Earths atmosphere contains 7808 nitrogen 2095 oxygen 093 argon 0038carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen helium and other noble gases (by volume) but generally avariable amount of water vapour is also present on average about 1 at sea level
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 47
The low temperatures and higher gravity of the gas giantsmdashJupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptunemdashallowsthem more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses These planets have hydrogenndashheliumatmospheres with trace amounts of more complex compounds
Two satellites of the outer planets possess nonshynegligible atmospheres Titan a moon of Saturn and Tritona moon of Neptune which are mainly nitrogen Pluto in the nearer part of its orbit has an atmosphere ofnitrogen and methane similar to Tritons but these gases are frozen when farther from the Sun
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium These includethe Moon (sodium gas) Mercury (sodium gas) Europa (oxygen) Io (sulfur) and Enceladus (water vapor)
The atmospheric composition of an extrashysolar planet was first determined using the Hubble SpaceTelescope Planet HD 209458b is a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation PegasusIts atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1000 K and is steadily escaping into space Hydrogenoxygen carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planets inflated atmosphere[5]
Structure
Earth
The Earths atmosphere consists from the ground up of the troposphere (which includes the planetaryboundary layer or peplosphere as lowest layer) stratosphere (which includes the ozone layer) mesospherethermosphere (which contains the ionosphere) exosphere and also the magnetosphere Each of the layershas a different lapse rate defining the rate of change in temperature with height
Three quarters of the atmospheric mass resides within the troposphere and the depth of this layer variesbetween 17 km at the equator and 7 km at the poles The ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet energy fromthe Sun is located primarily in the stratosphere at altitudes of 15 to 35 km The Kaacutermaacuten line locatedwithin the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km is commonly used to define the boundary between theEarths atmosphere and outer space However the exosphere can extend from 500 up to 1000 km above thesurface where it interacts with the planets magnetosphere
Others
Other astronomical bodies such as these listed have known atmospheres
In the Solar System
Atmosphere of the SunAtmosphere of MercuryAtmosphere of VenusAtmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of the MoonAtmosphere of MarsAtmosphere of Ceres
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 57
Atmosphere of JupiterAtmosphere of IoAtmosphere of CallistoAtmosphere of EuropaAtmosphere of Ganymede
Atmosphere of SaturnAtmosphere of TitanAtmosphere of Enceladus
Atmosphere of UranusAtmosphere of Titania
Atmosphere of NeptuneAtmosphere of Triton
Atmosphere of Pluto
Outside the Solar System
Atmosphere of HD 209458 b
Circulation
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a moreefficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation On planets where the primary heat source is solarradiation excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes When a planet generates a significantamount of heat internally such as is the case for Jupiter convection in the atmosphere can transport thermalenergy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface
Importance
From the perspective of the planetary geologist the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to themorphology of a planet The wind transports dust and other particles which erodes the relief and leavesdeposits (eolian processes) Frost and precipitations which depend on the composition also influence therelief Climate changes can influence a planets geological history Conversely studying surface of Earthleads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet mdash both its present state and its past
For a meteorologist the composition of the atmosphere determines the climate and its variations
For a biologist the composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution
See also
Atmometer (evaporimeter)
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 37
Earths atmospheric gases scatter blue light morethan other wavelengths giving the Earth a bluehalo when seen from space
normally the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen However over the past 3 billionyears the Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity including anet 2 of its atmospheric oxygen[4]
Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar windshyinduced sputtering impact erosionweathering and sequestration mdash sometimes referred to as freezing out mdash into the regolith and polar caps
Terrain
Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies Objects that have no atmosphere orthat have only an exosphere have terrain that is covered in craters Without an atmosphere the planet hasno protection from meteors and all of them collide with the surface and create craters
A rocky body with a thick atmosphere does not have significant craters on its surface The frictiongenerated when a meteor enters an atmosphere causes the vast majority to burn up before hitting thesurface When craters do impact the effects are often erased by the action of wind As a result craters arerare on objects with atmospheres
All objects with atmospheres have wind and weather Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping theterrain of rocky planets with atmospheres and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoesIn addition since liquids can not exist without pressure an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at thesurface resulting in lakes rivers and oceans Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface andterrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past
Composition
Initial atmospheric makeup is generally related to thechemistry and temperature of the local solar nebuladuring planetary formation and the subsequent escape ofinterior gases The original atmospheres started with theradially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spacedrings that formed the planets They were then modifiedover time by various complex factors resulting in quitedifferent outcomes
