Constantine's ChurchesAuthor(s): Gregory T. ArmstrongReviewed work(s):Source: Gesta, Vol. 6 (Jan., 1967), pp. 1-9Published by: International Center of Medieval ArtStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/766661 .Accessed: 23/03/2012 20:13

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CONSTANTINE'S CHURCHES* GREGORY T. ARMSTRONG

Vanderbilt Divinity School

The churches of Constantine constitute docu- ments of unusual importance for a cultural and his- torical interpretation of the first.Christian Roman em- peror and his age. They are also instructive for the institutional and liturgical history of the church. Their number, location, size, design and decoration are all significant. This importance has been noted recently by several historians,' yet there exists, to my know- ledge, no complete and up-to-date catalog of Con- stantine's churches. In 1693 Joannes Ciampini, in his De sacris aedificiis a Constantino magno constructis, recorded a total of 58 churches and baptisteries and two monasteries, but he obviously included many legendary attributions, some of which he himself ques- tioned. Such moder writers as Finegan and Kraut- heimer provide descriptions of the major monu- ments,2 but they do not specifically seek to establish a comprehensive catalog. The same holds true for the specialized studies of Ludwig Voelkl as well as the biographies of Constantine. For this reason, the present study is directed simply at the establishment of a complete list of Constantine's church buildings.

The problem of evidence is, of course, basic. There is literary evidence from ancient and medieval writers for most of the churches, and it is cited below. In some cases it is nearly contemporary, e.g., the Bordeaux Pilgrim and Eusebius;3 in others, it is 600 to 1000 years later, e.g. the Patria of Pseudo-Codinus and the Ecclesiastical History of Nicephorus Callistus. For the most part the testimony of writers later than the fifth and sixth-century historians, Socrates, Sozo- men and Procopius is of little weight. The value of the Liber pontificalis derives from its incorporation of or dependence on documents contemporary to Con- stantine.4

Inscriptions are available for only a handful of churches, largely because so few of the buildings are extant, but these are cited when they exist. The archaeological evidence, which can establish dating by techniques of construction, brick stamps and the like, may be found in the modern publications listed." These same works should be consulted for plans, de- scriptions, reconstructions, illustrations, and art his- torical discussions of Constantine's churches, for these matters lie outside the focus of this article. Finally, a major caution in regard to evidence of all types is that it remains incomplete. By no means all possible sites of Constantinian churches have been excavated or excavated adequately. Nor has all the possible literary evidence been preserved. It can only be a

case of recording what is available for the establishment of this catalog.

A second significant problem is that of what is meant by "Constantine's churches" or churches which Constantine "built." The catalog does not intend to include churches simply of Constantinian date, i.e., A.D. 312-337, but only those which received im- perial patronage. Even here a distinction should be drawn between churches which were actually founded by Constantine's personal initiative and churches which were merely endowed or subsidized by the imperial fisc. Further distinctions may be drawn among the former group in respect to the degree of personal over- sight and concern. Up to a point the available evidence permits us to make these distinctions, but it is like- wise probable that after 312 or 313 in the West and 324 in the East almost every bishop would have sought imperial support for new buildings and that in nearly every case token support and perhaps more than token acknowledgment would have followed. We learn from Eusebius, for example, that general instructions for the restoration and enlargement of churches were is- sued by the emperor and that he built many unspecified churches, evidence which suggests a widespread prac- tice of patronage.' A few such churches of certain early fourth century date are therefore included in this catalog.

The arrangement of the catalog is geographical and chronological, the name of the city being followed by the name of the church and an approximate date. The categories include: A. Securely established attri- butions to Constantine as patron and/or founder; B. Attributions to the Constantinian dynasty; C. Probable recipients of imperial endowments in the time of Con- stantine; D. Possible attributions to Constantine which cannot yet be clarified; E. Uncertain and poorly at- tested attributions to Constantine. A considerable number of rejected attributions is listed summarily in two geographical groups at the end. Ciampini's work forms the foundation of the catalog in the sense that all of his buildings are included and classified, as well as several others apparently unknown to him.

The churches at Rome are probably the best known group of Constantinian buildings and the ones most thoroughly studied. The Lateran basilica was the earliest of Constantine's churches, perhaps begun in 313 and finished in the early 320's, and it seems to have commanded the emperor's personal interest, hav- ing been established on imperial property. The Lateran baptistery would be nearly contemporary. The

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basilica of St. Peter was begun twelve to twenty years later but was not completed until long after that. It is therefore impossible that Constantine did much more than initiate the building of this church. The small Constantinian basilica of St. Paul was contemporary to St. Peter's but was completed much sooner. The church or chapel of the Cross in the Sessorian Palace is now held to have been founded by Helena, the mother of Constantine, herself, although Eusebius does not record her discovery at Jerusalem of the True Cross which is associated with this building.

A related group of Roman churches linked to Constantine and his family consists of the cemeterial churches. The oldest, (the basilica of Saints Marcel- linus and Peter,) was endowed by the emperor and begun before 320. The mausoleum of Helena, adjacent to it was built during the 320's. The basilica of St. Lawrence appears to have been contemporary with St. Peter's and St. Paul's or ca. 326-330. The basilica of the Apostles on the Via Appia has been subject to a variety of datings, some very early, i.e., 312 or 313, others later, i.e., ca. 340. The latter seems most probable now, putting the church under Constans whose monogram has been discovered. Finally, the basilica of St. Agnes may be attributed to the daughter of Constantine, Constantina, together with the mau- soleum named after her, and both were probably built in the 340's. The four basilicas of this group, as well as St. Peter's and St. Paul's, were graveyard churches with numerous tombs or graves in their floors and with mausolea about them. They arose out of the wide-

spread desire of Christians to be buried near the graves of the martyrs which were below or adjacent to these churches.

The Constantinian endowment of the Titulus

Equitii in Rome must be considered poorly attested since Vielliard has shown that it was not included in the first edition of the Liber pontificalis. Nor is St.

Chrysogonus Constantinian, although an early Titulus. The four churches in central Italy, Ostia, Albano, Capua and Naples, which the Liber pontificalis at- tributes to Constantine, remain as possibilities al-

though the archaeological evidence is slight.

Outside Italy the double basilica of Trier is now established as a foundation of Constantine although it was still unfinished when Athanasius visited it about 340. It was similar to the double basilica at Aquileia, the south hall of which has recently been attributed to Constantine on the basis of the floor mosaics. An

imperial letter establishes that two churches at Cirta in Numidia were built at imperial expense, but the em-

peror himself had no direct role and could not be termed the initiator or founder of these buildings. An- other African church, the basilica of St. Reparatus at Orleansville, which is positively dated to 324, may also have benefited from imperial patronage, but there

is no evidence on this question in the inscription. In the East there is the church at Tyre which

probably received imperial endowment, but since it was consecrated in 318 before Constantine's defeat of Licinius, it could not have been founded by the em- peror. The other churches in Palestine and Syria mentioned by Eusebius all seem to be securely estab- lished. The most famous are the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem and the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem. The latter was a joint foundation of Constantine and Helena. and both churches became the objects of pilgrimage at an early date. They are among the buildings in which the imperial interest was most direct and personal, and both seem to have under- gone modification and received further decoration in the course of the fourth and fifth centuries. The Eleona church over a grotto on the Mount of Olives was contemporary with the Holy Sepulchre and is as- sociated with Helena. It should not be confused with the Imbomon on the site of the Ascension. The churches at Mamre and Heliopolis in Pheonicia are of the same date and resulted, according to Eusebius, from the appeals of Eutropia to her son-in-law, Con- stantine, to purify these sites. The Octagon church of Antioch is well known from literary sources as a Constantinian foundation although completed and dedicated under Constantius.

