assignment electricty supply sysytem in malaysia.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING
REG 265
ASSIGNMENTS
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
NAME MATRIX NUMBER
NATASSYA NABILLA BINTI YUSOFF 114696
SHAHRUL EZZATI BINTI SHAHRUL AMIR 111416
SITI NURSYAFIQAH MOHD ZULKAIRI 114786
NUR DEENA SYAHEEDA BINTI BAHROM 114722
SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2013 LECTURERS NAME: DR RODZI ISMAIL
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1. Introduction
1.1 History of Electricity Supply in Malaysia
Mains electricity is the general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. In the US, electric power is referred to by several names including household power, household electricity, house current, powerline, domestic power, wall power, line power, AC power, city power, street power, and grid power. In many parts of Canada, it is called hydro, because much of the Canadian electrical generating capacity is hydroelectric. Electricity first made its appearance in Malaysia at the turn of the 20th century, and the earliest record of power generation can be traced back to a small mining town in Rawang, Selangor. Here, two enterprising individuals Loke Yew and Thamboosamy Pillai installed an electric generator in 1894 to operate their mines; they were the first to use electric pumps for mining in Malaya, and marked the great beginning of the story of electricity in Malaysia. In the same year, private supply for street lighting purposes was extended to Rawang town, and in 1895 the railway stations in Kuala Lumpur received its first electricity supply. In 1900, the Sempam Hydroelectric Power Station in Raub, built by the Raub Australian Gold Mining Company became the first power station in Malaysia. Until the mid nineteen twenties, most generating plants were small and used a variety of fuel including low grade coal, local wood, charcoal and important oil as well as water power. As the rapid increase in electricity demands continued to manifest; large scale planning, huge sums of capital from overseas and hiring of foreign technical experts became essential. Hence, the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established and came into operation on 1 September 1949. The Board was to become heir to three major projects considered by the Electricity Department following its re-establishment in April 1946:
The Connaught Bridge Power Station,
The Cameron Highlands Hydroelectric Project &
The development of a National Grid
CEB became owner to 34 power stations with a generation capacity of 39.88 MW, including a steam power station in Bangsar with a capacity of 26.5 MW, a hydroelectric power station at Ulu Langat with a capacity of 2.28 MW as well as various diesel affairs with a total capacity of 11.1 MW. CEB also became owner to both transmission and distribution systems above and below ground valued at close to thirty million dollars, as well as the impressive list of 45,495 consumers and staff of 2,466. The age of private generators has come to an end, and all walks of life continue to enjoy fair share of electricity. For this, we sincerely thank the government for recognizing the central role of the power industry in developing the nation's economy and social growth. In 1964, the second expatriate General Manager of CEB, J. Sharples retired, and Raja Zainal bin Raja Sulaiman became the first Malaysian appointed to the post. Soon, The Connaught Bridge Power Station became fully operational and the first phase of the Cameron Highland Hydroelectric Project was close to completion. In Selangor, the precursor of the National Grid was slowly taking shape, and the Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line subsequently extended to Malacca.
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On 22 June 1965, Central Electricity Board (CEB) of the Federation of Malaya was renamed as the National Electricity Board of the States of Malaya (NEB). Committed to long term programme of growth and expansion backed by plans carefully crafted and laid down in the period of CEB, NEB is now firmly led by a Malaysian as the CEO. The National Grid was one of the plans in full motion. The National Grid or Grid Nasional in Malay is the primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia. Electricity generating plants are strategically located at Paka in Terengganu, Temengor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar and Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Prai in Penang, Port Dickson in Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in Malacca. Keeping the nation's interest in mind, the government relentlessly pursued its ultimate objective and two pieces of legislation were passed to replace the existing Electricity Act, and to provide for the establishment of a new corporation TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB), purposefully replacing the NEB (Successor Company Act). Datuk Hj. Ibak bin Abu Hussein became the last Deputy Chairman and General Manager of the NEB and the first Managing Director of TNB. On 1 September 1990, Prime Minister Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad officially proclaimed TNB as the heir and successor to NEB. TNB became a private company wholly-owned by the government; on the same day, Tan Sri Dato Haji (Dr) Ani bin Arope was appointed Chairman.
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2. Supply System in Malaysia
The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers premises is known as electric supply system. An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the power station (generation system), the transmission lines and the distribution system.
