arizona water resource · 2016. 11. 15. · water resource july-a ugust 2000 what is wrong with...

Volume 9, Number i

Halted EIS is Latest Incidentin Ongoing Sagaof CAP Negotiations

settling Central Arizona Project issues hasevolved into a long-running and complexsaga. In a recent development, the U.S. Bu-reau ofReclamation halted work on an envi-ronmental impact statement (EIS) reviewingproposed modifications ofexisting CAP wa-ter allocations. BuRec had little choice in thematter since Senatorjon Kyl inserted into anappropriations bill an amendment to cut offfunding for work on the EIS.

It is generally believed that Senator Kyl'samendment is intended to ensure that Ari-zona retains control ofuncontracted CAPmunicipal and industrial (M&I) water andnon-Indian agricultural water (NIA) in theface ofwhat some officials perceive to be apossible federal threat to acquire the water.Kyl's action needs to be understood in thebroader context of CAP affairs.

Recently the state and the federal govern-ment settled a longstanding dispute overArizona's share ofthe cost ofbuilding theCAP project. (See March-Apri1AWR) Thiswas essentially a financial settlement. An as-sumption underlying this settlement was that

Continuedonpage 7

C O N T E N T S

ARIZONAWATER RESOURCE

July-A ugust 2000

What is wrong with thispicture taken in Phoenix circa 1943? Consider the well dressedfigu rein thephoto. His attention isfocused on something in the tree, while what to our contemporary

eyes should occupy him - the sprinklersgenerously watering the sidewalk - seems to go

unnoticed. Today there are laws against such water waste, and some cities are moreforcefullyenforcing such laws. (Seepage 4for a description ofTucson's effort along these lines.) Photo:Arizona State Library, Archives and Public RecorcLc, Archives Division, Phoenix, #98-1071.

Pharmaceuticals In Our Water SuppliesAre "Drugged Waters" a Water Quality Threat?

Developed to promote human health and well being, certain pharmaceuticals arenow attracting attention as a potentially new class ofwater pollutants. Such drugs asantibiotics, anti-depressants, birth control pills, seizure medication, cancer treat-ments, pain killers, tranquilizers and cholesterol-lowering compounds have been de-tected in varied water sources.

Where do they come from? Pharmaceutical industries, hospitals and other medi-cal facilities are obvious sources, but households also contribute a significant share.People often dispose ofunused medicines by flushing them down toilets, and hu-man excreta can contain varied incompletely metabolized medicines. These drugs canpass intact through conventional sewage treatment facilities, into waterways, lakes andeven aquifers. Further, discarded pharmaceuticals often end up at dumps and landfills, posing a threat to underlying groundwater.

Farm animals also are a source ofpharmaceuticals entering the environment,through their ingestion of hormones, antibiotics and veterinary medicines. (About40 percent of U.S.-produced antibiotics are fed to livestock as growth enhancers.)Manure containing traces ofsuch pharmaceuticals is spread on land and can thenwash off into surface water and even percolate into groundwater.

Along with pharmaceuticals, personal care products also are showing up in wa-ter. Generally these chemicals are the active ingredients or preservatives in cosmetics,

Continuedonpage 2

Water Resources Research Center College of Agriculture . The University of Arizona, www.ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER

Water Vapors 3

News Briefs 4

AZ WaterCommunity News 5

Guest View 6

Legislation and Law 7

Publications 8

Special Projects 9

Announcements 10

Calendar of Events 11

2 Arizona Water Resource July-August 2000

Pharmaceuticals...continuedfrom page 1

toiletries or fragrances. For example, nitro musks, used as a fra-grance in many cosmetics, detergents, toiletries and other personalcare products, have attracted concern because of their persistenceand possible adverse environmental impacts. Some countries havetaken action to ban nitro musks. Also, sun screen agents have beendetected in lakes and fish.

Researchers Christian G. Daughton and Thomas A. Ternes re-ported in the December issue of "Environmental Health Perspec-tives" that the amount of pharmaceuticals and personal care prod-ucts entering the environment annually is about equal to theamount of pesticides used each year.

