ark victoria academy 7 anglo... · web viewat the beginning of 1066 the king of england, edward the...

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Year 7 history summer term one work pack

Anglo-Saxon and Norman England

Including the Battle of Hastings

All tasks are highlighted in blue

Guidance for writing is in purple

Answer booklet for parents is separate.

Lesson 1 – Anglo Saxon Recap.

Task 1: Read the information for each person and answer the questions for each claimant.

Task 2: complete the multiple choice questions to check your understanding.

Task 3: Imagine you work for the claimant who you think should be the next king of England. Write a speech explaining why you think they should be king. Remember you need to EXPLAIN why and use PURSUASIVE language.

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LO: To explain why there was a succession Background information: At the beginning of 1066 the King of England, Edward the confessor was dying. He died on 5 January 1066. This usually wouldn’t be a problem as his oldest son would be crowned the next king. However, Edward the confessor did not have any children. In this recap lesson, you will investigate the people who claimed they should be king. They were known as claimants to the throne.

They were: William - Duke of NormandyHarald Hardrada – King of NorwayHarold Godwinson – Earl of Wessex Edgar Aething. – Nephew to Edward the confessor.

Key Vocabulary – The Witan

The Witan was a sort of council, which advised the king on big decisions for the country, such as war, taxes and were involved with deciding the next king.

Sentence Starters for speech:

Dear people of EnglandI think that ________ should be the next king of England.I think this because he ….Also he…It should not be the others because…Overall, he is the best choice because …

Task 1: informationWilliam Duke of NormandyWilliam was the Duke (leader/king) of a country in France called Normandy. He was a very well respected ruler and was strong and confident. He had won many battles against his enemies during his rule. He turned Normandy into one of the most powerful states in Medieval Europe. He was also supported by the Pope, the head of the Christian Church. He even grew up with Edward the Confessor when they were children as they were cousins. He believed he should be king of England as, (according to William) Edward had promised William he would become king after Edward died. Although William believed he had been promised the Throne of England, he had never visited England; he could not speak English and would most likely not be supported by the English people. If he were to become king, it would be a difficult process for him to control the English people.

Harold Godwinson Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson, was the Earl of Wessex, the richest and most powerful earldom (area) of England. Therefore he was extremely wealthy and had large armies. He was well respected by the English people and was a leading member of the Witan, so had experience of helping the king to run the country. He had been a close friend to Edward the Confessor, his sister was the Kings wife! Harold had fought many wars on behalf of Edward the Confessor and had proven himself to be a strong warrior after winning many battles. He believed he was an obvious choice to become king due to his close friendship with the king and due to his large wealth. In addition, he was an Englishman, which meant that he would be easily accepted by the English people, and would know the country well if he was chosen as king.

Harald Hardrada (Hard ruler) – King of NorwayHardrada was a fierce Warrior and king of Norway. He was one of the most feared men in Europe at the time. He believed he should be the king of England as his Grandfather King Cnut had been king of England before Edward’s family took the crown from him. As he was already a king, he would have had experience of ruling people. However he was a foreigner, he did not speak English, and had a bad reputation of being a hard ruler instead of being kind to his people. Eadgar Aethling Nephew of Edward the Confessor

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Edgar was the great-nephew of Edward the Confessor and was the last English prince alive after his father was killed in 1057. Even though Edgar was the closest blood relative to Edward, he was only a teenager when Edward died. He was not considered strong enough to hold the kingdom together in 1066 by the Witan. He had spent a lot of his life away from England in Hungary as he had been banished from England with his father.

Task 1: Answer the questions for each person.William Duke of NormandyWhere is he from? ___________________________________________________________________________Why does he want to become King of England?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What experience does he have? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What language does he speak? __________________________________________________________________________Is there any issues with this person?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Harold Godwinson Earl of Wessex Where is he from? ___________________________________________________________________________Why does he want to become King of England?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What experience does he have?

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What language does he speak? __________________________________________________________________________Is there any issues with this person?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Harald Hardrada – King of NorwayWhere is he from? ___________________________________________________________________________Why does he want to become King of England?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What experience does he have? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What language does he speak? __________________________________________________________________________Is there any issues with this person?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Edgar Aethling – Nephew of Edward the Confessor Where is he from? ___________________________________________________________________________Why does he want to become King of England?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What experience does he have?

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What language does he speak? __________________________________________________________________________Is there any issues with this person?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Task 2: complete the multiple choice questions to check your understanding. Circle the correct answer.

Which person had the most experience of ruling England?

William Harold Godwinson Edgar

Which person had supposedly been promised the throne by Edward the Confessor before he died?

