assignment in physci

8/19/2019 Assignment in Physci

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DARYL JOEH T. SAGABAEN

BSA – 2B

ASSIGNMENT IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

I. BIG BANG THEORY

What Is the Big Bang The!"#

-The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began. At its

simplest, it talks about the universe as we know it starting with a small singularity, theninflating over the next 13. billion years to the !osmos that we know today.

Be!ause !urrent instruments don"t allow astronomers to peer ba!k at the universe"s

birth, mu!h of what we understand about the Big Bang Theory !omes from

mathemati!al theory and models. Astronomers !an, however, see the #e!ho# of the

expansion through a phenomenon known as the !osmi! mi!rowave ba!kground.

The phrase #Big Bang Theory# has been popular among astrophysi!ists for de!ades,

but it hit the mainstream in $%%& when a !omedy show with the same name premiered

on 'B(. The show follows the home and a!ademi! life of several resear!hers )in!ludingan astrophysi!ist*.

The first se!ond, and the birth of light

+n the first se!ond after the universe began, the surrounding temperature was about 1%

billion degrees ahrenheit ). billion 'elsius*, a!!ording to A(A. The !osmos

!ontained a vast array of fundamental parti!les su!h as neutrons, ele!trons and

protons. These de!ayed or !ombined as the universe got !ooler.

This early soup would have been impossible to look at, be!ause light !ould not !arry

inside of it. #The free ele!trons would have !aused light )photons* to s!atter the way

sunlight s!atters from the water droplets in !louds,# A(A stated. /ver time, however,

the free ele!trons met up with nu!lei and !reated neutral atoms. This allowed light to

shine through about 3%,%%% years after the Big Bang.

http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/


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This early light 0 sometimes !alled the #afterglow# of the Big Bang 0 is more properly

known as the !osmi! mi!rowave ba!kground )'B*. +t was first predi!ted by 2alph

Alpher and other s!ientists in 14, but was found only by a!!ident almost $% years

later.

Arno 5en6ias and 2obert 7ilson, both of Bell Telephone 8aboratories in urray 9ill,

ew :ersey, were building a radio re!eiver in 1; and pi!king up higher-than-expe!ted

temperatures, a!!ording to A(A. At first, they thought the anomaly was due to pigeons

and their dung, but even after !leaning up the mess and killing pigeons that tried to

roost inside the antenna, the anomaly persisted.

(imultaneously, a 5rin!eton xplorer )'/B>*

satellite, whi!h mapped the sky in the 1%s.

(everal other missions have followed in '/B>"s footsteps, su!h as the B//>2an?

experiment )Balloon /bservations of illimetri! >xtragala!ti! 2adiation and

?eophysi!s*, A(A"s 7ilkinson i!rowave Anisotropy 5robe )7A5* and the>uropean (pa!e Agen!y"s 5lan!k satellite.

5lan!k"s observations, released in $%13, mapped the ba!kground in unpre!edented

detail and revealed that the universe was older than previously thought@ 13.$ billion

years old, rather than 13.& billion years old.

The maps give rise to new mysteries, however, su!h as why the (outhern 9emisphere

appears slightly redder )warmer* than the orthern 9emisphere. The Big Bang Theory

says that the 'B would be mostly the same, no matter where you look.

>xamining the 'B also gives astronomers !lues as to the !omposition of the universe.

2esear!hers think most of the !osmos is made up of matter and energy that !annot be

#sensed# with !onventional instruments, leading to the names dark matter and dark

energy. /nly per!ent of the universe is made up of matter su!h as planets, stars and

galaxies.

http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.htmlhttp://www.space.com/24784-big-bang-theory-five-weird-facts.htmlhttp://www.space.com/24784-big-bang-theory-five-weird-facts.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.htmlhttp://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.htmlhttp://www.space.com/24784-big-bang-theory-five-weird-facts.htmlhttp://www.space.com/24784-big-bang-theory-five-weird-facts.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.htmlhttp://www.space.com/20930-dark-matter.html