The electric supply system can be broadly classified into
d.c. or a.c. system
overhead or underground system
2.1 Power station (Generation System) Electricity generation is the process of generating electrical power from other sources of primary energy. The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet. For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and geothermal power. One of the generation power systems is water turbine. The theory of operation of water turbine is simple. The flowing water will directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine
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Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected.
2.2 Transmission Lines Electric-power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become transmission networks. The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the "power grid" in the United States, or just "the grid". In the United Kingdom, the network is known as the "National Grid". In electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into account. Most transmission lines use high-voltage three-phase alternating current (AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used for greater efficiency in very long distances (typically hundreds of miles (kilometres)), or in submarine power cables (typically longer than 30 miles (50 km)). HVDC links are also used to stabilize against control problems in large power distribution networks where sudden new loads or blackouts in one part of a network can otherwise result in synchronization problems and cascading failures.
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2.3 Distribution System Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-voltage (2kV to 34.5kV) power lines, substations and pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and sometimes meters. Distribution networks are typically of two types, radial or interconnected. A radial network leaves the station and passes through the network area with no normal connection to any other supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolated load areas. An interconnected network is generally found in more urban areas and will have multiple connections to other points of supply. These points of connection are normally open but allow various configurations by the operating utility by closing and opening switches. Operation of these switches may be by remote control from a control center or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnected model is that in the event of a fault or required maintenance a small area of network can be isolated and the remainder kept on supply. Within these networks there may be a mix of overhead line construction utilizing traditional utility poles and wires and, increasingly, underground construction with cables and indoor or cabinet substations. However, underground distribution is significantly more expensive than overhead construction. In part to reduce this cost, underground power lines are sometimes co-located with other utility lines in what are called common utility ducts. Distribution feeders emanating from a substation are generally controlled by a circuit breaker which will open when a fault is detected. Automatic circuit reclosers may be installed to further segregate the feeder thus minimizing the impact of faults.
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3. Main Power Supplier
Our main power supply is Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Tenaga Nasional Berhad is the largest Electric utility company in Malaysia and also the largest power company in
Southeast Asia with MYR 69.8 billion worth of assets. It serves over seven million customers
throughout Peninsular Malaysia and also the eastern state of Sabah through Sabah
Electricity Sdn Bhd. TNB's core activities are in the generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity. Other activities include repairing, testing and maintaining power plants,
providing engineering, procurement and construction services for power plants related
products, assembling and manufacturing high voltage switchgears, coal mining and trading.
Operations are carried out in Malaysia, Mauritius, Pakistan, India and Indonesia.
Transmission Division
Currently, the TNB Group has a complete power supply system, including the National Grid
which is energised at 132, 275 and 500 kilovolt (kV), with its tallest electricity pylon in
Malaysia and Southeast Asia being the Kerinchi Pylon located near Menara Telekom,
Kerinchi, Kuala Lumpur. The National Grid is linked via 132 kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC
interconnection to Thailand and 230 kV cables to Singapore.
TNB, through its subsidiaries, is also involved in the manufacturing of transformers, high
voltage switchgears and cables, consultancy services, architectural, civil and electrical
engineering works and services, repair and maintenance services and fuel undertakes
research and development, property development, and project management services.
Generation Division
The Generation division owns and operates thermal assets and hydroelectric generation
schemes in Peninsular Malaysia and one Independent Power Producer (IPP) operating in
Pakistan. In the peninsula, it has a generation capacity of 11,296 MW.
Among plans to expand its generation capacity include increasing hydroelectric generation
by 2015[5] and commissioning the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia by 2025 if the
government decides to include nuclear as an acceptable energy option.
Distribution division
The Distribution division conducts the distribution network operations and electricity retail
operations of TNB. The division plans, constructs, operates, performs repairs and
maintenance and manages the assets of the 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 415/240 volt in
the Peninsular Malaysia distribution network. Sabah Electricity provides the same function
in the state of Sabah.
To conduct its electricity retailing business, it operates a network of state and area offices to
purchase electricity from embedded generators, market and sell electricity, connect new
supply, provide counter services, collect revenues, operate call management centers,
provide supply restoration services, and implements customer and government
relationships.
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4. Generation System
Use of generator to generate electricity in substantial amout Type of generators
Hydro
Thermal
Diesel
Gas
Solar
Steam
4.1 HYDROPOWER Peninsular Malaysia
Tenaga Nasional Berhad operates three hydroelectric schemes in the peninsular with an installed generating capacity of 1,911 megawatts (MW). They are the Sungai Perak, Terengganu and Cameron Highland hydroelectric schemes with 21 dams in operation. A number of Independent Power Producers also own and operate several small hydro plants.