Concern about the water quality impacts of these chemicalsfirst gained prominence in Europe, where for over a decade scien-tists have been checking lakes, streams, and groundwater for phar-maceutical contamination. American officials and scientists are tak-ing note, with two recent U.S. professional organizations - the Na-tional Ground Water Associations and the American Chemical So-ciety - addressing the issue at their annual meetings this summer.

The issue emerged in Europe about ten years ago, when Ger-man environmental scientists found clofibric acid, a cholesterol-lowering drug, in groundwater beneath a German water treatmentplant. They later found clofibric acid throughout local waters, anda further search found phenazone and fenofibrate, drugs used toregulate concentrations of lipids in the blood, and analgesics suchas ibuprofen and diclofenac in groundwater under a sewage plant.Meanwhile other European researchers discovered chemotherapydrugs, antibiotics and hormones in drinking water sources.

In the United States, the issue might have attracted earlier no-tice if officials had followed up on observations made 20 years ago.At that time, EPA scientists found that sludge from a U.S. sewage-treatment plant contained excreted aspirin, caffeine and nicotine.At the time, no significance was attached to the findings.

In Phoenix about this time another event occurred that alsomight have alerted officials that pharmaceuticals could pose a waterquality threat. Herman Bouwer of the U.S. Agricultural Research

Service in Phoenix recalls that clofibric acid was found in ground-water below infiltration basins that were artificially recharginggroundwater with sewage effluent. Bouwer says more attentionshould have been paid to the finding; if clofibric acid could passthrough a sewage treatment plant and percolate into the groundwa-ter so also could many other drugs.

Europeans, however, took the lead in researching the issue. Inthe mid-1990s, Thomas A. Ternes, a chemist in Wiesbaden, Ger-many, investigated what happens to prescribed medicines after theyare excreted. Ternes knew that many such drugs are prescribed, andthat little was known of the environmental effects of these com-pounds after they are excreted. He researched the presence of drugsin sewage, treated water and rivers, and his findings surprised him.

the amount of pharmaceuticals and personal

care products entering the environment

annually is about equal to the amount of

pesticides used each year.

Expecting to identify a few medicinal compounds he insteadfound 30 of the 60 common pharmaceuticals that he surveyed.Drugs he identified included lipid-lowering drugs, antibiotics, an-algesics, antiseptics, beta-blocker heart drugs, residues of drugs forcontrolling epilepsy as well as drugs serving as contrast agents fordiagnostic X rays.

Results of recent research in North America also indicate rea-son for concern. At the June National Groundwater Associationconference, Glen R. Boyd, a Tulane University civil engineer, re-ported detecting drugs in the Mississippi River, Lake Ponchetrainand in Tulane's tap water. Boyd and his team found in tested wa-ters low levels of clofibric acid, the pain killer naproxen and thehormone estrone. Samples of Tulane's tap water showed estrone av-eraging 45 parts per trillion with a high of 80 parts per trillion.

At the recent American Chemical Society conference, ChrisMetcalfe of Trent University in Ontario reported finding a vast ar-ray of drugs leaving Canadian sewage treatment plants, at times athigher levels than what is reported in Germany. Such drugs in-cluded anticancer agents, psychiatric drugs and anti-inflammatorycompounds. North American treatment plants may show higherlevels of pharmaceuticals because they often lack the technologicalsophistication of German facilities.

