INTELLIGENCE

-by A.RavitejaB.Com(C.A.)

II yearAdm.No:150957

According to Sternberg, intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment (Sternberg, 2012).

There are many different people that have contributed to this field of study including Carroll, Gardner, and Sternberg(Sternberg, 2012).

What is Intelligence?

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Carroll- Three-stratum model

Gardner- Multiple Intelligence model

Sternberg- The triarchic theory of intelligence

Important Contributors towards intelligence

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Carroll proposed a model of intelligence that focused on three basic areas including:

-Stratum I: Narrow, specific abilities-Stratum 2: Broad abilities-Stratum 3: Single intelligence

This is the most widely known/accepted model of intelligence. This model is a hierarchy of cognitive abilities.

Carroll

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Stratum I:-This stratum includes many skills that are more defined and specific including skills such as spelling.

Stratum II: -This stratum focuses on a more broad range of intelligence including short/long term memory, fluid intelligence (speed and accuracy), and crystallized intelligence (abundance of knowledge).

Stratum III:-This stratum is at the top of the hierarchy and is most commonly seen as g. This strata is general intelligence.

Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences instead of just a singular intelligence. The multiple intelligence theory proposed eight different types of intelligence including:

-Linguistic-Logical/Mathematical-Musical-Bodily-kinesthetic-Interpersonal-Intrapersonal-Naturalistic-Spatial

Gardner

("Howard Gardner's Multiple," Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences)

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

What is linguistic intelligence? The ability to communicate thoughts and

ideas well, speak and write language or new languages.

Careers most associated with linguistic intelligence include:

-Writers-Poets-Communications

Linguistic Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence is: The ability to perform and solve complex

mathematical problems. Also, the ability to engage in logical arguments/conversations.

Careers most associated with Logical-Mathematical Intelligence include:

-Mathematicians -Math teachers

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

Musical Intelligence is: The ability to learn how to read and write

music and play an instrument well. Careers most associated with Musical Intelligence include:

-Composer-Musician

Musical Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

What is Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence? The ability to use the body to perform

different tasks in a fluid motion. The ability to run, jump, and dance fluently and with rhythm.

Careers most associated with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include:

-Dancers-Athletes

Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

Interpersonal Intelligence is: The ability to connect with others on an emotional

level. The ability to assess a situation and understand and sense how others are feeling, as well as how to handle an emotional situation.

Careers most associated with interpersonal intelligence include

-Teachers-Psychiatrist/Psychologist-Counselors

Interpersonal Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

What is Intrapersonal Intelligence? Intrapersonal intelligence is knowing

yourself inside and out. This is the ability to know your own strengths and weaknesses.

Careers most associated with intrapersonal intelligence include:

-Entrepreneur

Intrapersonal Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

Naturalistic intelligence is: The ability to work with biology and work

with and around natural settings.

Careers most associated with naturalistic intelligence include:

-Naturalists-Biologists

Naturalistic Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

What is spatial intelligence? The ability to visually perceive items such

as reading a map or arranging items to make them fit into a predetermined space.

Careers most associated with spatial intelligence include:

-Navigator-Artist

Spatial Intelligence

("Theories of intelligence," )

There are some psychologists that disagree with this theory because this view focuses on modularity. Modularity theorists believe that these intelligences can be located in specific areas of the brain but such findings have not been proved with empirical data. Scientists also question the flexibility of an idea of multiple intelligences because of narrow long term memory.

Objections to Gardner’s Intelligence Theory

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Whereas Gardner focused on specific and separate areas of intelligence, Sternberg focuses on how all of these intelligence factors work together. People do better when matched for a task in their strongest area of intelligence. Sternberg was more focused on improving overall performance of all three factors.

The Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence refers to the analytic, creative, and practical aspects of intelligence.

Sternberg

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

Creative abilities: The ability to generate/invent new ideas

Analytic abilities: The ability to analyze a problem or situation as well as compare

Practical abilities: The ability to apply techniques to situations and persuade others

Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence

(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012)

There are many psychologists that have studied the realm of intelligence, and the topic is ever changing. Thanks to Carroll, Gardner, and Sternberg there are three distinct ways to measure intelligence

including the Three-Stratum Theory, The Multiple Intelligence Theory, and the

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.

Intelligence

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