Harold Godwinson William Harald Hardrada

Which person was the fiercest warrior in Europe?

Harald Hardrada Edgar Aethling Harold Godwinson

Which person did the Witan want to become the next king?

Harold Godwinson Edgar Aethling William

Task 3: Imagine you work for the claimant who you think should be the next king of England. Write a speech explaining why you think they should be king. Remember you need to EXPLAIN why and use PURSUASIVE language

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Sentence Starters for speech:

Dear people of EnglandI think that ________ should be the next king of England.I think this because he ….Also he…It should not be the others because…Overall, he is the best choice because …

Lesson 2 – Battle of Hastings

Task 1: answer the following questions using the information above

Who invaded England first, and where?

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How did King Harold defeat the Vikings?

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Where did William Invade?

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What did King Harold do to prepare for the battle?

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LO: To investigate and explain why William won the battle of Hastings. Background informationHarold Godwinson was crowned king on 6th January 1066, the day after Edward died. However it was not easy for Harold. He had to deal with two invasions. Harald Hardrada had invaded in the North of England in September 1066. Harold Godwinson had to march north quickly with his army. He was able to defeat the Viking army as he had caught them by surprise, they were not wearing their armour and were quickly defeated, and Harald Hardrada was killed. The Vikings were sent home in a handful of ships, even though they arrived on 300 ships. While King Harold was celebrating in York in the North of England, he received news that William had invaded along the south coast of England. King Harold had to quickly march south to face the new threat. His had lost men in the battle against the Vikings; some of his men were injured and were now quite tired due to the quick marching south which took almost a week. To make sure he had enough soldiers he asked farmers to join his army as he marched through the country. He reached Hastings with his army in October, ready to fight William and positioned his army on top of a hill.

Task 2: read the information below and describe 2 features of each army,

The battle began in the early morning. Harold’s army was made up of two types of soldiers. The Fyrd and Housecarls.Housecarls: Well trained professional soldiers, had shields and axes. They were very strong and were Harold’s best soldiers.Fyrd: Untrained farmers, equipped with short swords and shields. Some even used farming equipment King Harold’s army were formed in a shield wall on top of the Hill, known as Senlac Hill. Ready and waiting for William’s soldiers to attack.

William’s army was much more advanced and was made up of:Archers – men with bow and arrows.Footsoldiers/infantry – trained men with swords, shields and wore armour.Cavalry/Knights – extremely well trained elite soldiers on horse back. They would charge into the enemy and used swords, and spears.

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Anglo-Saxon HousecarlAnglo-Saxon Fyrd

Norman Archer

Norman Foot Soldier

Norman knight on horseback

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Describe two features of King Harold’s army (4)

Remember you must identify a feature and then describe it. X2

Feature one: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feature two: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe two features of William’s army (4)

Remember you must identify a feature and then describe it. X2

Feature one: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Feature two: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The BattleThe two sides met at Senlac Hill, near Hastings. Harold II had gathered his men at the top of the hill and they protected their position using a wall of shields.

The battle began in the morning with the Norman knights on foot firing arrows followed by those on horseback charging up the hill.

The battle continued for two hours before a rumour suggested William had been killed. On hearing this news, one of the Norman soldiers began to flee because they thought William had been killed. William took off his helmet to show them he was still alive. Shouting Look at me! I am alive! And with God’s help we will win!

The next part of the battle was in the afternoon. A turning point in the battle was to occur. The Normans pretended to run away, then turned and cut down the Saxons when the inexperienced fyrdchased them. The Saxons had lost their main advantage: their control of the top of the hill.

William had a well-equipped army. He could now use them to his advantage. He had knights on horseback and archers with crossbows. Harold II had a traditional Saxon army – his housecarls fought on foot with axes and the fyrd were just farmers who fought with any weapons they could get. William’s soldiers were fresh and full-time fighters. The Saxons stood no chance!

William used archers to break up the Saxon shield wall. Arrows fell like rain on the Saxons, killing many of them in the process.

In desperation, the housecarls formed a ring around their king. They failed to protect him however and Harold was killed - although exactly how he died, no-one can be sure of.

Harold was killed. It is impossible to know how Harold II died. Most people believe that he was killed by an arrow in the eye. This theory is based on a scene in the Bayeux Tapestry. The tapestry has the words 'Harold is killed' next to a man with an arrow in his eye, but it is impossible to know which soldier is Harold II because all the Saxon soldiers are dressed identically.

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Source 2: A Birdseye view of the battlefield, showing William’s forces in blue and Harold’s forces in red

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Task 3: below is a table showing the different reasons why William was able to win the battle of Hastings.