The U.S.G.S. is currently conducting the first nationwide as-sessment of "emerging contaminants" found in selected streams, in-cluding the occurrence of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals,sex and steroidal hormones and other drugs such as antidepressantsand antacids. One hundred stream sites were identified, represent-ing a wide variety of geographical and hydrogeological settings.Four of these sites are in Arizona: Santa Cruz River at CortaroRoad; Santa Cruz River near Rio Rico; Salt River below 91st Ave.sewage treatment plant; and Gila River above diversions at GillespieDam.

continued on page 12

ipping of bumán genome means moiredrags, possil,ly mote pollution

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reiit assnounnent f the Imot cpktateor-z,00fth bu rsigeuome, Ch tìan C, Dughtor and

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Pat on Our BackDemonstrating that good work pays

off, the Water Resources Research Center'sProject WET, (Water Education for Teach-ers) received $3,500 from the Central Ari-zona Project. Project WET director KerrySchwartz says the money is to be used topurchase Project WET curriculum and pro-vide workshops to Arizona teachers. Thenationally recognized curriculum coversgrades K-12.

This May be Your Last Issueof AWR

We are in the process of updating ourmailing list. Ifyou received this newsletteryou should also have received by now apostcard, with instructions ofwhat youmust do to remain on the WRRC mailinglist. Remaining on the mailing list ensuresthat you continue to receive the newslettersand other WRRC information and an-nouncements.

Unless you contact us, via email, fax orreturned postcard, to keep your name onthe WRRC mailing list, this may be yourlast copy oftheArizona WaterResource news-letter. Please contact us ASAP.

WRRC Involved in SanPedro History Project

Barbara Tellman, WRRC senior re-search specialist and Diana Hadley, researchspecialist at the Arizona State Museum, willbe working on an environmental history ofthe San Pedro River, from its origins inMexico to the town of Benson, Arizona.Funded by the U.S. Bureau of Land Man-agement, the two-year project will producethe first comprehensive binational historyof the upper San Pedro River and the hu-man impacts upon it. A short, colorfully il-lustrated version in Spanish and Englishalso will be available for schools and thegeneral public. For more information, con-tact Barbara Teliman at 520-792-9591, ext.17 or bjtag.arizona.edu (Barbara Tellmanis one of the authors of the WRRC publica-tion,Arizonac ChangingRivers, a volumethat discusses human effects on Arizona nv-

órtsMar Reisner, aUthor ofCaiillacDesert, diedJuly2L His book a

watcr )Fthe \1Q'et is considered an ciivironncnta1 c1assìc In it be destO surmouflt and defeat the natural limitations ofthe land, bye*ploít.not so available water r'iirces. In this qucst, water becomes a prizedmc.ui' t' .idapt theXTet to iccommodate ( .idiIIi lives otcomfort an

1.arc Reisner

5() i,»(' it'd?/I Ii I knaw. 'z'n ¡f it see,,, a i, i nìc nla/ILr ì ' z., a"/iat il all aiìlouììl f i that a'e

have done i)iít here in i/' Wci. ¡Ìor ,i,:,i/' ai .cewsi.ble? H' wud wasrgbt? it /ò/5' /i' ai-

lowplace.c IzkeLii..Angeles and PI.IO,WL Loírow :4;? Were i'c iiisaneorfarszg/ìiedi' huid all ¡be

dams?Andwen ifsucbquethrns sen acadernk, t/,ey lead to in e,npatka4ypracziiilone Whatíre wgoíng t) il') nett?" (from E'ì1ogue Cadill,ìc Desert)

ers. In recognition of funding for the San being offered at a reduced price. See "Pub-Pedro study,Arizonac ChangingHistory is lications" section for details.)

i;bied

July-August 2000 Arizona Water Resource 3

Utilities Issue TimelyConsumer ConfidenceReports

Demonstrating a fairly high rate of com-pliance, 92 percent of the more than 54,000U.S. community water systems have pro-vided their customers "Consumer Confi-dence Reports." Mandated by the 1996 SafeDrinking Water Act, this report informsthe public about the source of their drink-ing water, detected contaminants and what,if any, actions were necessary.

EPA reports that 253 million Ameri-cans received their first annual report byOctober 19, 1999, the first established dead-line, with reports again due July 1. The 12percent of drinking water systems thatfailed to meet the October 19 deadline -and this included about 184 Arizona sys-tems - received EPA reminder letters ornotices of violation. By July 1, the non-compliance was reduced to eight percent.