As one approaches the vicinity of Constantinople, the identifications become more problematical. For the basilica of the Saviour in Nicomedia, also called the Victory basilica, there is only the literary evidence of Eusebius and in turn Sozomen, but it is unchal- lenged and highly probable. In Constantinople it- self, an enlarged church of Hagia Eirene can be at- tributed to Constantine, and he probably began or at least planned the first church of Hagia Sophia as part of the same complex adjacent to the palace. The latter, like several other buildings, was completed under Constantius who may have had the larger role in it. That Constantine founded the church of the Holy Apostles still seems the most likely conclusion from Eusebius, but Constantius would have built the mau- soleum around 359 and probably brought the church

proper to completion as well. The reader should be aware, however, that no other attribution has been so much debated in recent literature.

Of other churches in Constantinople, at least one church of St. Acacius and one of the Archangel Michael should be attributed to Constantine himself. In my judgment, the church of St. Acacius in Heptascalon and the church of the Archangel Michael at Anaplus are most likely to have been the Constantinian build-

ings. St. Acacius in Karya and Michael at Sosthenium remain as possibilities if one will allow that Constantine could found as many or more churches in New Rome as in Old. These and other possible attributions

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St. Mocius, St. Menas and St. Agathonicus - could just as well belong to Constantius, who was a builder in his own right. In any case they must be considered fourth century edifices. The church of Hagia Dynamis, however, is quite uncertain even as a fourth century building and escapes total rejection only because of its traditional place in the pattern of divine qualities represented by Hagia Eirene and Hagia Sophia.

There remain two other possible attributions. One is the memorial chapel over the grave of St. John in Ephesus which seems to have been contemporary with Constantine. The other is the shrine of St. Menas in Egypt where the crypt church goes back to the time of Athanasius and thus possibly to Constantine. We know that later emperors such as Arcadius and Zeno were patrons of the shrine. Beyond these hints, however, no one can as yet penetrate.

There are twenty-three church buildings which

may with reasonable confidence be attributed to Con- stantine as patron or founder, together with several others which may be considered live possibilities. More

study of these buildings may be anticipated, and the publication of the plans, on a common scale, for the extant monuments or remains is a desideratum. Yet the reputation of Constantine as a builder of churches is secure.

WORKS FREQUENTLY CITED Alfoeldi: Andrew Alfoeldi, The Conversion of Constantine and

Pagan Rome, trans. Harold Mattingly (Oxford, 1948). Anon., Diegesis: Anonymi narratio de aedficatione templi S.

Sophiae in Scriptores Originum ConstantinoFolitanarum recensuit Theodorus Preger, I, Teubner Bibliothek (Leipzig, 1901). (cited by section or paragraph and by page)

Anon., Parastaseis: Anonymi enarrationes breves chrono- graphicae in ibid.

Burch:Vacher Burch, Myth & Constantine the Great (London 1927).

Ciampini: Joannes Ciampini, De sacris aedificiis a Constantino magno constructis: Synopsis historica (Rome, 1693).

Corpus bas.: Richard Krautheimer, Wolfgang Frankl and Spencer Corbett, Corpus basilicarum christianarum Romae: The Early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IV-IX Cent.), 2 vols. to date (Vatican City, 1937ff. and 1959ff.).

Crowfoot: John Winter Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine, The Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology of the British Academy, 1937 (London, 1941).

Deichmann: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, Fruehchristliche Kirchen in Rom (Basel, 1948).

Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern" Idem, "Fruehchrist liche Kirchen in antiken Heiligtuemern," Jahrbuch des deutschen archaeologischenr Instituts, LIV (1939), 105-136.

Deichmann-Tschira: Idem and Arnold Tschira, "Das Mauso- leum der Kaiserin Helena und die Basilika der Heiligen Marcellinus and Petrus an der Via Labicana vor Rom," ibid., LXXII (1957), 44-110.

Downey: Glanville Downey, "The Builder of the Original Church of the Apostles: A Contribution to the Criticism of the Vita Constantini Attributed to Eusebius," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, VI (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), 53-80.

Ebersolt: Jean Ebersolt, "Les anciens sanctuaires de Constan- tinople," Constantinople: Recueil d'etudes, d'archlologie et d'histoire, preface de A. Grabar (Paris, 1951), 5-101.

Eusebius,: Laudes: Eusebius of Caesarea, Constantini, ed. Ivar A. Heikel, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, VII (Leipzig, 1902). Also in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, I.

Eusebius, Vita: Idem, Vita Constantini, ed. Ivar A. Heikel op. cit.

Finegan: Jack Finegan, Light from the Ancient Past: The Archeological Background of Judaism and Christianity, 2nd ed. (Princeton, 1959).

Grabar: Andr6 Grabar, Martyrium: Recherches sur le culte des reliques et I'art chretien antique, I: Architecture (Paris, 1946.).

Heisenberg: August Heisenberg, Grabeskirche und Apostelkir- che:Zwei Basiliken Konstantins, 2 vols, (Leipzig, 1908).

1. L. C. V.: Ernestus Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres, I (Berlin, 1961). (cited by inscription number)

Itinerarium: Itinerarium Burdigalense in Itinera Hierosoly- mitana, saecidi II1 - VIII, ed. Paul Geyer, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, XXXVIIII (Vienna, 1898), 1-33.

Janin: Raymond Janin, La geographlie ecclesiastique de l'em- pire byzantin, le Partie: Le siege de Constantinople et patri- arcat oecumenique, III: Les eglises et les monast'res (Paris, 1953).

Jb.A.C.: Jahrbuch fuer Antike und Christentum Krautheimer: Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and

Byzantine Architecture, The Pelican History of Art, ed. Nikolaus Pevsner (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, and Balti- more, 1965).

Krautheimer, "Mensa": Idem, "Mensa-Coemeterium-Martyr- ium," Cahiers Archeologiques, XI (1960), 15-40.

Lassus: Jean Lassus, Sanctuaires chiretiens de Syrie: Essai sur la gen'se, la forme et I'usage liturgique des edifices du culte chretien, en Syrie. du Ille siccle a la conquite musul- mane, Institut francais d'archeologie de Beyrouth Bibli- othl'que archeologique et hlistorique, XLII (Paris, 1947).

Liber pontif.: LeLiber pontificalis, ed. Iouis Duchesne, 3 vols. (Paris, 1955). (cited by chapter and section and by volume and page)

Nicephorus Callistus: Nicephorus Callistus, Ecclesiastica His- toria Libri XVIII, ed. J.-P.Migne, Patrologia Graeca, CXLV-CXLVII (Paris, 1865).

Patria: Patria Kostantinoupoleos or Ps.-Codini Origenes in Scriptores Originum Constantiinopolitanarum recensuit Theo- dorus Preger, II, Teubner Bibliothek (Leipzig, 1907). (cited by part and paragraph and by page)

Peregrinatio: S. Silviae, quae fertur, peregrinatio ad loca sancta in Itinera Hierosolymitana (cited above under Itinerarium), 35-101. (now generally identified as Etheria, a Spanish nun; cf. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Churclh, 466) Trans. by M. L. McClure and C. L. Feltoe in Translations of Christian Literature, Series III: Liturgical Texts (London and New York, 1919).

Procopius: Procopius, Buildings, trans. H. B. Dewing and Glanville Downey, Works, VII, Loeb Classical Library (London and Cambridge, Mass., 1940).

R.A.C.s Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana Schoenebeck: Hans von Schoenebeck, Beitraege zur Religions-

politik des Mexentius und Constantin, Klio: Beitraege zur alten Geschichte, N.S. Beiheft 30 (Leipzig, 1939).

Socrates: Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. J. P.Migne, Patrologia Graeca-Latina, LXVII (Paris, 1864). Also in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, II.

Sozomen: Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Joseph Bidez and Guenther Christian Hansen, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, L (Berlin, 1960). Also in N.P.N.F., Second Series, II.

Styger: Paul Styger, Roemische Maertyrergruefte, I (Berlin, 1935).

Theophanes: Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. Carolus de Boor, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883). (cited by volume and page)

Vincent and Abel: Hughes Vincent and F.-M. Abel, Jerusa- lem: Recherches de topograplie, d'archlologie et d'histoire, II:Jerusalem nouvelle (Paris, 1914, 1922, 1926).

