ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Computers or intelligence system with the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain.

• Artificial intelligence is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software

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• John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.

• He coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), developed the LISP PROGRAMMING language family.

• Significantly influenced the design of the ALGOL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, popularized timesharing, and was very influential in the early development of AI.

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• Alan Turing was a British scientist known for his Computer , Algorithm and the very famous TURING TEST.

• He had worked for the British army during World War 2 in the code ciphering section and had successfully cracked many German codes.

• Turing test• The Turing test is a test of a

machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

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• A human judge engages in natural language conversations with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being.

• All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test.

• The test does not check the ability to give the correct answer to questions; it checks how closely the answer resembles typical human answers.

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• The conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result is not dependent on the machine's ability to render words into audio.

•“Can machines think?”

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• 1943 - McCulloch and Pits -- modeling neurons using on/off devices. 1950's - Claude Shannon and Alan Turing try to write chess playing programs. 1956 - John McCarthy thinks of the name "Artificial Intelligence". 1960's - Logic Theorist, GPS, microworlds, and neural networks. 1971 - NP-Completeness theory (Cook and Karp) casts doubt on general applicability of AI methods. 1970's - Knowledge based systems and expert systems. 1980's - AI techniques in widespread use, neural networks rediscovered. 1990's - Deep Blue wins against world chess champion. Image and Speech recognition becomes practical.

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Perceptive system A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects

Vision system Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Robotics Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision

Expert system Stores knowledge and makes inferences

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Learning system Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback

Natural language processing Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English

Neural network Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain

FINANCE

MEDICAL

HEAVY INDUST

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GAMES

TOYS

ONLINE

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ISSAC ASIMOV

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• Mathematics and articial intelligence (AI) have had a symbiotic relationship.

• It began when Allen Turing dreamed of taking Hilbert's tenth problem into the realm of computation that would blur the distinction between human and machine reasoning.

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• Find an algorithm to determine whether a given polynomial Diophantine equation{a Diophantine equation is a polynomial equation that allows two or more variables to take integer values only} with integer coefficients has an integer solution.

• Resolved. Result: impossible, Matiyasevich's theorem implies that there is no such algorithm.

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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•Boolean algebra {Propositional Logic} is the

subarea of algebra in which the values of

the variables are the truth

values true and false, usually denoted 1 and

0 respectively.

• Instead of elementary algebra where the

values of the variables are numbers, and the

main operations are addition and

multiplication, the main operations of

Boolean algebra are the conjunction and,

denoted ∧, the disjunction or, denoted ∨,

and the negation not, denoted ¬.

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GRAPH THEORY

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• Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are

mathematical structures used to model pairwise

relations between objects.

•Graphs are used to represent networks of

communication, data organization, computational

devices, the flow of computation.

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EIGENVECTOR

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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•Eigenvector is an advanced level of 3D

geometry and it is used in artificial

intelligence to detect motion and deduce

expression .

•A square matrix is multiplied with the vector

or the axis and this results in a change and

hence can detect or simulate the same

•The eigenvalues are used to determine the

natural frequencies (or eigenfrequencies) of

vibration, and the eigenvectors determine

the shapes of these vibrational modes and

hence can determine motion

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STATISTICS

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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Statistics is the study of the collection,

organization, analysis, interpretation and

presentation of data.

Created complex models such as  nonlinear

models as well as the creation of new types,

such as generalized linear

models and multilevel models and uses the

most significant answer from the results to

take a decision .

 A large number of both general and special

purpose statistical software are now

available.

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OPTIMIZATION THEORY

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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OPTIMIZATION THEORY is the selection of

the best answer and can also be called a mix

of probability and statistics.

An optimization problem consists

of maximizing or minimizing a real

function by systematically

choosing input values from within an allowed

set and computing the value of the function.

 Optimization includes finding "best

available" values of some objective function

given a defined domain, including a variety of

different types of objective functions.

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ALGORITHMIC THEORY

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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ALGORITHMIC THEORY  is a subfield

of information theory and computer

science that concerns itself with the

relationship between computation

and information.

Algorithmic information theory

principally

studies complexity measures

on strings (or other data structures).

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LINEAR SYSTEM OF

EQUATION

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATION is a

collection of linear equations involving the same

set of variables.

It helps in the location of the point {solution}

and can estimate the location graphically.

it helps in computer

simulation.

It can also determine the

Solution region.

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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION THEORY is

used in the adaptation of a robot. It takes a

more probability in learning approaches.

It permits fast prototyping of learning

algorithms

without the need for designing an appropriate

training procedure explicitly.

minx f0(x) s.t. { fk(x)=0 ∀k = 1,...,nK

{ fl(x) ≤ 0 ∀l = nK +

1,...,nK +nL

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NEURAL NETWORK

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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NEURAL NETWORK  are

computational models inspired by

animal central nervous systems that are

capable of machine learning and pattern

recognition.

They are usually presented as systems of

interconnected neurons that can compute

values from inputs by feeding information

through the network.

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SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL

LOGIC

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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

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• Strong AI is hypothetical artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can.

• The skill to evolve itself is the most astonishing and at the same time dangerous skill which is used or shall be used in strong AI.

• One proposal to deal with this is to ensure that the first generally intelligent AI is 'Friendly AI', and will then be able to control subsequently developed AIs.

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What is Artificial Intelligence{AI}?

AI and Founding fathers AI and its application Robotics Different theories related to mathematics and AI

The Disadvantage of Stronger AI

Brain inc.