In an effort to ensure that the eightpercent noncomplying systems provide thereports to the public, EPA has thus far is-sued more than 1,500 Administrative Or-ders to systems in violation of the law.

For more information about the Con-sumer Confidence Report Rule consult thewebsite: www.epa.gov/ogwdw/ccrl.html

More Lawsuits AlongColorado River

Further contributing to its reputation as

the river to spawn the most lawsuits, twoadditional suits were recently filed regard-ing the Colorado River.

Eight Mexican and U.S. environmentalgroups filed suit against five federal agen-cies for failing to protect endangered wild-life and habitat in the Colorado RiverDelta region and in the Gulf of Californiain Mexico. The suit charges that the Endan-gered Species Act requires the agencies todo more to protect endangered species inthe region and restore the ecosystem. Thesuit aims to have federal agencies considerthe effects of dams and other upriver activi-

Tucsrn Sares Water With Law $ Order and Educatienetatl

stritter laws, itasedpena1tìs for vuk&s and ducstìmducation the key, tof presnt aw

brkh bx a1s t tak thosebreak t3 w to iead pe4ttea ar t1ssr water wastrng msdeeds

rst, trict«r water vatsoi 1awet pt n piave. Oi the iolc sìia

nto anetker' prnperty or:VíSíQfl W5 te

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V4 ìbarea ertate

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ted asas

walk Fines and penalties were increased.Wsth the stzkterawrnd mncrease

alt&e the iy i ad

tthnwal, assistance to keep water users nthe ríght side of the law. Tucson Watet ispcovkUn tee i iath ystn aadons n4 n..sste }antlscape trrittin sdits to tmercat and popertìe5.

f, wevet, the tt:e::dtatot will be ssed. E'ren

poínt the lawbreaker is offered a re-ttse An offendrs can attend a hver.

inrì pogtafll bc watet e eatt hbe of payng sesd t1nes id liketkhted torists can avoid fines and in-nuance penalties by attendg traf&sch*el. A perss attetdn tht

o: cas wUl ea abt 4ínand tia tename practices r ìtdoor ir-ngation systems. The- dversìon proramtepresents an 3ova*tv approach tt

Mnte eficint r*re keepmn also isbemn implemented. The nnnìbe-r andtypes ó1mpIaints will be reconled aweU as of atíos taken t eesoltc thepem+ Follow itp and e ao.twítie also wifl be noted

ties on endangered species in the delta area.The suit charges the agencies have not

considered the impacts of their actions onthe delta and have not taken conservationmeasures to protect endangered species inMexico. The legal strategy is to connectriver management to environmental damageoccurring across the border. This could setthe stage for a request that the United Statesallocate a portion of its water to the Mexi-can wetlands. Some officials fear the suitcould affect the future of the Southwest'swater supply.

The international coalition is made upof environmental, social and economic in-terests and includes the Defenders of Wild-life and the Center of Biological Diversity.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureauof Reclamation, National Marine FisheriesService and the U.S. Departments of Inte-rior and Commerce are the involved fed-eral agencies.

"Today's action is a landmark step in

rectifying the biological, ethical, and legaldisaster wrought upon this part of Mexicoby the United States," says RodgerSchlickeisen, president of Defenders ofWildlife

In the second lawsuit, the Grand Can-yon Private Boaters Association, AmericanWhitewater and the National Parks Conser-vation Association filed suit in U.S. Dis-trict Court in Phoenix against Interior Sec-retary Bruce Babbitt and Grand CanyonPark Superintendent Rob Arnberger. Thesuit challenges the permitting process forrafting the Colorado River through theGrand Canyon. It seeks a permanent injunc-tion to require the Park Service to resumework on an abandoned wilderness and rivermanagement planning process and a reduc-tion or elimination of motorized watercraft on the river.

Prompting the lawsuit is the allegationthat the Park Service does not ensure fairaccess to everyone wanting to use the river


through the park. The lawsuit further al-leges that the Park Service has failed to pro-tect environmental and wilderness qualitiesof the river and the back country.

