Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit

USDA , ARS

Manhattan KS

Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Unit – Update OCT 2017 USAHA

William C. Wilson,Ph.D.Acting Research Leader, Research Microbiologist

USDA, ARS, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (ABADRU)

Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) Manhattan, KS

ABADRU Research

Supported by two ARS National Programs: � Animal Health (NP103) and Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology (NP104)

� Bluetongue virus (BTV)� Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)� Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) � Japanese Encephalitis virus� Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)

� Vector biology/ecology/behavior� Culicoides sonorensis� Mosquitoes � House flies

VSV

BTV

RVFV

Current ABADRU Staff� Research Leader

� Vacant

� Scientists � Dr. Lee Cohnstaedt-Research Entomologist� Dr. Barbara Drolet – Research Microbiologist� Dr. Dana Nayduch – Research Entomologist� Dr Leela Noronha – Veterinary Medical Officer� Dr. William Wilson – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Research Microbiologist� Vacant – Computational Biologist

Multidisciplinary Problems:Multidisciplinary Research Team

MAMMALIANHOST

INSECT VECTOR

INFECTIOUSAGENTS

Entomologists

Veterinarians Virologists

Small farm insect control measuresLee Cohnstaedt

Insecticidal sugar baits and stations Treated barriers

§ Treated screen resulted in a 92% reduction in collected midges compared to no screen

(Snyder and Cohnstaedt, in review)

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

Num

ber o

f Culicoides

(±SE

)

Unscreened control Untreated screenTreated screen

§ LED tuned to emit optimal UV wavelength

§ Solar panel§ Photo switch to conserve power§ Screen to block non-target

organisms§ Self-contained ISB reservoir

Cohnstaedt and Snyder 2016

Biting midge research highlights

Significance:• New genetic tool/resource

• Helps inform genome project• Reveals new control targets

• First look at conditions inside the midge• Genome-level response to diet• Peek at vector competence, reproduction à

mitigation• RNAi

• Use this tool in future investigations of gene function

Accomplishments: • Built 1st transcriptome for midges• Described genes involved with reproduction, defense• Established RNAi as a tool in midge research• Described midge-microbe interactions

Ongoing projects: Characterize EHDV-midge interactions, including early response to infection and dissemination (36 h)

Whole Genotyping Studies§ BTV-2 in California

§ Gaudreault, N.N., J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 26: 553-557. 2014. § BTV-11 from Canine Abortions

§ Gaudreault, N.N., J. Vet. Diag. Invest 27-442. 2015§ EHDV-7 Israeli isolate pathogenic in cattle

§ Wilson et al., J. Gen. Virol. 96: 1400-1410. 2015.§ EHDV North American strains

§ Strains of type 1 and 2 from AL, CA, LA, TX, Alberta (Virus Genes 52: 495 2016)§ Strains of EHDV2 from 2012 cattle outbreak

§ BTV-3 introduced into the US (J. Gen Vriol. submitted 2017)

§ USA Isolates§ AK, FL, MS § 1999-2016

� Caribbean and Central American isolates � Barbados, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama� 1988-1991

Wilson et al., Vet. Ital. 51:269 2015

Nayduch lab research on house fly-bacteria interactions1. Fly-bacteria interactions across life history, expression of defense genes

2. Evolution of house fly and other filth fly immune gene families

3. “Fate” of bacteria in the house fly alimentary canal, vector potential for pathogens

4. Differencesinacquisition,carriageandexcretionofbacteriabymaleandfemaleadulthouseflies

Bacterialenumerationonselectivemedia:frommanurehomogenate,flysurfacewashes,andhomogenizedsurface-sanitizedflies

Microscopy:tovisualizefoodindissectedalimentarycanalsmaleandfemaleflies

L1 L2 L3 Pup Adlt0

5

10

15

rela

tive

expr

essi

on

540

043

709

872

NA1

775

620

225

L1 L2 L3 pupa adult

NegativePositive

Viremia - Virus isolation Detection of viral nucleic acid in serum

ANALYSIS OF VIREMIA/RNA IN SERUM

ØNo viremia was detected in vaccinated animals

ØViremia starting on day 1 until day 4 was detected in control RVFV infected animals

Nucleotide variations between RVFV Strains Saudi Arabia-01 and Kenya-06

L segment

M segment

S segment

Genomicsegment

Number of Nucleotide

changesL 76M 56S 25

Shivanna et al., Genome AnnouncementsAccepted 2016.