The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars areprimarily composed of carbon dioxide with smallquantities of nitrogen argon oxygen and traces of othergases
The atmospheric composition on Earth is largelygoverned by the byshyproducts of the very life that itsustains Dry air from Earths atmosphere contains 7808 nitrogen 2095 oxygen 093 argon 0038carbon dioxide and traces of hydrogen helium and other noble gases (by volume) but generally avariable amount of water vapour is also present on average about 1 at sea level
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 47
The low temperatures and higher gravity of the gas giantsmdashJupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptunemdashallowsthem more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses These planets have hydrogenndashheliumatmospheres with trace amounts of more complex compounds
Two satellites of the outer planets possess nonshynegligible atmospheres Titan a moon of Saturn and Tritona moon of Neptune which are mainly nitrogen Pluto in the nearer part of its orbit has an atmosphere ofnitrogen and methane similar to Tritons but these gases are frozen when farther from the Sun
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium These includethe Moon (sodium gas) Mercury (sodium gas) Europa (oxygen) Io (sulfur) and Enceladus (water vapor)
The atmospheric composition of an extrashysolar planet was first determined using the Hubble SpaceTelescope Planet HD 209458b is a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation PegasusIts atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1000 K and is steadily escaping into space Hydrogenoxygen carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planets inflated atmosphere[5]
Structure
Earth
The Earths atmosphere consists from the ground up of the troposphere (which includes the planetaryboundary layer or peplosphere as lowest layer) stratosphere (which includes the ozone layer) mesospherethermosphere (which contains the ionosphere) exosphere and also the magnetosphere Each of the layershas a different lapse rate defining the rate of change in temperature with height
Three quarters of the atmospheric mass resides within the troposphere and the depth of this layer variesbetween 17 km at the equator and 7 km at the poles The ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet energy fromthe Sun is located primarily in the stratosphere at altitudes of 15 to 35 km The Kaacutermaacuten line locatedwithin the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km is commonly used to define the boundary between theEarths atmosphere and outer space However the exosphere can extend from 500 up to 1000 km above thesurface where it interacts with the planets magnetosphere
Others
Other astronomical bodies such as these listed have known atmospheres
In the Solar System
Atmosphere of the SunAtmosphere of MercuryAtmosphere of VenusAtmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of the MoonAtmosphere of MarsAtmosphere of Ceres
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 57
Atmosphere of JupiterAtmosphere of IoAtmosphere of CallistoAtmosphere of EuropaAtmosphere of Ganymede
Atmosphere of SaturnAtmosphere of TitanAtmosphere of Enceladus
Atmosphere of UranusAtmosphere of Titania
Atmosphere of NeptuneAtmosphere of Triton
Atmosphere of Pluto
Outside the Solar System
Atmosphere of HD 209458 b
Circulation
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a moreefficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation On planets where the primary heat source is solarradiation excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes When a planet generates a significantamount of heat internally such as is the case for Jupiter convection in the atmosphere can transport thermalenergy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface
Importance
From the perspective of the planetary geologist the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to themorphology of a planet The wind transports dust and other particles which erodes the relief and leavesdeposits (eolian processes) Frost and precipitations which depend on the composition also influence therelief Climate changes can influence a planets geological history Conversely studying surface of Earthleads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet mdash both its present state and its past
For a meteorologist the composition of the atmosphere determines the climate and its variations
For a biologist the composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution
See also
Atmometer (evaporimeter)
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 47
The low temperatures and higher gravity of the gas giantsmdashJupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptunemdashallowsthem more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses These planets have hydrogenndashheliumatmospheres with trace amounts of more complex compounds
Two satellites of the outer planets possess nonshynegligible atmospheres Titan a moon of Saturn and Tritona moon of Neptune which are mainly nitrogen Pluto in the nearer part of its orbit has an atmosphere ofnitrogen and methane similar to Tritons but these gases are frozen when farther from the Sun
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium These includethe Moon (sodium gas) Mercury (sodium gas) Europa (oxygen) Io (sulfur) and Enceladus (water vapor)
The atmospheric composition of an extrashysolar planet was first determined using the Hubble SpaceTelescope Planet HD 209458b is a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation PegasusIts atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1000 K and is steadily escaping into space Hydrogenoxygen carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planets inflated atmosphere[5]
Structure
Earth
The Earths atmosphere consists from the ground up of the troposphere (which includes the planetaryboundary layer or peplosphere as lowest layer) stratosphere (which includes the ozone layer) mesospherethermosphere (which contains the ionosphere) exosphere and also the magnetosphere Each of the layershas a different lapse rate defining the rate of change in temperature with height