The suit requests that the Court act toensure that the permit system providesmore favorable opportunities for privateboaters getting on the river. The way thesystem has been working since 1980 privateboaters have been allocated 32 percent ofthe permits to raft on the Coloradothrough the Grand Canyon, with commer-cial rafting companies getting 68 percent ofthe permits. (The full text of the complaintcan be found at www.gcpba.org)

"This suite is basically about democ-racy," says Randall Rasmussen, policy ana-lyst for the National Parks ConservationAssociation. "The Parks Service has short-circuited a process, and our objective issimply to get it back on track so that allparties can continue to participate equally."

Canadian Researchers Workon E.coli Vaccine

In an effort to confront the threat ofE.coli in drinking water at its bovinesource, the Canadian National ResearchCouncil's Institute for Biological Sciences(NRC-IBS) is conducting research to de-velop a vaccine for cattle against the E.coli0157 bacterium, Cattle, the primary sourceof E.coli infections for humans, caused therecent tragedy in Walkerton, Ontario, atown of 5,000 people 90 miles west ofToronto. At least seven people died andthousands sickened from drinking water in-fected with E. coli bacteria. Humans pickup E. coli from cattle either by drinkingwater contaminated by cattle feces or eatingundercooked meat.

Dr. Malcolm Perry and colleagues ofthe NRC-IBS' Immunochemistry Programdeveloped the vaccine they hope will elimi-nate the bacterium at the source. They be-gan researching E.coli 0157 in the early1980s following disease outbreaks inCanada. They were successful in isolatingand chemically identifying a unique com-ponent of the E.coli 0157 an antigenicmarker. Applied as the basis of a diagnostictool to detect E.coli 0157, the antigen couldform the basis of a specific vaccine.

The researchers later discovered other,

non-pathogenic bacteria that carried mark-ers identical or chemically similar to theE.coli 0157 antigenic marker. Oral immuni-zation of mice with some of these non-pathogenic bacteria produced antibodiesthat successfully prevented colonization byE.coli 0157 in the animals. Administered di-rectly to cattle the vaccine is expected totrigger an immune response against E.coli0157 by producing protective antibodies toprevent the growth of the bacterium in theanimal's gut. The vaccine is being testedand evaluated at the Veterinary InfectiousDisease Organization in Saskatoon.

Meanwhile a special report of the Envi-ronmental Commissioner of Ontarioblamed the Walkerton tragedy on inad-equate groundwater protection laws andpolicies, a system the report characterized asa "confused patchwork."

Firm Wants to Mine AlongPinto Creek, Gets EPAPermitEPA officials issued a stormwater drainagepermit to the Carlota Copper project onPinto Creek, and environmentalists fearthis action is likely to lead to the eventualconstruction of the controversial mine, de-spite their long-term opposition to it. Theproject involves 3,050 acres of private andU.S. Forest Service land, with much of theland along the 28 mile long Pinto Creek,described as one of "the last true desertstreams in the state." In 1997 and 1998,American Rivers, a national organization,listed Pinto Creek, which drains intoRoosevelt Lake, as one of the nation's mostendangered streams.

Cambior Inc., a Canadian firm, plansto move the creek several hundred yards viaconcrete dams and diversions to allow min-ing of ore beneath the natural stream bed.EPA says moving the stream will preventthe underlying ore from leaching morecopper into the stream. EPA also reportsthat Cambior Inc.'s plans meet Clean WaterAct standards. Further, EPA reports thatthe company agrees to clean up toxic wastefrom the nearby Gibson mine and not toincrease the amount of copper in PintoCreek. The Gibson mine has been leachingcopper into Pinto Creek since it closedabout ten years ago.

The University of Arizona's College ofAgriculture has changed its name to theCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences,also to be known by the acronym CALS.The addition of "Life Sciences" reflects thecollege's interdisciplinary focus, beyond theconventional understanding of agriculture,to also include areas concerned with naturalresources and water-related studies. CALSincludes programs in arid lands studies, re-newable natural resources, soil, water andenvironmental sciences and the Water Re-sources Research Center.