Sungai Perak hydroelectric schemes, with 649 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station 72 MW
Chenderoh Power Station 40.5 MW
Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station 120 MW
Sungai Piah Upper Power Station 14.6 MW
Sungai Piah Lower Power Station 54 MW
Temenggor Power Station 348 MW
Sungai Terengganu hydroelectric scheme, with 400 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Mahmud Power Station 400 MW Sungai Pergau hydroelectric scheme, with 600MW installed capacity:
Sultan Ismail Petra Power Station Pergau Dam 600MW
Cameron Highlands hydroelectric scheme, with 262 MW installed capacity:
Sultan Yusof Jor Power Station 100 MW
Sultan idris Woh Power Station 150 MW
Odak Power Station 4.2 MW
Habu Power Station 5.5 MW
Kampong Raja Power Station 0.8 MW
Kampong Terla Power Station 0.5 MW
Robinson Falls Power Station 0.9 MW
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Independent hydroelectric schemes
Sg Kenerong Small Hydro Power Station in Kelantan at Sungai Kenerong, 20 MW owned by Musteq Hydro Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Eden Inc Berhad
Sabah and Sarawak
Bakun Dam 2400 MW
Batang Ai Dam at Lubok Antu, Sarawak 100 MW
Murum Dam in Sarawak 944 MW (Under construction)
Tenom Pangi Dam at Tenom, Sabah 66 MW
4.2 GAS-FIRED Plant State MW Type Owner/Operator
Connaught Bridge Power Station
Selangor at Klang 832 Combined cycle (1 ST, 2 GT), open cycle (4GT)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Genting Sanyen Kuala Langat Power Plant
Selangor at Kuala Langat
720 Combined cycle
Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd
Karambunai Power Station
Sabah at Karambunai 120 Open cycle (4 GT)
Ranhill Powertron Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Ranhill Berhad
Lumut GB3 Power Station
Perak at Pantai Remis 651
Combined cycle (1 ST), open cycle (3 GT)
GB3 Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff
Lumut Power Station
Perak at Pantai Remis 1,303 Combined cycle (6 GT, 2 ST)
Segari Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff
Nur Generation Plants
Kedah in Kulim High-Tech Industrial Park
220 Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST)
Nur Generation Sdn Bhd
Paka power station
Terengganu at Paka 808 Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST)
YTL Power International Berhad
Pasir Gudang power station
Johor at Pasir Gudang 404 Combined cycle (2 GT, 1ST)
YTL Power International Berhad
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Petronas Gas Centralized Utilities Facilities (CUF)
Pahang (Gebeng-Kerteh)
324 Cogen(9 GT) Petronas Gas Berhad
Port Dickson Power Station
Negeri Sembilan in Port Dickson
440 Open cycle (4 GT)
Malakoff Berhad
Prai power station
Penang at Perai 350
Single shaft combine cycle (1 GT, 1 ST)
Prai Power Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Malakoff
Putrajaya Power Station
Selangor at Serdang 625 Open cycle (5 GT)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Sarawak Power Generation Plant
Sarawak at Bintulu 220 Open cycle (2 GT)
Sarawak Power Generation Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary ofSarawak Energy Berhad
Sepanggar Bay Power Plant
Sabah at Kota KinabaluIndustrial Park
100 Combined cycle
Sepangar Bay Power Corporation Sdn Bhd[3]
Sultan Iskandar Power Station
Johor at Pasir Gudang 729
Thermal (2 ST), combined cycle (2 GT, 1 ST), open cycle (2 GT)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Sultan Ismail Power Station
Terengganu at Paka 1,136 Combined cycle (8 GT, 4 ST)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Tanjung Kling Power Station
Malacca at Tanjung Kling
330 Combined cycle (2 GT, 1 ST)[4]
Pahlawan Power, a subsidiary of Powertek
Telok Gong Power Station 1
Malacca at Telok Gong 440 Open cycle (4 GT)
Powertek
Telok Gong Power Station 2
Malacca at Telok Gong 720 Combined cycle (2 GT, 1ST)
Panglima Power, a subsidiary of Powertek
Teknologi Tenaga Perlis Consortium
Perlis at Kuala Sungai Baru
650 Combined cycle