Voelkl: Ludwig Voelkl, Die Kirchenstiftungen des Kaisers Konstantin im Lichte des roemischen Sakralrechts, Arbeits- gemeinschaft fuer Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-West- falen, Geisteswissenschaften, 117 (Cologne and Opladen, 1964).

Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen": Idem, "Die Grundisstypen im kon- stantinischen Kirchenbau," Das Muenster, VII (1954), 153- 174.

Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen": Idem, "Die Komplexanlagen im konstantinischen Kirchenbau," ibid., VI (1953), 301-311.

Voelkl, Konstantin: Idem, Der Kaiser Konstantin: Annalen einer Zeitwende (Munich, 1957).

Vogt: Joseph Vogt, Constantin der Grosse und seir Jahr- hundert, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1960).

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CATALOG A. SECURELY ESTABLISHED ATTRIBUTIONS

TO CONSTANTINE AS PATRON AND/OR FOUNDER

1. Rome - The Lateran or Constantinian Basilica begun ca. 313

Lihbr pontif., xxxiiii. 9-12; 1, 172-174. Ciampini, cap. II. Alfoeldi, 51, 52. Deichmann, 11-18. Finegan, 519. Grabar, I, 208-211. Enrico Josi, Krautheimer and Spen- cer Corbett, "Note Lateranensi," R.A.C., XXXIV (1957), 79-98, and XXXIV (1958), 59-72. Heinz Kaehler, Die spaetantiken Bauten unter dem Dom von Aquileia und i/ire Stelllung innerhalb der Geschichte des fruehchrist- lichen Kirchenbaues (Saarbrucken, 1957), 60-75, esp. 64, n. 3. Krautheimer, 25, 26. Krautheimer and Spen- cer Corbett, "The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran," Antiquity, XXXIV (1960), 201-206. Andre Piganiol, L'Emp'ereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112, 113. Schoene- beck, 87-89. Voelkl, 8, 22, 32, 33, 35, 41-43. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 167, 168. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 308, 309. Voelkl, Konstantin, 50-52. Vogt, 183, 251.

2. Rome - The Lateran Baptistery begun ca. 314 Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 13-15; I, 174, 175. Ciampini, cap. III. Deichmann, 18. Giovanni Battista Giovenale, II Battistero Lateranese: Nulle rocenti indagini della Pont. Commissione di Arclieologia Sacra, Studi di Antichita Cristiana, I (Rome, 1929), esp. 72-88. Schoenebeck, 88, 89. See also Josi, Krautheimer, Corbett and Kraut- heimer, Corbett under the Lateran Basilica.

3. Rome - Basilica of Saints Marcellinus and Peter (ad duas lauros) on the Via Labicana begun before 320

Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 26, 27; I, 182, 183. Ciampini, cap. VIII. Corpus bas., II, 191-204. Deichmann, 17. Deich- mann-Tschira. Finegan, 522. Krautheimer, 31, 32. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Schoenebeck, 89, n. 1. Styger, 205-212. Voelkl, 8, 22, 35, 41-45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen." 162, 163. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306-308. Voelkl, Konstantin, 51, 52, 153, 154.

4. Rome - Mausoleum of Helena built during the 320's

Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 26, 27; 182, 183. Socrates, i. 17. Alfoeldi ,104. Deichmann, 17, 19-21. Deichmann, "Un- tersuchungen an spaetroemischen Rundbauten in Rom und Latium," Archaeologisclher Anzeiger: Beiblatt zum Jahlrbuch des deitschen archaeologischen Instituts, LVI (1941), col. 733-748. Deichmann-Tschira. Krautheimer, 41. Voelkl, 35, 46. Voelkl, Konstantin, 177, 178.

5. Rome - Basilica of St. Lawrence on the Via Tiburtina 326-330 (San Lorenzo f. 1. m. )

Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 24, 25; I, 181, 182. Ciampini, cap. VI. Corpus bas., II, 1-144. Deichmann-Tschira, 84-87, 92-98. Finegan, 521. 522. George H. Forsyth, review of "Krautheimer, Frankl, Corbett, Corpus basilicarum, II/1," The Art Bulletin, XLVII (1965) 514-521. Gra- bar, I, 305-308. Krautheimer 29, 31, 32. Kraut- heimer, Enrico Josi and Wolfgang Frankl, "S Lo- renzo Fuori le Mura in Rome: Excavations and Observations," Proceedings of the Am erican Philo- sophical Society, XCVI, No. 1 (February, 1952), 1-26. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Styger, 173-182. Voelkl, 8, 22, 45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 162. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306, 307. Voelkl, Konstantin, 153, 154. Vogt, 213.

6. Rome - Basilica of St. Paul on the Via Ostien- sis begun ca. 326

Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 21, 1, 178, 179. Ciampini. cap. V. G. Belvederi, "L'origine della basilica Ostiense.' R.A.C., XXII (1946), 103-138. Deichmann, 31-34 Finegan,

474, 516, 518. Engelbert Kirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter & St. Paul, trans. John Murray (New York, 1959), esp. 153, 154, 176-184. Krautheimer, 36, 63, 64. Hans Lietzmann, Petrus und Paulus in Rom, 2nd ed. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), 217-221. Andre Piganiol, L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112, 113. Styger, 67-74. Voelkl, 22, 25, 26, 45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 160. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306, 307. Voelkl, Kon- stantin, 153, 154. Vogt, 213.

7. Rome - Basilica of St. Peter begun 326-333 Liber pontif. xxxiiii. 16-20; I, 176-178. I.L.C.V., 1752, 1753: In the triumphal arch: quod duce te mundus sur- rexit in astra triumphans, / hanc Constantinus victor tibi condidit aulam. In the apse: iustitiae sedis, fidei domus, aula pudoris / haec est quam cernis, pietas quam possidet omnis / quae patris et fill virtutibus inclyta gaudet / auctoremq. suum genitoris laudibus aequat. Ciampini, cap. IV. Alfoeldi, 101. B. M. Apollonj Ghetti, A. Ferrua. E. Josi and E. Kirschbaum, Esplora- zioni sotto la confessione di San Pietro in Vaticano, Eseguite negli anni 1940-1949, 2 vols. (Vatican City, 1951). Deichmann, 21, 22. Deichmann-Tschira, 96-98. Angelus A. De Marco, The Tomb of Saint Peter: A Representative and A nnotated Bibliography of the Ex- cavations, Supplements to Novum Testamentum, VIII (Leiden, 1964). Finegan, 474, 511, 512. George H. Forsyth, Jr., "The Transept of Old St. Peter's at Rome," Late Classical and Medieval Studies in Honor of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr., ed. Kurt Weitzmann (Princeton, 1955), 56-70. Grabar, I, 208-211, 293-305. Margherita Guardtlcci, The Tomb of St. Peter: The New Discoveries in the Sacred Grottoes of the Vatican, trans. Joseph Mc- Lellan (New York, 1960). Engelbert Kirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter & St. Paul, trans. John Murray (New York, 1959), esp. 53-63. 143-155. Theodor Klauser, Die roemische Petrustradition im Lichte der neuen Aus- grabungen unter der Peterskirche, A rbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Forschung des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen, Geis- teswissenschaften, 24 (Cologne and Opladen, 1956), esp. 59-66. Krautheimer, 32-36, 41, 44. Lassus, 110- 112. Hans Lietzmann. Petrus und Paulus in Rom, 2nd ed. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), esp. 189-191. Andre Piganiol, L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112, 113, 210, 211. Schoenebeck, 88, 89. William Seston, "Hypothese sur la date de la basilique constantinienne de Saint-Pierre de Rome," Cahiers Archeologiques, II (1947), 153-159. Styger, 47-63. J. M. C. Toynbee, "The Shrine of St. Peter and its Setting," The Journal of Roman Studies, XLIII (1953), 1-26. Toynbee and John Ward Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations (London, New York and Toronto, 1956), esp. 195-239. Voelkl, 8, 22, 24, 25, 45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 168, 169. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306, 307. Voelkl, Konstantin, 153, 154. Vogt, 213.