John Thorston resigned as Special Masterof Arizona's general stream adjudication ef-fective June 30. Thorston, who was ap-pointed by the Arizona Supreme Court in1990, will continue as a part-time specialmaster until the end of 2000. A new full-time master is then expected to be ap-pointed.

Also Judge Susan Bolton, presiding judgefor the Gila River adjudication since 1994,has been nominated to the U.S. DistrictCourt in Phoenix. Pending Senate confir-mation, Bolton would likely assume thisnew judgeship by the end of 2000. The Ari-zona Supreme Court would then assign anew judge to the Gila River adjudication.

The University of Arizona James E.Rogers College of Law announced that theGeorge Mason Green and Lois C. GreenFoundation has endowed a faculty chair inwater and natural resources law.

Gila Bend is receiving a $535,085 federalgrant for a new water treatment facility tohelp the town cope with high levels of fluo-ride in its water. The U.S. Department ofAgriculture is granting $120,000 to thePalo Verde Mountain Community WaterCo-op for a new well and storage tank andabout $1.3 million in a loan and grant toSomerton to replace water lines.


Using Reclaimed Water Helps Cities Meet Conservation GoalsDonald E. Agihe, economic consultant, Tuccon, AZ and R. Bruce Billings,

Department ofEconomics, University ofArizona contributed this Guest View

Cities facing groundwater depletion, water shortages, and/or thedevelopment of expensive new water sources have the option ofmeeting some oftheir water demand with reclaimed water. Mostcities produce considerable amounts oftreated effluent, some ofwhich is further treated by filtration and disinfection to producereclaimed water. As water-scarce southwestern cities grow they facean increasing demand for water and an increasing supply of waste-water that could be treated and sold as reclaimed water.

Since only about 20 percent ofcurrent urban water use is for drink-ing and sanitary uses, it is likely thatcities facing the need for increasedwater supplies could easily substitutereclaimed water for much of the po-table water currently used. Some re-claimed water is already treated tomeet drinking water standards but isnot used for drinking water becauseof negative public perception. Yet,in some Third World countries, re-claimed water treated to drinkingwater standards is accepted by con-sumers as drinking water. Further-more, unplanned wastewater reuse occurs when a communitydumps its treated effluent into a waterway used by a downstreamcommunity as a potable water source. Communities on the Missis-sippi River commonly use unplanned reclaimed water as theirsource of drinking water.

In addition to substituting for potable water, reclaimed watercan also be used to recharge aquifers depleted by groundwater mm-ing. Groundwater mining lowers the water table which leads toplant species dying, higher pumping cost by users, and potentialsubsidence damage to roads, buildings, and utility infrastructure.Recharge ofreclaimed water can be accomplished through the useof injection wells and recharge basins or by discharging the waterto natural recharge areas. The reclaimed water acts to recharge theaquifer, thus reducing subsidence damage and raising water tablelevels to protect plants and lower pumping costs. The downside torecharge is that rising water tables may lead to greater flooding ofbasements and low lying areas built upon after the beginning ofaquifer depletion. Furthermore, if the quality of the recharged wa-ter is lower than that in the aquifer, recharge will lead to a longterm decline in groundwater quality. Of the three recharge meth-ods mentioned, injection wells usually have the highest likelihoodof aquifer degradation.

Reclaimed water may be less expensive than potable water from

new sources. While reclaimed water requires extra treatment and thedevelopment of a second delivery system, potable surface water sup-plies must also be treated and distant supply sources require newpumps, the purchase ofwater rights, storage reservoirs, and majoradditions to the delivery pipe system. After use, most potable waterbecomes wastewater which requires treatment to meet U.S. EPA dis-posal standards, a cost that must be assigned to the original potablewater. Thus, reclaimed water may be cheaper or more expensivethan groundwater depending upon the circumstances.