Teknologi Tenaga Perlis Consortium Sdn Bhd / Global E-Technic Sdn Bhd
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Tuanku Jaafar Power Station
Negeri Sembilan at Port Dickson
1,500 Combined cycle (4 GT, 2 ST)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
4.3 Coal-fired (or combined gas/coal)
Plant State MW Type Owner/Operator
Jimah Power Station
Negri Sembilan at Lukut
1,400 Thermal (2 ST) Jimah Energy Ventures Sdn
Bhd
Manjung Power Station
Perak at Manjung 2,295 Thermal (3 ST) TNB
Janamanjung Sdn Bhd
PPLS Power Generation
Plant Sarawak in Kuching 110
Thermal (2 units)
PPLS Power Generation, a
subsidiary of Sarawak
Energy Berhad
Sejingkat Power
Corporation Plant
Sarawak at Kuching 100 Thermal
Sejingkat Power Corporation Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary
ofSarawak Energy Berhad
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz
Shah Power Station
Selangor at Kapar 2,420
Thermal (6 ST), open
cycle (2 GT), natural gas
and coal with oil backup
Kapar Energy Ventures Sdn
Bhd
Tanjung Bin Power Station
Johor at Pontian 2,100 Thermal (3 ST)
Tanjong Bin Power Sdn Bhd,
a subsidiary of Malakoff
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4.4 OIL-FIRED
Plant State MW Type Owner/Operator
Gelugor Power Station
Penang at Teluk Ewa 398 Combined
cycle Tenaga Nasional
Berhad
Melawa Power Station
Sabah in Melawa 50 4 diesel engines
ARL Tenaga Sdn Bhd
Sandakan Power
Corporation Plant
Sabah at Sandakan 34 4 diesel engines
Sandakan Power Corporation Sdn
Bhd
Stratavest Power Station
Sabah at Sandakan 60 4 diesel engines
Stratavest Sdn Bhd
Tawau Power Plant
Sabah at Tawau 36 3 diesel engines
Serudong Power Sdn Bhd
4.5 BIOMASS
Plant State MW Type Owner/Operator
Bumibiopower Sdn Bhd
(planning approved
2001)
Perak at Pantai Remis 6 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
Jana Landfill Sdn Bhd
Selangor at Seri Kembangan
2 Gas
turbines Biogas
TSH Bio Energy Sdn
Bhd Sabah at Tawau 14
Steam turbines
Empty fruit bunch
Potensi Gaya Sdn Bhd
(planning approved
2003)
Sabah at Tawau 7 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
Alaff Ekspresi Sdn Bhd
(planning approved
2003)
Sabah at Tawau 8 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
Naluri Ventures Sdn
Johor at Pasir Gudang 12 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
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Bhd (planning approved
2005)
Seguntor Bioenergy Sdn Bhd (planning
approved 2007)
Sabah at Sandakan 11.5 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
Kina Biopower Sdn Bhd
(planning approved
2007)
Sabah at Sandakan 11.5 Steam
turbines Empty fruit
bunch
Recycle Energy Sdn
Bhd (commercial
operation 2009)
Selangor at Semenyih 8.9 Steam turbine
Refuse-derived fuel
4.6 HYBRID POWER STATIONS Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu with a combined capacity of 650 kilowatts
Two 100 kW wind turbines
One 100 kW solar panels
Two diesel generators capable of 200 and 150 kW respectively
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5. Other Suppliers 5.1 Malakoff Corporation Berhad Malakoff Corporation Berhad is a Malaysian power company that generates and sells power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. Malakoff generates electricity mainly from two major types of plant; steam turbine thermal plants and gas turbine plants. The company owns and operates four power plants:
The Lumut Power Station in Segari, Perak with 1,303MW capacity. Malakoff has 93.75% equity interest in the plant owner Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (SEV).
The Lumut GB3 Power Station in Segari, Perak with 640 MW; with 75% equity in plant owner GB3 Sdn Bhd.
The Prai Power Station, Butterworth, Pulau Pinang, with 350MW; held through its wholly owned subsidiary, Prai Power Sdn. Bhd.
The Tanjung Bin Power Station, Tanjung Bin, Johor with 2,100 MW; with 90% share in plant owner Tanjong Bin Power Sdn. Bhd. (formerly SKS Power Sdn. Bhd).
The company also has equity on two power stations, but the capacity of these plants are listed under the majority shareholder.