Three quarters of the atmospheric mass resides within the troposphere and the depth of this layer variesbetween 17 km at the equator and 7 km at the poles The ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet energy fromthe Sun is located primarily in the stratosphere at altitudes of 15 to 35 km The Kaacutermaacuten line locatedwithin the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km is commonly used to define the boundary between theEarths atmosphere and outer space However the exosphere can extend from 500 up to 1000 km above thesurface where it interacts with the planets magnetosphere
Others
Other astronomical bodies such as these listed have known atmospheres
In the Solar System
Atmosphere of the SunAtmosphere of MercuryAtmosphere of VenusAtmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of the MoonAtmosphere of MarsAtmosphere of Ceres
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 57
Atmosphere of JupiterAtmosphere of IoAtmosphere of CallistoAtmosphere of EuropaAtmosphere of Ganymede
Atmosphere of SaturnAtmosphere of TitanAtmosphere of Enceladus
Atmosphere of UranusAtmosphere of Titania
Atmosphere of NeptuneAtmosphere of Triton
Atmosphere of Pluto
Outside the Solar System
Atmosphere of HD 209458 b
Circulation
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a moreefficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation On planets where the primary heat source is solarradiation excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes When a planet generates a significantamount of heat internally such as is the case for Jupiter convection in the atmosphere can transport thermalenergy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface
Importance
From the perspective of the planetary geologist the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to themorphology of a planet The wind transports dust and other particles which erodes the relief and leavesdeposits (eolian processes) Frost and precipitations which depend on the composition also influence therelief Climate changes can influence a planets geological history Conversely studying surface of Earthleads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet mdash both its present state and its past
For a meteorologist the composition of the atmosphere determines the climate and its variations
For a biologist the composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution
See also
Atmometer (evaporimeter)
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 57
Atmosphere of JupiterAtmosphere of IoAtmosphere of CallistoAtmosphere of EuropaAtmosphere of Ganymede
Atmosphere of SaturnAtmosphere of TitanAtmosphere of Enceladus
Atmosphere of UranusAtmosphere of Titania
Atmosphere of NeptuneAtmosphere of Triton
Atmosphere of Pluto
Outside the Solar System
Atmosphere of HD 209458 b
Circulation
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a moreefficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation On planets where the primary heat source is solarradiation excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes When a planet generates a significantamount of heat internally such as is the case for Jupiter convection in the atmosphere can transport thermalenergy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface
Importance
From the perspective of the planetary geologist the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to themorphology of a planet The wind transports dust and other particles which erodes the relief and leavesdeposits (eolian processes) Frost and precipitations which depend on the composition also influence therelief Climate changes can influence a planets geological history Conversely studying surface of Earthleads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet mdash both its present state and its past
For a meteorologist the composition of the atmosphere determines the climate and its variations
For a biologist the composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution
See also
Atmometer (evaporimeter)
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 67
Edge of spaceIonosphereSkyStellar atmosphere
References
1 ἀτμός (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Da29tmo2Fs) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
2 σφαῖρα (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A19990400573Aentry3Dsfai3Dra^) Henry George Liddell Robert Scott AGreekshyEnglish Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library
3 Ontario Science Centre website (httpwwwontariosciencecentrecaschoolclcvisitsglossaryasp)4 Seki K Elphic R C Hirahara M Terasawa T Mukai T (2001) On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions
from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes (httpwwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull29155101939)Science 291 (5510) 1939ndash1941 Bibcode2001Sci2911939S(httpadsabsharvardeduabs2001Sci2911939S) doi101126science1058913(httpsdxdoiorg1011262Fscience1058913) PMID 11239148(httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed11239148) Retrieved 2007shy03shy07
5 Weaver D Villard R (2007shy01shy31) Hubble Probes Layershycake Structure of Alien Worlds Atmosphere(httphubblesiteorgnewscenterarchivereleases200707) Hubble News Center Retrieved 2007shy03shy11
Further reading
SanchezshyLavega Agustin (2010) An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres Taylor amp FrancisISBN 978shy1shy4200shy6732shy3
External links
Properties of atmospheric strata shy The flight environment of the atmosphere(httpwwwallstarfiueduaerofltenv2htm)Atmosphere (httpwwwmdpicomjournalatmosphere) shy an Open Access journal
Retrieved from httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=Atmosphereampoldid=654705629
Categories Atmosphere Gases Planetary atmospheres Planetary science
This page was last modified on 3 April 2015 at 0031Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionshyShareAlike License additional terms may
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization
492015 Atmosphere shy Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
httpenwikipediaorgwikiAtmosphere 77
apply By using this site you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Wikipediareg is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation Inc a nonshyprofit organization