Label them to show whether it was LUCK, HAROLD’S MISTAKE or WILLIAM’S LEADERSHIP skills. If you have colours use 3 different colours.

1) Harold and his men had just fought a battle in the North and had to march south as William arrived in England.

2) After weeks of waiting, the wind changed in Normandy at the perfect time for William to sail to England as Harold was fighting Harald.

3) Harold fought with foot soldiers and fyrd, making it difficult for them to move quickly.

4) William used the trick of retreating to bring the English soldiers down from their defensive position.

5) The English soldiers believed the Normans were retreating and some came away from their shield wall to chase them.

6) William organised his army into different sections so that they could attack in different ways.

7) At a crucial moment William showed his face to his soldiers to encourage them to keep fighting.

8) The Normans had skilled units such as knights and archers

9) Harold was shot in the eye and killed

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Task 4: Explain one reason why William was able to defeat King Harold at the battle of Hastings.

Remember to follow the Identify, describe, explain structure. An example has been done for you, now try your own.

Example:

One reason why William was able to defeat King Harold at the battle of Hastings was due to luck. During the battle of Hastings, William’s archers fired many arrows towards the English soldiers, over the shield wall. Supposedly, one of the arrows hit King Harold in the eye, killing him. Therefore, William was able to defeat Harold Godwinson, as with Harold dead, the Anglo-Saxon army had no leader, meaning that William was the only leader surviving in the battle, which resulted in the Anglo-Saxon defeat and the success for William

.

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Explain one reason why William was able to defeat King Harold at the battle of Hastings.

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Lesson 3 – Using sources to learn about the past.

Task 1: read/examine each source and answer the questions below each source.

Definition of infer: deduce or conclude (something) from evidence. Simply, what can we learn from the source.

An example has been done for you below.

Source EX: Taken from the Bayeux Tapestry. Made in 1070. Commissioned (paid for) by William of Normandy’s half-brother – a man called Bishop Odo. Here it shows the Norman soldiers on horseback charging at the Saxons at the start of the battle.

Who made it? This source was made by Bishop Odo, William’s half brother.

When did they make it? It was made in 1070, 4 years after the Battle of Hastings

What can we infer from the source? I can infer that William had knights and archers in his army. The knights rode on horseback with spears and shields, also there were archers in his army firing at the Anglo-Saxon soldiers.

Is this source reliable?( do not worry if this is too difficult, but give it a go!) It is difficult to say it is reliable because it is made by William’s brother who would have made William look

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LO: To examine sources and make a judgement on the death of King Harold.

better during the battle, and it was made after the battle so could not be a true representation.

Who made it?

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When did they make it?

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What can we infer from the source?

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Is this source reliable? Does it match our historical understanding of the events?

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Source 1: ‘The Deeds of William’ written by a priest called William of Poitiers – he was William of Normandy’s personal chaplin (priest). Written in 1071.

The vast forces of Saxon’s had come from all over England. Harold took up position on higher ground, on a hill by a forest through which they had just come. They abandoned their horses and lined up to form a shield wall.The Duke placed his infantry in front armed with bows and crossbows and behind them, other infantry more heavily armed with mail tunics; in the rear came the mounted knights.

Who made it?

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Why do you think William of Poitiers suggested that William had a plan to retreat deliberately?

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Is this source reliable? ( Do not worry if this is too difficult, but give it a go)

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Source 2: ‘The Deeds of William’ written by a priest called William of Poitiers – he was William of Normandy’s personal chaplin (priest). Written in 1071.

…The Normans realised that they could not overcome an enemy so numerous and standing so firm without great loss to themselves. So the Duke struck upon a new plan. He ordered is men to retreat, deliberately feigning flight.

The Saxons saw this and began to shout and boast and many hundreds of them chased down the hill after the Normans, as if on wings after those they thought to be fleeing.

But once the Saxon’s were off the hill the Normans turned round and cut them to pieces with their swords and spears..

Who made it?

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What does this source suggest about the planned retreat of the Normans?

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Source 3: ‘Songs of the Battle of Hastings” written by a Bishop known as Guy of Amiens – a town in Normandy he was a member of Williams court. Written in 1067.

The English people, dominant by their number, pushed back the enemy and by their might compelled the Normans to turn--and then the flight, which had first been a trick, became enforced by Anglo-Saxon bravery. The Normans fled, their shields covered their backs!"

Who made it?

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This source suggests that Harold was killed in a gruesome attack, why do you think the story of Harold being shot in the eye exists? How does this source make Duke William look?