The Port Dickson Power Station, at Tanjong Gemok, near Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan - a 440MW open cycle peaking power plant through a 25% equity interest in Port Dickson Power Berhad, held through Malakoffs wholly owned subsidiary, Hypergantic Sdn. Bhd.
The Kapar Power Station, Kapar, Selangor - a 2,420 MW coal, oil and gas-fired plant, with a 40% share.
Malakoff acquired a 50 percent share in the 420MW Australian Macarthur Wind Farm in 2013.
5.2 Sabah Gas Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah Gas Industries Sdn Bhd was a state owned holding company based in Labuan, Malaysia. It was established in 1982 by the Government of Sabah for the downstream operations of Sabah natural gas resources. The company owned and operated a 660,000-tonne per year methanol plant, a 600,000-tonne per year sponge iron factory, and a 79 MW natural gas-fired power station, all commissioned in 1984 after the gas pipeline from the offshore gas fields became operational. The industries were supplied by natural gas from the Erb West and Samarang offshore fields. In the beginning of 1990s, due to financial difficulties, the company was put for privatization. In 1992, the methanol plant was sold to Petronas and operates today as Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd. The power station was sold to Sabah Electricity. The sponge iron factory was bought by the affiliated companies of the today's Lion Group. The plant operates today as Antara Steel Mills Sdn Bhd.
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5.3 YTL Power YTL Power, a subsidiary of YTL Corporation, generates and sell power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. YTL Power is the builder, owner and operator of two power plants for a concession period of 21 years following Malaysia's privatisation policy. As the first independent power producer licensed in Malaysia, its power purchase agreement has the best terms offered, which include a take-or-pay clause; which requires Tenaga Nasional to pay a guaranteed amount whether the power is uploaded or not. In December 2010, YTL Power acquired 30% stake in Eesti Energia's oil shale development project in Jordan. The total generation capacity is 1,212 MW. YTL Power generates electricity mainly from two combined cycle power stations; using both steam turbine and gas turbine. The company owns and operates the following power plants with installed capacity of:
YTL Paka power station, Paka, Terengganu - 808 MW
Pasir Gudang power station, Pasir Gudang, Johor- 404 MW
5.4 Powertek Sdn Bhd Powertek Sendirian Berhad is a subsidiary of Tanjong PLC, generates and sell power as an independent power producer to Tenaga Nasional for uploading onto the National Grid, Malaysia. The total generation capacity is 1,490 MW. Powertek generates electricity mainly from gas turbine plants. Powertek and its subsidiaries own and operate three power plants in Melaka, Malaysia with a total installed generating capacity of 1,490 MW, comprising:
Telok Gong Power Station 1, Telok Gong - 440 MW open cycle gas turbine ("OCGT"), owned and operated by Powertek Berhad.
Telok Gong Power Station 2, Telok Gong - 720 MW combined cycle gas turbine ("CCGT"), owned and operated by Panglima Power Sdn Bhd.
Tanjong Kling Power Station, Tanjong Kling - 330 MW combined cycle gas turbine owned and operated by subsidiary, Pahlawan Power Sdn Bhd.
5.5 SESCO Berhad Sarawak Energy (formerly Syarikat SESCO Berhad or Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation, SESCO) is the energy company responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity for the Sarawak state in Malaysia. It is owned by the State Government of Sarawak. Sarawak Energy provides electricity to about 382 000 customers. Over the last four years, sales of electrical grew at an average of 8 per cent per annum. Sarawak Energy has slightly over 2000 employees.
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SESCO is owned 51.6% by the Sarawak State Government and 45% by the Sarawak Enterprise Corporation Berhad (SECB). The Corporation's total asset currently stands at around RM4.0 billion. Thirty-six power stations with a total installed capacity of 1315MW, comprising 5 per cent Diesel engine, 25.6 per cent gas turbines, 36.5 per cent coal-fired power plant,25 per cent Combined Cycle Power Station and 7.6 per cent hydro turbines, are strategically established throughout the State. The major towns are connected to via a 275/132kV State Transmission Grid. SESCO generates electricity mainly from two major types of plant; hydroelectric plants and thermal plants Hydroelectric power plants There is 1 major hydroelectric scheme with installed generating capacity of 100 MW with 1 dams in operation: Batang Ai hydroelectric scheme, with 100 MW installed capacity:
Batang Ai Dam- 4 x 25 MW = 100 MW. Thermal power plants There are 35 thermal power plants and diesel-electric plants with installed generating capacity of 1215 MW in operation. Selected major plants are:
Tun Abdul Rahman Power Station, Kuching - 46 MW Gas Turbine and 68 MW Diesel engine.