After the treatment facility, the major economic concerns forreclaimed water are delivery costs and proper pricing. Since po-

table water and reclaimed water can-not be mixed, the community mustinstall a dual water system to servethe reclaimed water demand. This re-striction generally limits the poten-tial buyers to large users and thoseusers in a specific geographic area towhich delivery service is economi-cally feasible.

The price ofreclaimed watermust be lower than that of potablewater to induce purchase of the re-claimed water because of additionalinternal costs to the user. An internaldual water distribution system must

be installed to keep potable and reclaimed water separate for health,product, and process purposes. Furthermore, employees and finalproduct consumers must be made aware ofthe potential risks bythe use ofwarning signs, leaflets, and/or educational programs.

In the absence oflegislative fiat, the selection or rejection ofreclaimed water by customers is based on relative price and costs as-sociated with use. User costs can be reduced by offering grants topay for installation ofthe necessary infrastructure. Raising the rela-tive price ofpotable water to large users, especially turf users,would encourage substitution of reclaimed water.

Most cities sell their reclaimed water at a loss. As sales increase,these losses will be reduced or eliminated by economies ofscale intreatment and delivery systems. Currently, most reclaimed water issold to public schools, golfcourses, and parks. Cities should inten-sifr their marketing efforts to industrial, agricultural, and commer-cial users. In some cases, legislation is needed to alter grandfatheredwater rights that make pumping of groundwater cheaper than re-claimed water in these markets.

There are clear economic benefits to the use ofreclaimed waterin the avoidance ofgroundwater depletion and the development ofexpensive new surface or groundwater supplies. Subsidy of re-claimed water programs to achieve these benefits may provide suffi-cient positive externalities to offset subsidy's cost.

Growing southwestern cities with increasing demandfor water

could treat their expanding supply ofwastewaterfor reuse.


CAPNegotiations...continuedfrompage i

the federal government would acquire more CAP water to helpsettle Indian water right claims and for other federal purposes. Thisis a water allocation issue, to be negotiated with the state separatelyfrom the financial settlement. Such negotiations are now underway.

Another negotiation currently underway is between variousstate parties and the Gua River Indian Community (GRIC), to re-solve tribal water claims. Certain issues remain to be settled, butthe parties to the negotiations have generally agreed to the quantityof water the tribe is to receive and its sources. CAP water will bethe largest single source.

The EIS was being done in anticipation of a reallocation ofCAP water in accordance with the various settlements - the finan-cial settlement, the overall water settlement and the GRIC settle-ment. The parties involved in these settlements anticipate a realloca-tion of CAP water to achieve desired objectives. The federal gov-ernment decided an EIS was necessary before allocating the water.

The EIS, still in a draft version, describes the environmental ef-fects of proposed modifications to previous CAP water allocationdecisions. The EIS describes various options: a proposed settlementalternative * this alternative reflects the current negotiationsamong the parties in the ongoing water settlements - along withthree non-settlement alternatives and a no action alternative.

An important item within the EIS is a consideration of the65,647 acre-feet of uncontracted M&I water in the CAP canal. TheArizona Department of Water Resources (DWR) has made recom-mendations for allocating this water to various cities, towns andwater companies within the state, although the Secretary of the In-terior has yet to approve these recommendations. His approval ofD'WR's recommendations, however, is part of the repayment settle-ment worked out between the state and the federal government.The proposed settlement alternative within the EIS reflects this un-derstanding: "A total of 65,647 acre-feet of currently uncontractedM&I priority water would be allocated and contracted to M&I enti-ties consistent with state recommendations."

EIS non-settlement alternatives 2 & 3, however, describe muchdifferent scenarios, assigning uncontracted M&I priority water tosettle Indian water claims. These alternatives also contain provisionsto assign NIA water to federal uses. This also goes against the grainof the repayment settlement between the state and the federal gov-ernment. As part of the repayment settlement about 100,000 acre-feet of NIA water is to be allocated to benefit state parties. The in-clusions of these alternatives, albeit nonsettlement alternatives, is asource of anxiety to various state interests.