8. Aquileia - Church of the Apostles in Catacum- bas (a double basilica) 314-325

Inscription of Bishop Theodore, I.L.C.V., 1863, and Kaehler, Stifter-mosaiken, 8 and PI. 21: Theodore fe- li (x) / (a)diuvante deo / omnipotente et / poemnio caelitus tibi / (tra)ditum omnia / (b)aeate fecisti et / gloriose dedicas / ti. Athanasius, Apologia ad Con- stantium, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, IV (Grand Rapids, 1957), sect. 15, p. 244. Giovanni Brusin, Aquileia e Grado: Guida storico-artistica, 4th ed. (Padua, 1956), esp. 1-45. Brusin and P. L. Zovatto, Monumenti paleocristiani di Aquileia e di Grado (Udine, 1957), esp. 20-145. Carlo Cecchelli, "Gli edifici e i mosaici paleocristiani nella zona della Basilica," La Ba- silica di Aquileia (Bologna, 1933), 107-272. G. U. S. Corbett, "A Note on the Arrangements of the Early Christian Buildings at Aquileia," R.A.C., XXXII (1956), 99-106. Josef Fink, Der Ursprung der aeltesten Kirchen am Domplatz von Aquileja Muensterche Forschungen, 7 (Muenster in Westphalia and Cologne, 1954). Anton Gnirs. "Die christliche Kultanlage aus konstantinischer Zeit am Platze des Domes in Aquileia," Jahrbuch des kunsthistorischen Institutes der K.K. Zentralkommission fuer Denkmal- pflege, IX (1915), 140-172. Heinz Kaehler, Die spaetan- tiken Bauten unter dem Dom von Aquileia und ihre Stellung innerhalb der Geschichte des fruehchristlichen

4

Kirchenthauesl (Satarbruecken, 1957). Kaehler, Die Stif- termosaiken in der konstantinischen Suedkirchen vont A quileia, Moinulmenta Artis Rotmanaac, IV (Cologne, 1962). Theodor Klauser, review of "H. Kaehler, Die Stiftermosaiken in der kontantinischen Suedkirche von Aquileia," Jb.A.C., VII (1964), 158-161. Krautheimer, 23, 24. Karl Graf Lanckoronski-Brzezie, Der Dom von Aquileia: Sein Bau und seine Geschiclite (Vienna, 1906). Mario Mirabella Roberti, "Considerazioni sulle aule teodoriane di Aquileia," Studi Aquileiesi, Offerti ii 7 Ottobre 1953 a Giovanni Brusin (Aquileia, 1953), 209-244. Sandro Stucchi, "Le Basiliche paleocristiane di Aquileia," R.A.C., XXIII and XXIV (1947/48), 169-207. Voelkl, 24, 41, 42. Voelkl, Konstantin, 71, 72, 93.

9. Trier - Double basilica or cathedral ca. 326 - after 340

Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantiuni, Nicene and Post- Nicene Fathers, Second Series, IV (Grand Rapids, 1957), sect. 15, p. 244. Alemannus of Hautvillers, Vita S. Hel- enae, Acta Sanctorum, 18 August, III, 580-599. Cf. Irsch, 66. Nikolaus Irsch, Der Dom zu Trier, Die Kunstdenk- maeler der Rheinprovinz, ed. Paul Clemen, XIII, 1 Duesseldorf, 1931). Theodor Konrad Kempf, Die alt- christliche Bischofskirche Triers, expanded separate print- ing from Trierer theologiscihe Zeitsclirift (Trier, 1948). Kempf, "Die Ausgrabungen am Trierer Dom und an der Liebfrauenkirche von 1943 bis 1950," Neue Beitraege zur Kunstgeschlichte des 1. Jahrtausends, first half-vol- ume: Spaetantike und Byzanz, Forsclhungen zur Kunstges- chiclte und christlichen Arcliaeologie, I (Baden-Baden, 1952), 103-113. Kempf, "Trierer Domgrabungen 1943- 1954," Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutschland (Berlin, 1958), 368-379. Krautheimer, 27. Voelkl, 8, 24, 41, 43. Voelkl, Konstantin, 156.

10. & 11. Cirta or Constantine in Numidia - two churches 320's & 330-331 Optatus of Milevis, Libri VII, ed. Carolus Ziwsa,Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, XXVI (Vienna, 1893), Appendix 10: Epistula Constantini, pp. 213-216; also cited in Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins religioese Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historisclen Theologie, 20 Tuebingen, 1955), 198-201. Ciampini, cap. LVI. Stephane Gsell, Les monuments antiques de i'Algerie, II (Paris, 1901), 191-194. Voelkl, Konstantin, 179.

12. Jerusalem - Church of the Holy Sepulchre be- gun 328, concecrated 336

Eusebius, Vita, iii.25-40; iv.40; 47; and Laudes, ix.16, 17. Socrates, i. 9, 17, 33. Sozomen, ii. 1, 2, 26. Itinerarium, par. 594. p. 23. Peregrinatio, par. 24ff., pp. 71-101. Cyril of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lectures, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, VII (Grand Rapids, 1955), iv.10, 14: x 19; xiv. 6, 9, 14, 22; pp. 21, 22, 63, 95-97, 100. See also the useful introduction on the buildings by William Telfer in Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa, Library of Christian Classics, IV (Philadelphia, 1955), 43-53. Theophanes, I, 25, 26. Ciampini, cap. XXIII. Kenneth John Conant and Glan- ville Downey, "The Original Buildings at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem," Speculum, XXXI (1956), 1-48. Virgilio Corbo, "Gli edifici della Santa Anastasis a Gerusalemme," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus, XII (1961-62), (Jerusalem, 1962), 221-316. Crowfoot, 9- 21. J. G. Davies, "Eusebius' Description of the Martyrium at Jerusalem," American Journal of Archaeology, LXI (1957), 171-173. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 107, 120. Deichmann-Tschira, 88-92, 99. Ejnar Dyggve, "La question du Saint-Sepulcre a l'epoque constantin- ienne," Actes du Vie Congr's International d'ctudes byz- antines, Paris, 27 July - 2 August 1948, II (Paris, 1951), 111-123. Finegan, 527-532. Grabar, I, 212, 213, 234-239, 251-282. William Harvey, Church of thle Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem: Structural Survey, Final Report (London, 1935). Heisenberg, I. Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins religioese Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historischen Theo- logie, 20 (Tuebingen, 1955), 120-122. Krautheimer, 36- 43, 50. Lassus, 103-105. Andre Parrot, Golgotha et Saint-Sep,ulchre, Cahiers d' arcllologie biblique, 6 (Neu- chatel and Paris, 1955) esp. 5-55; Eng. trans. by Edwin Hudson, Studies in Biblical Archaeology (London, 1957).

Andre Piganiol, "L'Hemisphairion et l'Omphalos des Lieux Saints," Claliers Arclhologiques, I (1945), 7-14. Robert Houston Smith, "The Church of the Holy Sepul- cher:Toward an Ecumenical Symbol," The Yale Review, LV, No. 1 (Autumn, 1965), 34-56, esp. 51-54. William Telfer, "Constantine's Holy Land Plan," Studia Patristica, I, ed. Kurt Aland and F. L. Cross, Texte und Un- tersuclilunlen, 63 (Berlin, 1957), 696-700. Vincent and Abel, II, 89-217 (esp. 154-180). Vincent, "Histoire de la Basilique du Saint-Sepulcre," II Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme (Bergamo, 1949), 23-41. Voelkl, 21, 27, 28, 30, 33, 37-39, 41. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 165, 166. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 302, 303. Voelkl, Kon- stantin, 157-159, 202, 203, 219-222. E. Weigand, "Zwei neue Hypothesen ueber die konstantinischen Bauten am Heiligen Grabe in Jerusalem," Byzantinische Zeitschrift, XL (1940), 78-88. Erik Wistrand, Konstantins Kirche am Heiligen Grab in Jerusalem nach den aeltesten liter- arischen Zeugenissen, Acta Universitatis Gotoburgensis: Goeteborgs Hoegskolas Arsskrift, LVIII (1952:1) (Goete- borg, 1952).