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Re$e!en%es&

[email protected]!e.!om$1$;-big-bang-theory.html

http@s!ien!e.howstuffworks.!omenvironmentalearthgeophysi!suestion$3$1.htm

http@!sep1%.phys.utk.eduastr1;1le!thistorykepler.html

[email protected]!e.!om1;%%-solar-system-planets.html

[email protected].!om.phC

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II. Ne'tn(s The!" $ G!a)itatin

Ne'tn*s G!a)it"

+n the 1;%%s, an >nglish physi!ist and mathemati!ian named +saa! ewton was sitting

under an apple tree -- or so the legend tells us. Apparently, an apple fell on his head,and he started wondering why the apple was attra!ted to the ground in the first pla!e.

ewton publi!i6ed his Theory of arth# and the parti!les of

#you#* with a for!e that is dire!tly proportional to the produ!t of their masses and

inversely proportional to the suare of the distan!e between them.

(o the farther apart the parti!les are, andor the less massive the parti!les, the less the

gravitational for!e.

The standard formula for the law of gravitation goes

G!a)itatina+ $!%e , -G /0 /21 -321

G!a)itatina+ $!%e , -G /0 /21 -321

where G is the gravitational !onstant, /0 and /2 are the masses of the two obLe!ts for

whi!h you are !al!ulating the for!e, and 3 is the distan!e between the !enters of gravity

of the two masses.

? has the value of ;.;& x 1%>- dyne M !m$gm$. (o if you put two 1-gram obLe!ts 1

!entimeter apart from one another, they will attra!t ea!h other with the for!e of ;.;& x

1%>- dyne. A 3"ne is eual to about %.%%1 gram weight, meaning that if you have a

dyne of for!e available, it !an lift %.%%1 grams in >arth"s gravitational field. (o ;.;& x

1%>- dyne is a minis!ule for!e.

7hen you deal with massive bodies like the >arth, however, whi!h has a mass of

;>K$4 kilograms, it adds up to a rather powerful gravitational for!e. That"s why you"re

not floating around in spa!e right now.

The for!e of gravity a!ting on an obLe!t is also that obLe!t"s weight. 7hen you step on a

s!ale, the s!ale reads how mu!h gravity is a!ting on your body. The formula to

determine weight is

weight E m M g

http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/physicists/isaac-newton.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/physicists/isaac-newton.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/earth.htm


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where / is an obLe!t"s mass, and g is the a!!eleration due to gravity. A!!eleration due

to gravity on >arth, is . msN -- it never !hanges, regardless of an obLe!t"s mass.

That"s why if you were to drop a pebble, a book and a !ou!h off a roof, they"d hit the

ground at the same time.

or hundreds of years, ewton"s theory of gravity pretty mu!h stood alone in thes!ientifi! !ommunity. That !hanged in the early 1%%s.

III. 4e5+e!(s La' $ P+aneta!" Mtin

+n the interplay between uantitative observation and theoreti!al !onstru!tion

that !hara!teri6es the development of modern s!ien!e, we have seen

that Brahe was the master of the first but was defi!ient in the se!ond. The

next great development in the history of astronomy was the theoreti!al

intuition of :ohannes Oepler )1&1-1;3%*, a ?erman who went to 5rague to

be!ome Brahe"s assistant.

Oepler and the >llipti!al /rbits


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(ome 5roperties of >llipses

(in!e the orbits of the planets are ellipses, let us review a few basi! properties of

ellipses.

1. or an ellipse there are two points !alled fo!i )singular@ fo!us* su!h that the sum of

the distan!es to the fo!i from any point on the ellipse is a!onstant. +n terms of the diagram shown to the left, with

#x# marking the lo!ation of the fo!i, we have the euation

a K b E !onstant

that defines the ellipse in terms of the

distan!es a and b.

I6. P+anets $ S+a! S"ste/

>ver sin!e the dis!overy of 5luto in 13%, kids grew up learning about the

nine planets of our solar system. That all !hanged starting in the late 1%s,

when astronomers began to argue about whether 5luto was a planet. +n a

highly !ontroversial de!ision, the +nternational Astronomi!al arth, ars, :upiter , (aturn, arth, their surfa!es

are all ro!ky. 5luto, too, has a solid surfa!e )and a very fro6en one* but has never been

grouped with the four terrestrials.