Miri power station, Miri - 99 MW, Open Cycle Gas Turbine
Bintulu power station, Bintulu- 330 MW, Combined Cycle Power Plant
Tg Kidurong Power Station, Bintulu- 192 MW, Open Cycle Gas Turbine
Sejingkat Power Station, Kuching -210 MW, coal-fired power station (phase II)
Mukah Power Station, Mukah- 2 x 135 MW, Coal Fired Power Station
A notable aspect of SESCO operation is the many small diesel-electric power plants in isolated areas, some supplied by air at prohibitive cost.
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6. National Grid
Although the year 1953 can be considered the birth year of the Grid System in Peninsular Malaysia, it was not until early 1970s when the first 275kV transmission circuits were commissioned and started the rapid expansion of the Grid System. In the late 1980s, to cater for fast demand growth and the need for a more secure Grid System, 500kV was chosen as the next transmission voltage level and in 1996 the first 500kV circuits were commissioned. National Grid originally taking shape in 1964 when the Bangsar Power Station was connected to the Connaught Bridge Power Station, with the line subsequently extended to Malacca. In 1965, a plan was set to connect the electricity generating plants that were spread out all over the country. Plants identified to be linked were located at Paka in Terengganu, Temenggor, Kenering, Bersia and Batang Padang in Perak, Connaught Bridge, Kapar and Serdang in Selangor, Cameron Highlands in Pahang, Perai in Penang, Port Dickson in Negeri Sembilan, Pergau in Kelantan, Pasir Gudang in Johor and in Malacca. The central area network with Connaught Bridge Power Station in Klang was the precursor of the energy grid; it also tapped into the Cameron Highlands Hydro scheme from the Sultan Yusuf Power Station, and was extended into a western network. Late in the 1980s, the loop was finally complete with the placement of Kota Bharu within the grid. The Grid System is also interconnected with power systems of Thailand in the North and Singapore in the South and both were first established in the 1980s. The interconnection with Thailand has been upgraded since 1998 from a 100MW AC Interconnection to 300MW HVDC Interconnection that allows rapid control of power and energy transactions between two power systems. Although the energy transaction through the 250MW AC Interconnection with Singapore has always been set to zero, the interconnection has proven to be of benefit to both power systems in times of emergencies.
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6.1 TYPE OF NATIONAL GRIDS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Lines Description Length
500 kV
The single largest transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia. the backbone of the transmission system in Peninsula Malaysia
522 km
275 kV
73 km
132 kV
33 kV
POWER GENERATION Power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 megawatt, with a maximum demand of 13,340 megawatt as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. DISTRIBUTION LEVEL Distribution lines of 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 400/230 volt in the Malaysia distribution network connect to the National Grid via transmission substations where voltages are stepped down by transformers.
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MALAYSIAS GRID SYSTEM
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7. Electricity Tariff
Electricity pricing (sometimes referred to as electricity tariff or the price of electricity) varies widely from country to country, and may vary significantly from locality to locality within a particular country. There are many reasons that account for these differences in price. The price of power generation depends largely on the type and market price of the fuel used, government subsidies, government and industry regulation, and even local weather patterns.