13. Jerusalem - Eleona Church on the Mount of Olives largely completed by 333

Eusebius, Vita, iii.41-43, and Laudes, ix.17. Socrates, i.17. Sozomen, ii.2. Itinerarium, par. 595, p. 23. Peregrinatio, passim. Theophanes, I, 26. Ciampini, cap. XXV. Virgilio Corbo, "Scavo archeologico a ridosso della basilica dell 'Ascensione," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber A nnuus, X (1959-60), (Jerusalem, 1960), 205-248. Crowfoot, 30- 34. Finegan, 535-537. Grabar, I, 213, 240-244, 282-290. Krautheimer, 36. Elizabeth Loukianoff, "O ELAION"; The Basilica of Eleon in Constantine's Time at the Mount of Olives, 326-330 A.D., Memoires presentes c l'lnstitute d'Egypte, 50 (Cairo, 1939). Vincent and Abel, II, 301- 395 (esp. 337-360). Voelkl, 21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 37-39, 44. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 156, 157. Voelkl, "Komplex- anlagen," 304. Voelkl, Konstantin, 159, 204, 222. Voelkl, "Archaeologische Funde and Forschungen, Palaestina: Jerusalem - Oelberg," Roemische Quartalschrift, LVI (1961), 101-106.

14. Bethlehem - Church of the Nativity largely completed by 333

Eusebius, Vita, iii.41-43; and Laudes, ix.17. Socrates, i.17 Sozomen, ii.2. Itinerarium, par. 598, p. 25. Peregrinatio, passim. Theophanes, I, 26 Ciampini, cap. XXIV. Bell- larmino Bagatti, Gli anticli edifici sacri di Betlemme, Pubblicazioni dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, No. 9 (Jerusalem, 1952), esp. 9-54. Crowfoot, 22-30. Finegan, 532-535. Grabar, I, 245-250. William Harvey, Structural Survey of the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem (Lon- don, 1935). Harvey and John H. Harvey, "Recent Dis- coveries at the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem," Archaeologia, LXXXVII (1937), 7-17. Krautheimer, 36- 43. Lassus, 105-106. Vincent and Abel, Bethleem: Le Sanctuaire de la Nativite (Paris, 1914), 107-118. Vincent, "Bethleem, le Sanctuaire de la Nativite, d'apris les fouilles recentes," Revue Biblique, XLV (1936), 544-574 and XLVI (1937), 93-121. Vincent, "La basilique de la Na- tivite a Bethlem," Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Arclieologia Cristiana, Citta del Vaticano, 16-22 Octo- ber 1938, II (Rome, 1948), 65-88. Voelkl, 21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 37-39, 41, 44. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 166, 167. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 303, 304. Voelkl, Kon- stantin. 159, 204, 222. Edmund Weigand, Die Geburts- kirche von Bethlehem: Eine Untersuchung zur christ- lichen Antike, Studien ueber christliche Dankmaeler, N. S., 11 (Leipzig, 1911).

15. Mamre - Basilica at the Oak and Spring after 328

Eusebius, Vita, iii.51-53 Socrates, i.18. Sozomen, ii.4. Itinerarium, par. 599, p. 25. Ciampini, cap. XXVI. Crow- foot, 35, 36. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 107, 108, 120. Finegan, 537,538. Krautheimer, 36-38. Evaristus Mader, Mambre: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen im hleiligen Bezirk Ramet El-Halil in Suedpalaestina, 1926- 1928, 2 vols. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1957), esp. I, 95- 115. Voelkl, 21, 27, 30, 37-39, 41. Voelkl,. "Grundriss- typen," 157, 158. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 304. Voelkl, Konstantin. 160, 161, 204.

5

16. Heliopolis in Phoenicia - "Great Church" after 328

Eusebius, Vita, iii.58. Socrates, i.18. Ciampini, cap. LVII. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 119. Voelkl, 21, 41. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 158. Voelkl, "Komplexan- lagen," 311. Voelkl, Konstantin, 159, 160.

17. Antioch on-the-Orontes - Great Church or Octa- gon or Domus Aurea or New Church or Concordia 327-341

Eusebius, Vita, iii.50; and Laudes, ix.15. Socrates, ii.8; v.22. Sozomen, ii.3; iii.5. Johannes Malalas, Chrono- graphia, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus Scriptorium His- toriae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1831), Bk. xiii; pp. 318, 324, 325. Ciampini, cap. LV. Glanville Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest (Princeton, 1961), 342-349, 358, 434, 522, 552, 657. Walter Eltester, "Die Kirchen Antiochias im IV. Jahr- hundert," Zeitschrift fuer die neutestamentliche Wissen- schaft, XXXVI (1937), 254-260, 267-270. Grabar, I, 212- 227. Krautheimer, 52-54. Lassus, 109. Voelkl, 21, 24, 28, 31, 32, 39. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 170, 172. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 305. Voelkl, Konstantin, 171, 222.

18. Nicomedia in Bithynia - Basilica of the Saviour or the Victoria Basilica

after 324 Eusebius, Vita, iii.50; and Laudes, ix.15. Sozomen, ii.3. Ciampini, cap. LIV. Voelkl, 28, 32, 39. Voelkl, Konstan- tin, 222.

19. Constantinople - Church of Hagia Eirene after 326

Socrates, i.16; ii.6, 16. Procopius, i.2.13. Theophanes, ChronograFJhia, ed. Carolus de Boor (Leipzig, 1883), I, 23. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.48; iii.1; pp. 139, 214. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XXVIII. Alfoeldi, 114. Burch, 132-162. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 13-16. Finegan, 549. Grabar, I, 213, 227, 228. Janin, 107-111. Muzaffer Ramazanoglu, "Neue Forschun- gen zur Architekturgeschichte der Irenenkirche und des Komplexes der Sophien Kirche," Actes du Vle Congr&s International d'Etudes Byzantines, Paris, 27 July - 2 August 1948, II (Paris, 1951), 347-357. Voelkl, 32, 39. Voelkl, Konstantin, 164.

20. Constantinople - Church of Hagia Sophia after 326

Socrates, ii.6, 16, 43. Sozomen, iv. 26. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.49; iii.1; pp. 140, 214. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap XXVII. Burch, 132-162. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 5-13. Finegan, 550. Janin, 471- 485. Krautheimer, note 27 on pp. 317, 318, and 46. W. R. Lethaby and Harold Swainson, The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building (London and New York, 1894), 4-20. Gabriel Millet, "Sainte Sophie avant Justinien," Orientalia Christiana Periodica, XIII (1947), 597-612. Ramazanoglu; see under Hagia Eirene. A. M. Schneider, "Die vorjustinianische Sophienkirche," Byzantinische Zeitschrift, XXXVI (1936), 77-85. Schneider, Die Grabung im Westhlof der Soph- ienkirche zu Istanrbuil, Istanlhbuler Forschungen, 12 (Berlin, 1941), esp. 6, 7. Emerson Howland Swift, Hagia Sophia, (New York, 1940) 8, 9. Voelkl. Konstantin, 164, W. Mac Donald, a selected bibliography of Architecture in the Age of Justinian, Am. Assoc. of Architectural Bibliographers Spring 1960 No. 16.