:ovian planets

The four large outer worlds 0 :upiter, (aturn,


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say*. A!!ording to A(A, #two of the outer planets beyond the orbit of ars 0 :upiter

and (aturn 0 are known as gas giantsP the more distant


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spa!e!raft has revealed views of the planet that have !hallenged astronomers"

expe!tations.

• Dis%)e!"& Onown to the an!ients and visible to the naked eye

• Na/e3 $!& essenger of the 2oman gods

• Dia/ete!& 3,%31 miles )4,& km*

• O!7it& >arth days

• Da"& .; >arth days

Genus

The se!ond planet from the sun, Genus is terribly hot, even hotter than er!ury. The

atmosphere is toxi!. The pressure at the surfa!e would !rush and kill you. (!ientists

des!ribe Genus situation as a runaway greenhouse effe!t. +ts si6e and stru!ture are

similar to >arth, Genus" thi!k, toxi! atmosphere traps heat in a runaway #greenhouse

effe!t.# /ddly, Genus spins slowly in the opposite dire!tion of most planets.

The ?reeks believed Genus was two different obLe!ts 0 one in the morning sky and

another in the evening. Be!ause it is often brighter than any other obLe!t in the sky 0

ex!ept for the sun and moon 0 Genus has generated many arth days

>arth

The third planet from the sun, >arth is a waterworld, with two-thirds of the planet

!overed by o!ean. +ts the only world known to harbor life. >arths atmosphere is ri!h in

life-sustaining nitrogen and oxygen. >arth"s surfa!e rotates about its axis at 1,3$ feet

http://www.space.com/17795-mercury-messenger.htmlhttp://www.space.com/17795-mercury-messenger.html


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per se!ond )4;& meters per se!ond* 0 slightly more than 1,%%% mph )1,;%% kph* 0 at

the euator. The planet 6ips around the sun at more than 1 miles per se!ond )$ km

per se!ond*.

• Dia/ete!& &,$; miles )1$,&;% km*

• O!7it& 3;.$4 days

• Da"& $3 hours, ; minutes

ars

The fourth planet from the sun, is a !old, dusty pla!e. The dust, an iron oxide, gives the

planet its reddish !ast. ars shares similarities with >arth@ +t is ro!ky, has mountains

and valleys, and storm systems ranging from lo!ali6ed tornado-like dust devils to planet-

engulfing dust storms. +t snows on ars. And ars harbors water i!e. (!ientists think it

was on!e wet and warm, though today its !old and desert-like.

ars" atmosphere is too thin for liuid water to exist on the surfa!e for any length of

time. (!ientists think an!ient ars would have had the !onditions to support life, and

there is hope that signs of past life 0 possibly even present biology 0 may exist on the

2ed 5lanet.

•

Dis%)e!"& Onown to the an!ients and visible to the naked eye

• Na/e3 $!& 2oman god of war

• Dia/ete!& 4,$1& miles );,&& km*

• O!7it& ;& >arth days

• Da"& :ust more than one >arth day )$4 hours, 3& minutes*

:upiter

The fifth planet from the sun, :upiter is huge and is the most massive planet in our solar

system. +ts a mostly gaseous world, mostly hydrogen and helium. +ts swirling !louds are

!olorful due to different types of tra!e gases. A big feature is the ?reat 2ed (pot, a giant

storm whi!h has raged for hundreds of years. :upiter has a strong magneti! field, and

with do6ens of moons, it looks a bit like a miniature solar system.

http://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.htmlhttp://www.space.com/16903-mars-atmosphere-climate-weather.html


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• Na/e3 $!& 2uler of the 2oman gods

• Dia/ete!& ,&3% miles )4$,4%% km*

• O!7it& 11. >arth years

• Da"& . >arth hours

(aturn

The sixth planet from the sun is known most for itsrings. 7hen ?alileo ?alilei first

studied (aturn in the early 1;%%s, he thought it was an obLe!t with three parts. ot

knowing he was seeing a planet with rings, the stumped astronomer entered a smalldrawing 0 a symbol with one large !ir!le and two smaller ones 0 in his notebook, as a

noun in a senten!e des!ribing his dis!overy. ore than 4% years later, 'hristiaan

9uygens proposed that they were rings. The rings are made of i!e and ro!k. (!ientists

are not yet sure how they formed. The gaseous planet is mostly hydrogen and helium. +t

has numerous moons.