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Is this source reliable? (Do not worry if this is too difficult, but give it a go)

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Source 4: ‘Deeds of the Norman Dukes’ written by a Monk called William of Jumièges. Written in 1070. This extract describes the death of King Harold at the hands of Duke Willaim, Eustace of Boulogne, Hugh of Ponthieu, and Giffard.

Harold himself was slain, pierced with mortal wounds. The first, slicing his chest through the shield with his sword, drenched the earth with a gushing torrent of blood; the second struck off his head below the protection of the helmet and the third pierced the inwards of his belly with his lance; the forth chopped off his thigh and threw away the severed limb: the ground held the body thus destroyed.

Who made it?

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What other source may Henry Huntington used before writing this piece of text? Why would that make him write this?

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Source 5: ‘History of the English’ written by Henry Huntington. Written in 1130. This was written much later, and may have been influenced by the images in the Bayeux Tapestry.

Duke William instructed the archers not to shoot their arrows directly at the enemy, but rather into the air, so that the arrows might blind the enemy squadron….Meanwhile the whole shower sent by the archers fell around King Harold, and he himself sank to the ground, struck in

Source 6: A scene taken from the Bayeux Tapestry. Made in 1070 paid for by Bishop Odo, William’s half-brother. In this scene, it is suggested that Harold Godwinson has been shot in the eye.

Who made it?

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Task 2: using the sources to help you as evidence, write a PEE paragraph explaining how you think King Harold died during the battle of Hastings.

Remember to quote the source in your answer and explain what the source tells us

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Lesson 4 – Historical interpretations

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LO: To investigate and explain why William won the battle of Hastings.

As you have seen in the previous lesson, there are different accounts of what happened at the Battle of Hastings. Due to this, Historians have different opinions of what actually happened. These are known as interpretations.

A key skill that historians need is the ability to interpret historical arguments and historical sources. By doing this they can write a more detailed and balanced history of what happened. Often Historians come to different conclusions; the Battle of Hastings is a topic, which is still debated even today. In today’s lesson, we will look at different historical interpretations of the battle of Hastings.

Some questions to help you might be the two below:

1) What might a Saxon interpretation of the battle of Hastings say about the battle of Hastings and Williams’s victory?

2) What factors do you think might effect a historian’s interpretation of the past?

Task 1: read each interpretation and answer the questions below.

Both interpretations, from historians, give different reasons as to why King Harold lost at the battle of Hastings. You will need to infer what each interpretation argues, using evidence.

What is the main argument in interpretation one?

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Evidence to support this is:

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What is the main argument in interpretation one?

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Interpretation 1: Extract from ‘The Norman Conquest’ by Marc Morris 2013

Ultimately, it was Harold’s confidence that resulted in his defeat. His success against the Vikings in York, by catching them by surprise, encouraged him to attempt the same against William. However his army was smaller, his soldiers, injured and tired from the long marching, could not achieve the same result against a much more organised Norman force. Once the battle had begun, there was only going to be one clear victor, William and his Normans.

Interpretation 2: Extract from ‘The Battle of Hastings: The Fall of Anglo-Saxon England’ by Harriet Harvey Wood 2008.

Harold and his Anglo-Saxon army made up of the Fyrd and Housecarls put up an incredible defence and at times would have looked likely to win the battle. However, it was the crafty planning of Duke William, which resulted in the Anglo-Saxon defeat. The faked retreat of the Norman left, commanded by William, and the excitement of the Anglo-Saxon soldiers to chase their opponents, breaking the shield wall was a turning point in the battle, which left the English line in tatters. William and his knights easily broke through the Anglo-Saxon forces, defeating the Anglo-Saxon King, sending his forces running for the trees.

Evidence to support this is: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2:

How far do you agree with interpretation 2 about the reasons for William’s victory at the battle of Hastings? Explain your answer.

Steps to Success Sentence starters: write as one paragraph.

Write one paragraph explaining whether you agree or disagree with interpretation 2.

Identify your opinionDescribe the eventsExplain why you agree/disagree.

I agree/ I disagree with interpretation 2 about the reason why William won the battle of Hastings.

During the battle…(describe what happened using your historical knowledge).

Therefore I agree/disagree because…

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Lesson 5

Your task is to create your own example of the Battle of Hastings in the style of the Bayeux Tapestry.

Use the next blank page (page 26) to design your own section of the tapestry showing a scene from the battle of Hastings. It could be a scene of Harold dying, either by an arrow or being killed by Duke William for example.

Keep it and bring it to school, for display.The best examples will receive rewards!

Thank you for your hard work year 7, stay stafe and one day your children may be

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learning about Coronavirus 2020 in their history lessons!

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ark victoria academy 7 anglo... · web viewat the beginning of 1066 the king of england, edward the...

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