21. Constantinople - Church of the Holy Apostles and Mausoleum of Constan- tine after 330

Eusebius, Vita, iv.58-60, 70, 71. Socrates, i.16, 40; ii.38; vii.45. Sozomen, ii.34; iv.21. Philostorgius, Historia Ec- clesiastica, ed. Joseph Bidez, (Leipzig, 1913), iii.2; pp. 31, 32. Procopius, i.4.19. Theophanes, 1, 27. Constantine

of Rhodes, cited in Downey, 55, n. 8. and fig. 13. Niko- laos Mesarites, Description of the Clhurch of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople, ed and trans. Glanville Downey, Transactions of tire Amnericant Philosophical Society, N.S. XLVII, Part 6 (Philadelphia, 1957), i and xxxix; p. 862, 891. Patria, i.48, 50, 59; iii.1, 210; iv.32; pp. 139, 140, 144, 214, 281, 286. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XXX. Burch, 156-159. Deichmann- Tschira, 87, 88, 101, 102. Downey, 53-80, with many additional references. Grabar, I, 213, 228-234. Ebersolt, 31-43. Finegan, 548, Heisenberg, II, 97-117. Janin, 46-55, 305. Krautheimer, 47. Krautheimer, "Zu Konstantins Apostelkirche in Konstantinopel," Mullus: Festschrift Theodor Klauser, Jb.A.C., suppl. vol. I (1964), ed. Al- fred Stuiber and Alfred Hermann (Muenster in Westpha- lia, 1964), 224-229. Lassus, 108, 109. Friedrich Vitting- hoff, "Eusebius als Verfasser der 'Vita Constantini,'" Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie, N. S. XCVI (1953). 330-373. Voelkl, 21, 46. Voelkl "Grundrisstypen," 158, 159. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 305, 308. Voelkl, Kon- stantin, 165, 166, 239, 240. Joseph Vogt, "Der Erbauer der Apostelkirche in Konstantinopel," Hermes: Zeitschrift fuer klassisclie Philologie, LXXXI (1953), 111-117.

22. Constantinople - Church of St. Acacius in Hep-

tascalon after 326 Socrates, ii.38. Sozomen. iv.21. Procopius, i.4.25. Niko- laos Mesarites, Description of the Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople, ed. and trans. Glanville Downey, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. XLVII, Part 6 (Philadelphia, 1957), i; p. 862. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.50; iii.1, 18; pp. 140, 214, 219 Nicephorus Callitus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XL. Burch, 152-162. Downey, 56, n. 14, and 79 Grabar, I, 71, n. 8. Janin. 17-19.

23. Constantinople - Church of the Archangel Michael at Anaplus (Hestiae)

after 326 Sozomen, ii.3. Procopius, i.5.1; i.8.2, 6-17. Theophanes, I, 23, 24. Patria, iii.158; p. 265. Ciampini, cap. XXXVI, XXXVII. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 99, 100. Janin, 349, 351, 352.

B. ATTRIBUTIONS TO THE CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY

24. Rome - Basilica or Chapel of the Holy Cross in the Sessorian Palace on the Via La- tina (S. Croce in Gerusalemme)

before 330 Liber pontif., xxxiiii.22; I, 179, 180. Ciampini, cap. VII. Corpus bas., I, 165-195. Deichmann, 30, 31. Finegan, 519, 520. Krautheimer, 27, and esp. n. 28, p. 318. Voelkl, 22, 25, 40. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 154, 155. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 305.

25. Rome - Church of the Apostles on the Via Ap- pia (San Sebastiano) ca. 340

Socrates, iv.23. Ciampini, cap. XV. Deichmann, 17, 23. Deichmann-Tschira, 81-87, 92-98. Antonio Ferrua, "La- vori a S. Sebastiano," R.A.C., XXXVII (1961), 203- 236. Finegan, 472-475. Armin von Gerkan, "Petrus in

Vaticano et in Catacumbas," Jb.A.C., V (1962), 23-32. Margherita Guarducci, The Tomb of St. Peter: The New Discoveries in the Sacred Grottos of the Vatican, trans. Joseph McLellan (New York, 1960), 161-178. Kraut- heimer, 31, 32. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Hans Lietz- mann, Petrus und Paulus in Rome, 2nd ed. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), 149-151, 248-301 ("Die christlichen An- lage unter San Sebastiano" by Armin von Gerkan). Schoenebeck, 88-90. Styger, 15-43. Francesco Tolotti, Memorie degli Apostoli in Catacumbas, Colleziorne "Ami- ci delle Catacombe," XIX (Vatican City, 1953), esp. 252-285. Hjalmar Torp, "The Vatican Excavations and the Cult of Saint Peter," Acta Archaeologica, XXIV (1953), 27-66. Voelkl, 40. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 159, 160. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306. Voelkl, Kon- stantin, 74, 75.

6

26. Rome - Basilica of St. Agnes on the Via No- mentana 338-353

Liber pontif., xxxiiii.23; 1. 180, 181. I.L.C.V., 1768: Con- stantina dm venerans Christoque dicata Omnibus im- pensis devota mente paratis Numine divino multum Christoque iuvante Sacravi templum victricis virginis Agnes, Templorum quod vincit opus terrenaque cuncta, Aurea quae rutilant summi fastigia tecti. Nomen enim Christi celebratur sedibus istis, Tartaream solus potuit qui vincere mortem Invectus caelo solusque inferre tri- umphum Nomen Adae referens et corpus et omnia mem- bra A mortis tenebris et caeca nocte levata. Dignum igitur munus martyr devotaque Christo Ex opibus nos- tris per saecula longa tenebis, O felix virgo, memorandi nominis Agnes. Ciampini, cap. IX. Corpus bas., I, 14-38. Deichmann, 24, 25. Deichmann, "Die Lage der constan- tinischen Basilika der heiligen Agnes an der via Nomen- tana," R.A.C., XXII (1946), 213-234. Deichmann-Tschira, 83-87, 92-98, 100. Finegan, 520. Grabar, 1,305-308. Kraut- heimer, 31, 32. Krautheimer, "The Beginning of Early Christian Architecture," The Review of Religion (Janu- uary, 1939), 139. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Styger, 221-227. Voelkl, 8, 22, 25, 26. 28, 45. Voelkl, "Grundris- stypen," 160, 162. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306-308. Voelkl, "Archaologische Funde und Forschungen, Rom: Sant' Agnese f.l.m.," Riimnische Quartalschrift, LIV (1959), 97, 98.

27. Rome - Mausoleum of Constantina (S. Costan- za) before 354

Ciampini, cap. X. Deichmann, 25-30. Finegan, 520, 521. Krautheimer, 42, 43. Karl Lehmann, "Sta. Costanza," The Art Bulletin, XXXVII (1955), 193-196. R. Perrotti, "Recenti ritrovamenti presso S. Costanza," Palladio, N. S. VI (1956), 80-83. Voelkl, 8, 46.

C. PROBABLE CONSTANTINIAN ENDOWMENT

28. Tyre - Cathedral of Paulinus consecrated in 318

Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, x. 4. Crowfoot, 6-8. F. W. Deichmann, "Die Ausgrabungsfunde der Kathe- drale von Tyrus (Sur)," Berliner Museen, LVI (1935), 48-55. Finegan, 506. Krautheimer, 24, 25. Voelkl, 21, 31. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen." 155, 156. Voelkl, "Kom- plexanlagen," 310, 311.

29. Orleansville (Castellum Tingitanum) in Algeria- Basilica of St. Reparatus 324 Inscription: Pro(vinciae) CCLXXX et V, XII kal(endas) dec(embres), eius basilicae fundamenta posita sunt, et fa[stigiu]m a(nno) pro(vinciae) CCLXX [X . . .]. In mente habeas [Marinum?], servum Dei, [et] in Deo vivas! cited in Gsell, II, 239. Stephane Gsell, Les Monu- ments antiques de I'Algerie, II (Paris, 1901), 236-241. Krautheimer, 23, 24.