7.1 Commercial
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES
1. Tariff B - Low Voltage Commercial Tariff
For Overall Monthly Consumption Between 0-200 kWh/month
For all kWh sen/kWh 39.3
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
For Overall Monthly Consumption More Than 200 kWh/month
For all kWh (From 1kWh onwards) sen/kWh 43.0
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
2. Tariff C1 - Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.9
For all kWh sen/kWh 31.2
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
3. Tariff C2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Commercial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 38.60
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
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7.2 Industrial
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES
1. Tariff D - Low Voltage Industrial Tariff
For Overall Monthly Consumption Between 0-200 kWh/month
For all kWh sen/kWh 34.5
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
For Overall Monthly Consumption More Than 200 kWh/month
For all kWh (From 1kWh onwards) sen/kWh 37.7
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
Tariff Ds Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only)
For all kWh sen/kWh 35.9
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
2. Tariff E1 - Medium Voltage General Industrial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.3
For all kWh sen/kWh 28.8
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
Tariff E1s Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only)
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 19.9
For all kWh sen/kWh 28.3
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
3. Tariff E2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 31.7
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 30.4
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 18.7
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
Tariff E2s Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only)
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 27.7
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.3
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 16.1
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
4. Tariff E3 - High Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 30.4
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.8
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For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 17.3
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
Tariff E3s Special Industrial Tariff (for consumers who qualify only)
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 24.4
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 26.7
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
Notes: SIT has a 2% higher increase than normal Industrial tariff in line with the Government's effort to gradually phase out the SIT subsidy
Mining
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES
1. Tariff F - Low Voltage Mining Tariff
For all kWh sen/kWh 32.6
The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00
2. Tariff F1 - Medium Voltage General Mining Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 18.1
For all kWh sen/kWh 26.8
The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00
3. Tariff F2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Mining Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 25.5
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 268
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7
The minimum monthly charge is RM120.00
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Specific Agriculture
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES
1. Tariff H Low Voltage Specific Agriculture Tariff
For overall montly consumption between 0 - 200 kWh per month:
For all kWh sen/kWh 36.9
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
For overall montly consumption more than 200 kWh per month:
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For all kWh sen/kWh 40.3
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
2. Tariff H1 - Medium Voltage General Specific Agriculture Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month RM/kW 25.9
For all kWh sen/kWh 30.0
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
3. Tariff H2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Specific Agriculture Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 34.9
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2
The minimum monthly charge is RM600.00
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Top-Up and Standby
Co-generator means a generator who uses a single primary energy source to generate sequentially two different forms of useful energy for its own use at an efficiency rate of more than 70%. Services offered to co-generators are:
Top-up supply:
The additional supply required by a Co-generator who does not produce sufficient electricity for its own use.
Standby supply:
The supply that TNB provides to a Co-generator in the event that the Co-generator does not generate electricity due to plant failure or planned shutdown for maintenance. The Co-generator has a choice of firm or non-firm supply. Non-firm standby means that TNB does not guarantee that supply can be given when the Co-generator fails or is shutdown for maintenance.
TARIFF CATEGORY UNIT RATES
Top-Up
Standby
1. Tariff C1 - Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff
Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 25.9 14.0
For all kWh sen/kWh 31.2
2. Tariff C2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Commercial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the RM/kW 38.6 14.0
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peak period
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 31.2
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 19.2
3. Tariff E1 - Medium Voltage General Industrial Tariff
Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 25.3 14.0
For all kWh sen/kWh 28.8
4. Tariff E2 Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 31.7 14.0
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 30.4
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 18.7
5. Tariff E3 High Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Industrial Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 30.4 12.0
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 28.8
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 17.3
6. Tariff F1 Medium Voltage General Mining Tariff
Maximum demand charge per month RM/kW 18.1 14.0
For all kWh sen/kWh 26.8
7. Tariff F2 Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Mining Tariff
For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period
RM/kW 25.5 14.0
For all kWh during the peak period sen/kWh 26.8
For all kWh during the off-peak period sen/kWh 14.7
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8. Service Quality
This section covers the performance of customer services of TNB, SESB and NUR, result of
the surveys on customer satisfaction and statistics of complaints received by the
Commission.
Annual Performance Report on Customer Services
Under the license conditions, TNB, SESB and NUR are required to submit annual reports on
performance of customer services to the Energy Commission. These reports cover 15 types
of services. The performance of the three utilities for the last few years are as shown in
Appendix 1, II and III. Based on the reports submitted by TNB, SESB and NUR, it can be seen
that the overall performance in customer services of the utilities is improving.
Complaints Received by the Energy Commission
A total of 201 complaints were received by the Energy Commission in the year 2004. Most
of the complaints were received through the Commission's regional offices and the website.
Table 14 shows the number and types of complaints received in the year 2003 and 2004.
Various efforts were taken by the Energy Commission to resolve the complaints such as
investigation into the complaints, having meetings with the relevant parties and issuing
directives to the utilities etc.
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Table : Number and Types of Complaints Received by the Energy Commission in the Year
2003 and 2004
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Survey On Customer Satisfaction Level
In the year 2004, a customer survey was carried by Energy Commission on the satisfaction
level
of the services provided by TNB. NUR Distribution Sdn Bhd had also conducted a similar
survey
in KHTP to gauge the satisfaction level of its customers.
Customer Satisfaction Level of TNB
The survey was carried out for about 6 month from July to December 2004 and a total of
1,065 responses were received. Of the total responses received, 512 responses were from
domestic customers while 553 responses were from industrial/commercial customers. The
results of the survey is as shown in Table 16.
