Mustafa Kemal AtatürkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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President

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

1st President of Turkey

In office

29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938

Prime Minister İsmet İnönü

Ali Fethi Okyar

Celâl Bayar

Preceded by Office established

Succeeded by İsmet İnönü

Prime Minister of Turkey

In office

3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921

Deputy Fevzi Çakmak

Preceded by Office established

Succeeded by Fevzi Çakmak

1st Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

In office

24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923

Preceded by Office established

Succeeded by Ali Fethi Okyar

Leader of the Republican People's Party

In office

9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938

Preceded by Office established

Succeeded by İsmet İnönü

Personal details

Born 19 May 1881 (conventional)

Salonica, Salonica Vilayet,Ottoman Empire (now

Thessaloniki, Greece)

Died 10 November 1938 (aged 57)

Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, Turkey

Resting place Anıtkabir, Ankara, Turkey

Nationality Turkish

Political party Republican People's Party

Spouse(s) Lâtife Uşaklıgil (1923–25)

Awards List (24 medals)

Signature

Military service

Allegiance  Ottoman Empire (1893–1919)

 Turkey (1919–1927)

Service/branch  Ottoman Army

 Turkish Army

Rank Mareşal

Commands 19th Division

16th Corps

2nd Army

7th Army

Yildirim Army Group

Army of the Grand National Assembly

Battles/wars World War I

Tobruk

Anzac Cove

Chunuk Bair

Scimitar Hill

Sari Bair

Bitlis

Greco-Turkish War

Sakarya

Dumlupınar

Graphical timeline

Detailed chronology

Part of the Atatürk series

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Personal life [show]

Military career [show]

Atatürk's Reforms [show]

Kemalism [show]

Also[show]

Gallery: Picture, sound, video

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (pronounced [mustäˈfä ceˈmäl äˈtäˌtyɾc]; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.[1]

Atatürk was a military officer during World War I.[2] Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the

forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced.[3] His government also carried out an extensive policy of Turkification.[4][5][6][7] The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Early life

2 Military career

o 2.1 Early years

o 2.2 Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)

o 2.3 Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

o 2.4 First World War (1914–1918)

o 2.5 Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922)

3 Establishment of the Republic of Turkey

4 Presidency

o 4.1 Domestic policies

4.1.1 Emergence of the state, 1923–1924

4.1.2 Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925

4.1.3 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 1924–1927

4.1.4 Modernization efforts, 1926–1930

4.1.5 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 1930–1931

4.1.6 Modernization efforts, 1931–1938

o 4.2 Foreign policies

4.2.1 Issue of Mosul

4.2.2 Relations with the Russian SFSR/Soviet Union

4.2.3 Turkish-Greek alliance

4.2.4 Neighbours to the east

4.2.5 Turkish Straits

4.2.6 Balkan Pact

4.2.7 Issue of Hatay

o 4.3 Economic policies

4.3.1 State intervention, 1923–1929

4.3.2 Great Depression, 1929–1931

4.3.3 Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939

5 Personal life

6 Illness and death

7 Legacy

o 7.1 Turkey

o 7.2 Worldwide

8 Awards and decorations

o 8.1 Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey

o 8.2 Foreign honours

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 External links

Early lifeFurther information: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life

The house where Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Selanik(Thessaloniki in present-day Greece.)

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmed Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica,[8] Ottoman Empire, to Zübeyde Hanım, a housewife, and Ali Rıza Efendi, a militia officer, title-deed clerk and lumber trader. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood; she died in 1956.[9] According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class.[10] His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of Albanian origin by some authors;[11][12][13][14][15] however, according to Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamik D. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz, Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending from Söke in the Aydın Province of Anatolia.[16][17] His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of Turkish origin[13][14] and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, she was of Yörük ancestry.[18] Due to the sizeable minority of Jews in Selanikduring the Ottoman period, many of Atatürk's Islamist opponents have eagerly claimed that he may have Dönme ancestors (Jews who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period.)[19]However, his grandparents were not native to Selanik, and his family had moved to this city (the largest metropolis in Ottoman Rumelia after Istanbul) in the late 19th century, from otherprovinces of the Ottoman Empire. There are also some suggestions about the possibility of his partial Slavic origin, based on his light skin complexion, blond hair and blue eyes.[20][21][22]

The reconstructed house of Atatürk's paternal grandparents, in theOttoman village of Kocacık (Kodžadžikin present-

day Macedonia.)

He was born Mustafa, and his second name Kemal(meaning Perfection or Maturity) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi, "in admiration of his capability and maturity" according to Afet Inan,[23][24] and, according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy, because his teacher wanted to distinguish his student who had the same name as him,[25] although his biographer Andrew Mango suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal.[26] In his early years, his mother

encouraged Mustafa Kemal to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. His parents wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Mustafa Kemal took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi ) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled into the Monastir Military High School. On 14 March 1899,[27] he enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı[28] within theŞişli district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople (now Istanbul) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Ottoman Military College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.[27]