D. POSSIBLE ATTRIBUTIONS TO CONSTAN- TINE

30. Ostia Tiberna - Basilica of the Apostles (Peter, Paul and John the Baptist)

no basis for dating Liber rontif., xxxiiii. 28, 29; 1, 183, 184. Ciampini, cap. XVII. G. Belvederi, "L'origene della basilica Ostiense," R.A.C., XXII (1946). 103-138. Guido Calza, "Una ba- silica di eta constantiniana scoperta ad Ostia," Rendi- conti: Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeo- logia, Series III, Vol. XVI (1940), 63-88. Heinrich Fuhr- mann, "Archaeologische Grabungen und Funde in Italian und Libyen," Archlaeologischer Anzeiger: Beiblati zum Jahirbucll des deutschen arclhaeologischen Instituts, LVI (1941), col. 466-471. Armin von Gerkan, "Die christliche Anlage in Ostia," Roemische Quartalschrift, XLVII (1939), 15-23. Russell Meiggs, Roman Ostia (Ox- ford, 1960), 395-399, 522, 563. Hans Schaal, Ostia: Der Weltliafen Rotns (Bremen, 1957) 152-158. Voelkl.

22, 25, 32. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 163. Voelkl, "Kom- plexanlagen," 309, 310. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76, 91.

31. Albano Laziale - Basilica of John the Baptist no basis for dating

Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 30; 1, pp. 184, 185. Ciampini, cap. XVIII. Attilio Adinolfi, "Gli avanzi Constantiniani della Basilica Cattedrale di Albano," Nuovo Bulletino di Archeologia Cristiana, XX (1914), 2nd part, 29-42. 0. Marucchi, "Albano Laziale. Lavori nella Chiesa Cat- tedrale e scoperta ivi avvenuta di alcuni avanzi che possono attribuirsi alla basilica Constantiniana di S. Giovanni Battista," Nuovo Bulletino di Archeologia Cris- tiana, XIX (1913), 237-239. Voelkl, 22, 23, 41-43. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 163, 164. Voelkl, "Kom- plexanlagen," 309. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76, 92.

32. Capua - Basilica of the Apostles ca. 314-330 Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 31; I, 185, 186. Ciampini, cap. XIX. Gino Chierici, "Contributo allo studio dell'architettura paleocristiana nella Campania," A tti del 111 Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Ravenna, 25-30 Sept. 1932, Studi di Antichita Cristiana, VIII (Rome, 1934), 204-206. Voelkl, 22, 32. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 164, 165. Voelkl. "Komplexanlagen," 305, 306. Voelkl, Konstantin. 76, 92.

33. Naples - Basilica of the Redeemer, or Restituta. or of Apostles and Martyrs,

no basis for dating Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 32; I, 186. Ciampini, cap. XX. Voelkl, 22, 33. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 169, 170. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 310. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76, 91, 92.

34. Constantinople - Church of St. Acacius in Karya 4th C.

See the references under 22. Church of St. Acacius in Heptascalon. Socrates, vi. 23. Patria, iii.116; pp. 253, 254. S. Salaville, "Les 6glises Saint-Acace a Constantinople," Echos d'Orient, XII (1909), 103-108.

35. Constantinople - Church of the Archangel Mi- chael at Sosthenium 4th C.

Procopius, i.8.2, 18, 19. Johannes Malalas, Chrono- graphia, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus Scriptorum His- toriae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1831), Bk. iv; pp. 78, 79. Patria, iii.163; p. 267. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.50; viii. 4. Ciampini, cap. XXXVI. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 129. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 99, 100. Janin, 349, 359.

36. Constantinople - Church of St. Mocius 4th C. Sozomen, viii. 17. Procopius, i.4.27. Theophanes, I, 23. Anon., Parastaseis. 1; p. 19. Patria, ii. 110; iii.2, 3; pp. 209, 214, 215. Nicephorus Callistus, vii. 49. Ciampini, cap. XXXVIII. Burch, 146-162. Deichmann, "Kirche in Heiligtuemer," 111, 130. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 74-76. Janin, 367-371.

37. Constantinople - Church of St. MenaS 4th C. Patria, i.51; iii.2; pp. 140, 214, 215. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XLIV. Burch, 146-162. Deich- mann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 95, 96. Janin, 345-347.

38. Constantinople -- Church of St. Agathonicus 4th C.

Procopius, i.4.30. Anon., Parastaseis, 2; p. 20. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.50; ii.107; iii.l; pp. 140, 208, 214. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XXXI. Burch, 146-162. Downey, 79. Janin, 11-13.

39. Ephesus - Chapel of St. John

possibly 320's or 330's Franz Miltner, Ephesos: Stadt der Artemis und des Jo- hannes (Vienna, 1958), 90. Oesterreichisches archaeo- logisches Institut, Forschungen in Ephesos, IV, 3: Die Johanneskirche (Baden bei Wien, 1951).

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40. Abu Mena in Egypt - Crypt Church ca. 330-365 Finegan. 545. 546. Martin Krause, "Die Menasstadt," Koptische Klunst: Christentum am Nil (Essen, 1963), 65-70. Helmut Schlaeger, "Die neuen Grabungen in Abu Mena," Cllristentum am Nil, ed. Klaus Wessel (Reckling- hausen. 1964). 158-170. John B. Ward Perkins, "The Shrine of St. Menas in the Maryfit," Papers of the British School at Rome, XVII (London, 1949), 26-71. Friedrich W. Dcichmann. "Zu den Bauten der Menasstadt," A rchacologisclher A nzeiger: Beiblatt zum Jahrbucll des [deurt.clen] Archaeologischen Isstituts, III (1937), col. 75-86.

E. POORLY ATTESTED ATTRIBUTIONS TO CONSTANTINE

41. Rome - Titulus Equitii or San Martino ai Monti mid-4th C.

Liber ponttif., xxxiii.3, 33; I, 170, 171, 187. Ciampini, cap. I.VII. Bruno M. Apollonj Ghetti, "Le chiese titolari di S. Silvestro e S. Martino ai Monti," R.A.C., XXXVII (1961). 271-302. Rene Vielliard, Les origines du titre de Saint-Martian aux AMonts i Rome, Studi di Atntichlita Cri.stiana, IV (Rome and Paris, 1931). Voelkl, Kon- stantin. 75. 76. J. B. Ward Perkins, "Constantine and the Origins of the Christian Basilica," Papers of the British Schiool at Rome, XXII (1954), 89, 90.

42. Rome - Church of St. Chrysogonus Trans- Ty- berim ca. 310

Ciampini. cap. XV (who cites Tobia Corona, Tractatus de Sacris Tem pli., par. I, cap .23). Corpus bas., I, 144-164. Krautheimer, 15. Maurice Mesnard, La basi- lique de Saint Chrysogone (i Rome, Studi di Antichita Cristiana, IX (Rome and Paris, 1935).

43. Civitas Arvernorum (Arverni or Clermont-Fer- rand) - Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary

no basis for dating Gregory of Tours, Libri miraculorium, Liber primus: De gloria heatorrium martvrlum, Patrolog,ia Latina, LXXI (Paris, 1867), cap. IX; col. 713. Ciampini, cap. XXI.

44. Constantinople - Church of the Holy Dynamis no basis for dating

Anon., Diegcsis, I (in Ms. K only, see note in Preger); p. 74. Nicephorus Callistus, vii. 49. Ciampini, cap XXIX. Burch, 132-162. Downey, 79. Janin, 106, 107. Andre Piganiol. L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 162.

The following list of churches in Rome and vi-

cinity which have been attributed to Constantine re- quires no discussion. All these attributions may con- fidently be rejected. and it is doubtful that any of them are even contemporary with Constantine. The order is that of Ciampini's chapters.

Church of the SS. Quatuor Coronatorum (Santi Quat- tro Coronati) in the Via dei Querceti Ciampini, cap. XI (who cites Panirolus, Thesauric absconditi Romainae Civitatis, Reg. 2, Eccles. 22). Ottavio Panciroli, I tesori mascoti nell'alma citt(i di Rotna (Rome, 1600; 2nd ed. 1625).

Church of the Twelve Apostles on the Piazza Santi Apostoli Ciampini, cap. XII (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 7, Eccles. 5). Corpus bas., I, 76-81.

Basilica of St. Sabina Ciampini, cap. XIll (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 9, Eccles. 8).

Church of St. Laurentius (San Lorenzo) in Panisperna Ciampini, cap. XIV (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 2, Eccles. 48). Corpus has., II, 185.