Table : Percentage of Customers Satisfied with the Services of TNB
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Customer Satisfaction Level of NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd.
NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd. had conducted the survey between 11th March and 15th April
2004 by distributing the survey forms to its industrial, commercial and domestic customers.
A
total of 153 responses were received out of 1,501 survey forms distributed. The number of
response from each category of customers are as shown in Table 17.
Table : Number of Responses Received by NUR Distribution Sdn. Bhd. in the year 2004
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9. Power Quality
Power Quality is defined as "the availability of pure voltage sinusoidal waveform at delivery point".
Power Quality is becoming more important as electrical equipments are increasingly used in the industrial plant. Besides being sensitive to short voltage fluctuation, this equipment also produce harmonic which can degrade the power quality in the power system. Incompatibility between power supply and the industrial equipment can cause mal-operation of customer equipment or degradation in the quality of industrial product. Monetary losses due to power quality problem can be as high as outage problem.
How does it affect you
Loads or customer's equipment determine the appropriate level of power quality. Different equipment requires different level of power quality.
Power Quality problem is "Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that result in the failure or misoperation of any electrical equipment and installation". It can originate internally from customer own electrical system and externally from utility power system or other customers within the vicinity or due to natural causes.
Major power quality problems are related to voltage dips (or voltage sag), transients and harmonics.
Addressing equipment operational compatibility
The customer is responsible to ensure that its equipment will perform its function duly in an electrical environment. This can be achieved via taking step to ensure all the power quality parameters (or Electromagnetic Compatibility) are incorporated in the equipment specification and design. On the other hand, the utility is responsible in ensuring acceptable level of reliability and manage power quality in the electrical environment so that it will not be degraded.
How to request for higher level of Power Quality
The request for higher level of Power Quality should be forwarded during initial supply application as it will be incorporated into the overall power system design. The extra cost of providing such higher level of power quality shall be borne by the customer.
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How to handle Power Quality issues
Power Quality problem occurs in every power system around the world. International standard bodies e.g. IEEE (US), EEE (UK) and IEC (Europe) are producing documents on power quality guidelines and standards as reference to the power utilities, equipment manufacturers and equipment users.
The best way to avoid power quality problem is by ensuring all equipments to be installed are compatible with power quality in the power system. This can be achieved by procuring equipment with proper technical specifications that incorporate power quality performance of its operating electrical environment. Background power quality survey should be done in order to obtain better information on the existing power quality parameters.
Recommended steps to troubleshoot Power Quality issues
Step1: Record the dates & times of the disturbance. Take voltage measurement (if necessary, for suspected under/overvoltage cases).
Step2: Check when the problem normally occurs i.e. at certain times of a day or at random.
Step3: Identify components that are frequently affected.
Step4: Refer to TNB for data correlation to identify the types/sources/causes of the disturbances. Provide voltage measurement (if available).
Step5(a): If the types/sources/causes are unknown, install power quality monitoring equipment. Diagnose the new data recorded.
Step5(b): If the types/sources/causes originated from TNBs system, TNB will implement mitigation measures to minimize the occurrence of the same problem again. Some of the problems may mitigated by rearranging the supply reticulation or by improving its protection philosophy.
Step6: If the types/sources/causes are known, discuss with equipment manufacturers for minimizing the emission of the disturbances or improve the immunity of the equipment.
Step7: Implement mitigation measures.
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10. Conclusion
Malaysia enjoys ample electricity supply. The national utility company, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), supplies power to Peninsular Malaysia, while in East Malaysia, the Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) and the Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation (SESCO) provide power to the States of Sabah and Sarawak respectively.
Transmission voltages are at 500 kV, 275 kV and 132 kV while distribution voltages are 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV and 415/240 volts.
TNB also offers electricity packaged under the thermal generation assets and hydro-generated schemes for the benefit of certain industries that require multiple forms of energy for their processes.
Power generation capacity connected to the Malaysian National Grid is 19,023 megawatt, with a maximum demand of 13,340 megawatt as of July 2007 according to Suruhanjaya Tenaga. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel.
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11. References
http://www.tnb.com.my/suppliers/srm.html http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-industrial/pricing-tariff.html http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-commercial/pricing-tariff.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Power_companies_of_Malaysia http://www.tnb.com.my/business/malaysian-grid-code.html
http://www.tnb.com.my/about-tnb/history.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Malaysia)
The Malaysian Grid Code.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Grid_(Malaysia)