• Na/e3 $!& 2oman god of agri!ulture

• Dia/ete!& &4,%% miles )1$%,%% km*

• O!7it& $. >arth years

• Da"& About 1%. >arth hours


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• Dis%)e!"& 1&1 by 7illiam 9ers!hel )was thought previously to be a star*

• Na/e3 $!& 5ersonifi!ation of heaven in an!ient myth

• Dia/ete!& 31,&;3 miles )1,1$% km*

• O!7it& 4 >arth years

• Da"& 1 >arth hours

eptune

The eighth planet from the sun, eptune is known for strong winds 0 sometimes faster

than the speed of sound. eptune is far out and !old. The planet is more than 3% times

as far from the sun as >arth. +t has a ro!ky !ore. eptune was the first planet to bepredi!ted to exist by using math, before it was dete!ted. +rregularities in the orbit of

arth.

• Dis%)e!"& 14;

• Na/e3 $!& 2oman god of water

• Dia/ete!& 3%,&& miles )4,3% km*

• O!7it& 1; >arth years

• Da"& 1 >arth hours

5luto )=warf 5lanet*

/n!e the ninth planet from the sun, 5luto is unlike other planets in many respe!ts. +t is

smaller than >arth"s moon. +ts orbit !arries it inside the orbit of eptune and then wayout beyond that orbit. rom 1& until early 1, 5luto had a!tually been the eighth

planet from the sun. Then, on eb. 11, 1, it !rossed eptune"s path and on!e again

be!ame the solar system"s most distant planet 0 until it was demoted to dwarf planet

status. 5luto will stay beyond eptune for $$ years. 5lutos orbit is tilted to the main

plane of the solar system 0 where the other planets orbit 0 by 1&.1 degrees. +ts a

http://www.space.com/18704-who-discovered-uranus.htmlhttp://www.space.com/18704-who-discovered-uranus.htmlhttp://www.space.com/18704-who-discovered-uranus.html


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!old, ro!ky world with only a very ephemeral atmosphere. A(A"s ew 9ori6ons

mission performed history"s first flyby of the 5luto system on :uly 14, $%1.

• Dis%)e!"@ 13% by 'lyde Tombaugh

• Na/e3 $! @ 2oman god of the underworld, 9ades

• Dia/ete! @ 1,43% miles )$,3%1 km*

• O!7it@ $4 >arth years

• Da"& ;.4 >arth day

DE8INITION O8 TERMS

1. 5lanets - a !elestial body moving in an ellipti!al orbit around a star.$. (atellite - an artifi!ial body pla!ed in orbit around the earth or moon or another

planet in order to !olle!t information or for !ommuni!ation.

3. (tar - a fixed luminous point in the night sky that is a large, remote in!andes!ent

body like the sun.4. ?alaxy - a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held

together by gravitational attra!tion.

. Bla!k 9ole - a region of spa!e having a gravitational field so intense that no

matter or radiation !an es!ape.

;. 'omets - a !elestial obLe!t !onsisting of a nu!leus of i!e and dust and, when

near the sun, a RtailS of gas and dust parti!les pointing away from the sun.

&. Asteroids - a small ro!ky body orbiting the sun. 8arge numbers of these, ranging in si6e

from nearly ;%% miles )1,%%% km* a!ross )'eres* to dust parti!les, are found )as the

asteroid belt * espe!ially between the orbits of ars and :upiter, though some have

more e!!entri! orbits, and a few pass !lose to the earth or enter the atmosphere as

meteors.

. eteors - a small body of matter from outer spa!e that enters the earth"s

atmosphere, be!oming in!andes!ent as a result of fri!tion and appearing as a

streak of light.


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