Church of St. Mary in Ara Coeli.

Church of St. Peter in Monte Aureo (Montorio)

Church of St. Marcellus on the Corso Umberto I Ciampini, cap. XV (who cites Tobia Corona, Tractatus de Sacris Templis, par. I, cap. 23). Corpus bas., II, 205- 211, 269-270.

The Sacrarium of the Vatican Basilica Ciampini, cap. XVI (who cites Turrigius, Crypti Vati- cani, 46, 47).

Church of St. Mary in Vulturella or Mentorella of the Tiburtina Diocese Ciampini, cap. XXII (who cites Factorius, an arch- presbyter, cited by Athanasius Kircherus, Historia Eus- tachio-Mariana).

The following list of churches in Constantinople which have been attributed to Constantine requires no discussion. All these attributions may confidently be rejected, and it is doubtful that any of them are even

contemporary with Constantine or his sons. The order is that of Ciampini's chapters.

Church of the Theotokos (with the icon not made by hand - Acheiropoietos) Patria, iii.143; p. 260. Ciampini, cap. XXXII. Janin, 9-10.

Church of the Theotokos in Virgam or Rhabdon Patria, iii.88; p. 247. Ciampini, cap. XXXIII. Janin, 239.

Church of the Theotokos in Sigma Patria, iii.182; p. 272. Ciampini, cap. XXXIV. Janin, 239, 240.

Church of the Theotokos ta Kontaria (later renamed St. Thecla) Procopius, i.4.28. Anon., Parastaseis, 53; p. 55. Patria,

ii.66: iii.35; pp. 187, 228, 229. Ciampini, cap. XXXV. Janin, 199, 200.

Church of John the Baptist (Prodromos ten palaian portan Patria, iii.191; p. 275. Ciampini, cap. XXXIX. Ebersolt, 79-84. Janin, 423. 435.

Church in Agalmata or in Statuas Ciampini, cap. XLII (who cites Ducange, Constantino- polis christiana, iv.8, note 5). Ebersolt, 71-74. Janin, 306. (It is not entirely certain that Ebersolt and Janin are referring to the same church as Ciampini.)

Church of St. Stephen near Sigma

Church of St. Stephen at Zeugma (There was sometimes confusion between these two). Patria, i.59; iii.209; pp. 144, 280 (Sigma). Patria, iii.64; 6. 239 (Zeugma, but not attributed to Constantine). Ciampini, cap XLIII. Ebersolt, 84, 85. Janin, 487-493.

Church of St. Metrophanes Patria iii.115, 210; pp. 253. 281. Ciampini, cap XLV. Janin, 348, 349.

Temple of St. Procopius plision tUs Chelonis Patria, iii.18, 115; pp. 219, 253. Ciampini, cap. XLVI. Janin, 459, 460.

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Church of St. Romanus Patria, iii.81; p. 245 (attributed to Helena). Ciampini, cap. XLVII. Janin, 463-465.

Church of St. Theodore ta Klaudiou Patria, iii.5; p. 216 (attributed to Helena). Ciampini, cap. XLVIII. Janin, 155, 156.

Temple of St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome Patria, iii.9; p. 217. Ciampini, cap. XLIX. Ebersolt, 89.

Janin, 126-130. A. M. Schneider, "Das Martyrion der HI. Euphemia beim Hippodrom zu Konstantinopel," By- zantinisclie Zeitschrift, XLII (1943/49), 178-185.

Monastery Gastria Patria, iii.4; p. 215 (attributed to Helena, as is the Bethlehem monastery which Ciampini does not include.) Ciampini, cap. L. Janin, 72, 73 (68 on the Bethlehem monastery).

Oratory of Concord Ciampini, cap. LI (who cites Du Cange, Constantino- polis Christiana). Janin, 396, 397.

Church of the Holy Cross Chronicon Paschale, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, IV (Bonn, 1832), Olympiad 278; I, 531. Ciampini, cap. LII (who apparent- ly misunderstands his source which seems to refer to Jerusalem since it mentions Bishop Macarius of that city).

Monastery of St. Diomede Patria, iii.86; p. 246. Ciampini, cap. LIII. Janin, 100- 102.

Church and Monastery of St. John the Evangelist or Theologian at Hebdomon Socrates, vi.6, 11, Patria, iii.144, 145; p. 260. Ebersolt, 83, 84. Ebersolt and Adolphe Thiers, Les eglises de Con- stantinople, Monuments de l'art byzantin, III (Paris, 1913), 251. Janin, 275-278.

Church of the Holy Trinity at Exakionin Patria, iii.210; p. 281. Janin, 503.

Church of St. George tou Hieriou Patria, iii. 178: p. 270. Janin, 74.

FOOTNOTES

* I wish to express my thanks to the American Council of Learned Societies for the Study Fellowship which made possible research on this topic and to the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies and the Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, for the use of their libraries and for their hospitality.

1. E.g., Kurt Aland, "Die religioese Haltung Kaiser Kon- stantins," Studia Patristica, I, ed. Kurt Aland and F. L. Cross, Texte und Untersuchungen, 63 (Berlin, 1957), 569, 570; Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins religioese Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historischen Theologie, 20 (Tuebingen, 1955), 114, 119: Joseph Vogt, "Constantinus der Grosse," Reallexikon fuer Antike und Christentum, ed. Theodore Klauser, III (Stuttgart, 1957), 367; idem, "Bemerkungen zum Gang der Constantinforschung." Mullus: Festschrift Thieodor Klauser, Jb.A.C., suppl. vol. I (1964), ed. Alfred Stuiber and Alfred Hermann (Muenster in Westphalia, 1964). 378, 379.

2. LiEllt from the Ancient Past and Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture; see below, Works Frequently Cited. In addition, Krautheimer has dealt with our topic in two papers, one, "Die Kirchengruendungen Konstan- tins," read at the Seventh Congress for Christian Archae- ology in Trier, September, 1965, which will be published in the Acts of the Congress, and the other, "The Con- stantinian Basilica," read at the Dumbarton Oaks Sym- posium on the Age of Constantine in Washington, May, 1966. These papers discuss several important aspects of Constantine's church buildings but do not aim at pre- senting a catalog of churches. I wish to acknowledge several helpful suggestions received in correspondence and conversation with Professor Krautheimer.

3. On the authenticity of Rusebius' Vita Constantini, the most important discussions appear to be: Henri Gr6goire, "Eusebe n'est pas l'auteur de la 'Vita Constantini dans sa forme actuelle et Constantin ne s'est pas 'converti' en 312," Byzantion, XIII (1938), 561-583: Jacques Moreau, "Zum Problem der Vita Constantini," Historia: Zeit- schrift fuer alte Geschichte, IV (1955), 234-245; Fried- rich Vittinghoff, "Eusebius als Verfasser der 'Vita Con- stantini,'" Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie, N.S., XCVI (1953), 330-373; Ludwig Voelkl, "Die konstant- inischen Kirchenbauten nach Eusebius," R.A.C., XXIX (1953), 49-66, 187-206; Friedhelm Winkelmann, "Zur Geschichte des Authentizititaetsproblem der Vita Constan- tini," Klio: Beitrae,e zur alten Geschichte, XL (1962), 187-243. I share the positive judgment toward Eusebius as a source which now prevails, especially in respect to the church buildings.

4. See the introduction by Duchesne, Liher pontif., 1, cxli- cliv, clxi, and the introduction in The Book of the Popes, 1, trans. and ed. Louise Ropes Loomis (New York, 1916). xvii, xviii. Cf. also .udwig Voelkl, "Die konstantinischen Kirchenbauten nach den literarischen Quellen des Okzi- dents," R.A.C., XXX (1954), 99-136. Again I share the positive judgment toward the evidence of the Liher Pontif. on Constantine's churches, subject always to archaeological confirmation where possible.

5. Encyclopedia and dictionary articles are, however, not in- cluded. They are for the most part self-evident and easily accessible.

6. Eusebius, Vita, ii.46; iii.48, 50.

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