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ASTM INTERNATIONAL AND HOW IT IMPACTS THE ETHANOL INDUSTRY
FELCOctober, 2015
Shon Van Hulzen
WHAT/WHO IS ASTM
▪ http://www.astm.org/▪ American Society for Testing and Materials until 2001 when it then changed its name to ASTM International
▪ Started in 1898 to set standards for the railroad industry
▪ Now has over 12,000 consensus standards that are used globally
APPLICABLE ASTM COMMITTEES▪ D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricant
+ D02.03 Elemental Analysis + D02.04 Hydrocarbon Analysis + D02.06 Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants+ D02.14 Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels+ D02.A0 Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels
• D02.A0.01 Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends• D02.A0.02 Oxygenated Fuels and Components• D02.A0.03 Volatility
▪ E48 on Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass+ E48.05 Biomass Conversion+ E48.48 Sustainability Criteria for Bioenergy
APPLICABLE D02 STANDARDSEthanol Conc. of
Fuel (% vol)ASTM Standard Fuel
Name
E0 ‐ E10(E15)
ASTM D4814 Standard Specification for Automotive Spark‐Ignition Engine Fuel Gasoline
E16 – E50ASTM D7794 Standard Practice for Blending of Mid‐Level Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible Fuel Vehicles with Automotive Spark‐Ignition Engines
MLEB / Flex Fuel
E51 ‐ E83ASTM D5798 Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible‐Fuel Automotive Spark‐Ignition Engines
Ethanol Fuel
Blends / E85
E96 ‐ E98ASTM D4806 Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for use as Spark‐Ignition Engine Fuel
Fuel Ethanol
D4814 D7794 D5798 D4806
APPLICABLE D02 STANDARDS
PERTINENT ACTIVITY ON STANDARDS
▪ D4814 & D4806 E15 Gridlock+ D02.A0 has been working to update D4814
and D4806 language to allow for E15 – this has been on-going now for over 4 years and still today there is no mention of E15 in either D4814 or D4806 – over 5 years after the EPA approved the E15 waiver and made it legal to sell E15 in the US
APPLICABLE ASTM TEST METHODSWater by Karl Fischer Titration ASTM E1064 or E203Proof / Specific Gravity ASTM D4052Methanol by GC ASTM D5501Ethanol Purity by GC ASTM D5501Copper by Atomic Absorption ASTM D1688Sulfur by Combustion ASTM D5453Existent Gum ASTM D381Solvent‐Washed Gum ASTM D381Chloride by IC ASTM D7319 or D7328Sulfate by IC ASTM D7319, D7328 or D7318pHe by Meter ASTM D6423Acidity (as Acetic Acid) by Titration ASTM D7795 or D1613Vapor Pressure ASTM D5191Accelerated Iron Corrosion ASTM D7577
PERTINENT ACTIVITY ON TEST METHODS
▪ Acidity Test Method(s)+ A new acidity test method, D7795
published in 2012+ D7795 has a Method A (Potentiometric
Titration – i.e. automated method) and Method B (Color End Point – i.e. manual titration to first perceptible pink color)
+ D7795 Method B is very similar to the old D1613, except it requires a CO2 purge step of 200 ml/mn for 60 seconds
▪ If you are currently still using D1613 and not purging you will likely see a decrease in measured acidity when you move to either D7795 Method A or B – due to adequately purging all the entrained CO2 out of solution
▪ D1613 NOTE 3—It has been observed that in CO2-rich laboratory environment such as those in an ethanol from corn manufacturing facility, 0.5 % CO2 level or greater can cause a positive interference (higher results) when using this test method. If your laboratory environment has this level of CO2 or greater, it is recommended that proper precaution(s) should be taken to minimize CO2 interference.
