BY,

MIHIR SHAH

INTRODUCTION Alan Turning is considered as the father of Artificial Intelligence. The other pioneers in the field of AI are John McCarthy, D.Lenat, Alan Maurveraur and others.Artificial intelligence is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer system that is systems which exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in humans.It deals with symbolic ,non-algorithmic methods of problem solving

Neural Network and Artificial Intelligence

Neural networks, as used in artificial intelligence, have traditionally been viewed as simplified models of neural processing in the brain. A subject of current research in theoretical neuroscience is the question surrounding the degree of complexity and the properties that individual neural elements should have to reproduce something resembling animal intelligence.

Fuzzy LogicFuzzy logic is a form of multi-valued logic derived from fuzzy set theory to

deal with reasoning that is approximate rather than precise. Just as in fuzzy set theory the set membership value is in

range of 0 to 1, in fuzzy logic the degree of truth of a statement can range

between 0 and 1 and is not constrained as in classic predicate logic.

When linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by some

specific functions.

Characteristics of AIDeduction, reasoning, problem solving

Early AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the process of conscious, step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles, play board games, or make logical deductions. By the late 80s and 90s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and Economics

Knowledge representation Knowledge representation and

knowledge engineering are central to AI research. Many of the problems

machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about

the world. Among the things that AI needs to

represent are: objects, properties, categories and relations between

objects; situations, events, states and time; causes and effects; and many

other, less well researched domains.

Planning Intelligent agents must be able to set

goals and achieve them. They need a way to visualize the future and be able to

make choices that maximize the utility of the available choices.

LearningThe idea behind machine learning is

primarily concerned with the study and development of programs which learn

from their experience

Natural language processing Natural language processing gives

machines the ability to read and understand the languages human

beings speak. Many researchers hope that such system would be able to acquire

knowledge on its own, by reading the existing text available over the

internet. Some straight-forward applications

include information retrieval and machine translation .

Perception Perception is the ability to use input from sensors to deduce aspects of the

world.Computer vision is the ability to analyze visual input. A few selected subproblems are speech recognition, facial recognition

and object recognition

Motion and Manipulation The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to

be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation.

Genetic Algorithm (GA) A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique used in computing to find

exact or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems.

Genetic algorithms are categorized as global search heuristics.

Genetic algorithms are a particular class of evolutionary algorithms that

use techniques inspired by evolution

-ary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover .

APPLICATIONS OF AIFinance

Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect

charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation.

Heavy IndustriesRobots have proven effective in jobs that

are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in

concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading

Expert SystemsOf all the application of artificial

intelligence , expert systems are perhaps the most familiar and are certainly the

most commercially successful.An expert system is basically an AI

program which uses knowledge to solve the problems which would normally

required a human expert.The system includes a reasoning

mechanism for making choices and navigating around the search space for

possible solution

Medicine A medical clinic can use artificial

intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and

provide medical information.Artificial neural networks are used for medical diagnosis (such as in Concept

Processing technology in EMR software), functioning as machine

differential diagnosis.

Aviation The Air Operations Division , AOD, uses for the rule based expert systems

TransportationFuzzy logic controllers have been

developed for automatic gearboxes in automobiles (the Audi TT, which utilizes Fuzzy logic, a number of

Skoda variants also currently include a Fuzzy Logic based controller).

TelecommunicationsMany telecommunications companies

make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces, for

example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling

Toys and games Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered greatly with

the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing with various types

of AI, specifically in the form of Giga Pets, the Internet , and the first

widely released robot, Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the

form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy.

The Main AI Languages The main programming languages used in AI are

Lisp and Prolog. Both have features which make them suitable for AI programming, such as support for list

processing, pattern matching and exploratory programming

LISP uses the list as its fundamental representation for data structures and programs (function definitions),

and provides a wide range of built in functions for manipulating lists

PROLOG is a language based on logic. In particular, it is based on first order predicate calculus

CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that in spite of impressive

achievements , on the hardware and software fronts it has not been possible to produce coordinated

autonomous system which possess some of the basic abilities of a three year old child.

Information creation, Autonomy, Situated ness can be regarded as focuses for the AI research and development in future. In order to come up to these challenges, a lot of single methods have to be integrated into greater systems.