Rift Valley fever � RVF subunit vaccine patent October 2017 and license

pending

� Laboratory and field genetic detection systems developed

� Monoclonal Antibodies developed

� cELISA in commercial development and evaluation

� Lateral flow assay in commercial development� Bovine diagnostic MassTag PCR in patent submission

� Virus population genetics studies ongoing

� Reverse genetic system established

� Virus reassortment project ongoing

� Virus-insect-host initiated in primary macrophage cultures

Japanese Encephalitis modelingLee Cohnstaedt and Scott McVey

Risk of JEV introduction to USA a systematic literature review (Dr. Cernicchiaro) (Oliviera et al. in review)

Likely spread of JEV in the USA Network modeling (Dr. Scoglio)

S IEIn the USA,long-distance dispersal will be driven by birds, local transmission driven by feral pigs

Riad et al 2017

JEV, WNV, VSV, SBV and RVFV, BTV, EHDVZika????

Mosquitos (multiple species), flies, midges, black flies

Uninfectedinsect

Healthyanimal

Sickanimal

Human

County-levelquarantine

SourceofVSVatt=0

Wildlifecarriers

Sickanimals(indexcase)

eggspupae

larvae

cofeeding

Infectedinsects

Healthyanimal

Sickanimal

healthyanimals

Healthyanimalamplification

H1:Localabundance

H2:Persistence

Insectdispersal

Insectdispersal

SickanimalsHealthyanimals

AnimalTransport

H3:Spatialcontagion

AnimalTransport

airtemp,streamflow,precipitation,vegetation,densityofhost(lags)

winterminimumtemp

localhost/vectorabundance,dispersalability,newconditions

Sickanimals

Uninfectedinsect

Healthyanimal

Sickanimal

Human

overwinter

EconomicLosses

VSVflowthroughthesystem

HealthyanimalbecomessickanimalConsequencesofVSVtohumanhealthandeconomy(e.g.,lossofincomewithimpactsonhorseandcattlehealth)

Dispersetonewlocationsandprocesses

repeat(t+2,loc=3)

County-levelquarantine

SourceofVSVatt=0

Wildlifecarriers

Sickanimals(indexcase)

eggsandlarvae(t+1,loc=1)

eggspupae

larvae

cofeeding

eggs

larvae

pupaeInfectedAdultinsects

Infectedinsects

Healthyanimal

Healthyanimal

Sickanimal

healthyanimals

Healthyanimal

Insectdispersal

InfectedAdultinsects

Insectdispersal

amplification

AnimalTransport

SickanimalsHealthyanimals

Transmission&overwinterprocesses(tandt+1,loc=2)

AnimalTransport

Dispersaltonewlocations

Dispersetonewlocationsandprocesses

repeat(t+2,loc=4)

Insecttransmissiontoinsects

Insecttransmissionto

animals

Verticaltransmissionin

insects

Contacttransmissionin

animals

LeeCohnstaedtBarbaraDroletScottMcVey

LuisRodriguez

AngelaPelzel-MCluskey

EmileElias

JustinDerner

Whataboutinteractionswiththeenvironment?DebraPeters: integrationofcomponents

andoverallvision

ABADRU/USDALeeCohnstaedtBarbaraDroletD.ScottMcVeyDanaNayduchLeela NoronhaWilliamWilson

KansasStateUniversityJuergen RichtBonto FaburayIgorMorozovWenjun MaSallyDavisSun-YoungSunwooStephenHiggsDanaVanlandingham

SouthDakotaStateUniversityAlanYoungMaximLebedev

CEEZADCenter of Excellence

for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases

NBAFTransitionFunds–BiosecurityResearchInstitute/KSU

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you for your attention!