D7795 METHOD
D7795 METHOD A
10
70
130
190
250
310
370
430
490
550
610
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Acidity
(ppm
)
Purge Time (minutes)
200 ml/mn purge flow rate
400 ml/mn flow purge rate
New D7795 Balloted Method Conditions
Current D7795 Method Conditions
PERTINENT ACTIVITY ON TEST METHODS
▪ New Karl Fischer method development underway (WK41558)
▪ Updated D5501 GC method – 2012 –increased range of ethanol content in scope of method (20-100 mass %)
▪ Most efforts on test methods are to ensure the scope of the method includes the full range of ethanol blended fuels (D4806, D5798, D7794, and D4814)
INTER-LABORATORY STUDIES (ILS)
▪ All ASTM Test Methods need to have a precision and bias statement included in the test method
▪ The precision and bias statements are obtained by running an ILS
▪ ILS participants are interested / vested laboratories that voluntarily participate in the ILS
SHOULD I GET INVOLVED?▪ Yes!▪ The outcomes of ASTM have significant
impacts on your business▪ ASTM (D02) has historically been (and
continues to be) dominated by the oil & auto industries
▪ Make sure your voice is heard!▪ $75 annual membership fee gets you
involved
SHOULD I GET INVOLVED?▪ Face-to-Face meeting are held every 6
months (June & December)▪ Meeting locations move around the US
and occasionally Canada▪ Recommend signing up as a “Voting
Member”; however, due to the balanced voting system used by ASTM D02 you will likely be put on a waiting list to get a vote – but you still have a voice!
ASTM E48▪ Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals
from Biomass+Sustainability criteria for biofuels+Biomass feedstock characterization +Bioenergy for domestic/home use
ASTM E48▪ We are in the final stages (main
committee approval) for a new ASTM Standard: +Standard Specification for Denatured
Ethanol for Use as Cooking and Appliance Fuel
THE NEED ‐ #1 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION STATS
Household Air Pollution and HealthUpdated March 2014Key factsSource: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/
• Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using open fires and simple stoves burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal.
• Over 4 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to the household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels.
• More than 50% of premature deaths among children under 5 are due to pneumonia caused by particulate matter (soot) inhaled from household air pollution.
THE NEED ‐ #2 DEFORESTATION – E.G. HAITI VS. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Haiti DominicanRepublic
GLOBAL OUTLOOKPOTENTIAL GLOBAL DEMAND FOR ETHANOL AS A HOUSEHOLD COOKING FUEL
People using traditional biomass fuels # in Millions # of FamiliesEthanol required per year (Million Liters)
Ethanol required per year (Million Gallons)
Africa 698.0 139.6 28,025 7,404Developing Asia 1,814.0 362.8 72,832 19,242Latin America 65.0 13.0 2,610 689Middle East 10.0 2.0 402 106Total 2,587 517 103,868 27,442People using coalMainly China, also India & South Africa 400.0 80.0 16,060 4,243People using keroseneAfrica 24.0 4.8 964 255Asia 184.5 36.9 7,408 1,957Latin America & Caribbean 9.6 1.9 385 102Total 218 44 8,757 2,314People using LPGAfrica 73.8 14.8 2,965 783Asia 634.9 127.0 25,492 6,735Latin America & Caribbean 236.1 47.2 9,480 2,505Total 945 189 37,937 10,023GRAND TOTAL 4,150 830 166,622 44,022Assumptions:
Assumes a family size of 5 peopleAssumes 0.55 liter per family per day x 365 days per year
Sources:* International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook, Global Status of Modern Energy Access, 2010** Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves: http://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources/data‐and‐statistics/
CONSIDER THIS FACT:
From Adam/Eve to 1950 (roughly 6,000 years) we went from 2 people to 2.5 billion people…
From 1950 to today (65 years) we added 5.0 billion people to the planet for a total of 7.5 billion…
And, we are on pace to add almost 1 billion people every decade going forward…
WORLD POPULATION TRENDS
Source: United Nations Population Division
FIRST LOAD OF POET ETHANOL HEADED FOR HAITIOCT 1, 2014
Novogaz launches the distribution of Dometic stoves and POET ethanol at the Carnival 2015 Fair – January, 2015
Haiti “charcoal”
Haiti “charcoal” distribution
THE VISION
Supply clean burning ethanol to the homes in third world countries to be used as a home cooking fuel to help:
1) Improve overall health by improving indoor air quality2) Improve the standard of living3) Reduce the negative ecological impact of solid fuels4) Drive positive socio-economic change5) Drive agricultural production and manufacturing
opportunities