Some state interests are concerned that if federal officials takethe position that satisfactory progress is not being made in theGRIC negotiations or in the overall water settlement, they will uni-laterally claim the M&I priority water and the NIA water for fed-eral purposes, specifically for GRIC and other tribes. They couldthen refer to the EIS to demonstrate National EnvironmentalPolicy Act compliance. It is well known that U.S. Secretary of the

Interior Bruce Babbitt considers the settling of Indian water rightsan important priority during his remaining months in office, andsome believe he might attempt to unilaterally appropriate CAP wa-ter to achieve his goal.

This is the background to Kyl's amendment which states, "Nofunds provided in this or any other Act may be used to further re-allocate Central Arizona Project water or to prepare an Environ-mental Assessment, Environmental Impact Statement, or Record ofDecision providing for a reallocation of Central Arizona Projectwater until further Act of Congress." This imposes a rather formi-dable obstacle to any possible federal efforts to reallocate CAP wa-ter for its own purposes, to the disadvantage of Arizona's CAP al-location plans.

Court Says Connection Fees are Charges,Not Taxes

Arecent South Carolina Supreme Court decision held thatconnection fees imposed by a water and sewer district on newcustomers to be charges for services, not taxes. Home and lotowners in a subdivision developed in the 1960s challenged thefees as an illegal tax. (Ford y. Georgetown County Water Sewer

Distric4 2000 WL 718440)Initially, individual wells and septic tanks could be in-

stalled on every third lot within the subdivision, with the con-dition that the lot owner would connect to a community wa-ter and/or sewer system when available. A district was eventu-ally formed and installed a central water and sewer system.Connection and impact feels were imposed

Although having agreed to the original conditions lotowners now challenged the fees, claiming that such fees are gen-eral revenue measures unrelated to services provided and aretherefore taxes imposed without representative government.The Court disagreed, concluding that a charged imposed for aservice does not constitute taxation. It stated, "The District hasonly required the impact fee of residents who will benefitfrom the service to pay the fee (the new customers and indi-viduals requesting additional capacity)."

The court relied on two previous decisions. One deci-sion,J.K Construction, Inc y. Western Carolina Regional SewerAu-thoriy, involved customers of a regional sewer authority whoclaimed that new account fees imposed on new or upgradingcustomers to pay for future capital improvement were taxa-tion. The Court disagreed citing five reasons for its decision:(1) The required payment primarily benefits those who pay it,because they receive the benefit of proper treatment and dis-posal of sewage as result of improvements made with the pro-ceeds; (2) The proceeds are dedicated solely to capital improve-ments; (3) The proceeds will not exceed the cost of improve- -

ments; (4) The fee has been uniformly imposed; (5) The au-thority intended to classify the payment as a charge.


LeisIation and (WTT TT

ADEQWater Quality Assessment ReportThe Arizona Department ofEnvironmental Quality's water qualityassessment report 2000 is available. The status ofsurface water andgroundwater is described in the report, including informationabout monitoring, water quality standards and the assessment pro-cess. The report can be downloaded from ADEqs website: http://www.adeq.state.az.us/environ/water/assess/hsa.html. Also a hardcopy of the report is available for $30 by calling 602-207-2202 or 1-800-234-5677, ext. 2202. (Federal, state, tribal or local agency repre-sentatives can obtain a free copy by contacting Danese Cameron at602-207-4569.

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Watershed Information SheetThe Watershed Information Sheet, published weekly, provides in-formation about issues affecting all watershed groups in the state.Information on meetings, agendas and discussions are included.The online publication describes cooperative efforts between thepeople ofArizona and local, state and federal programs, as citizenswork together to manage their backyards. To sign up for the sheetemail Dan Salzler at azwatershedaol.com.dan salzler

Climate Change Impacts on the United StatesOrdered by Congress in 1990, this federal report was four years inthe making and is considered the first such comprehensive effortby any country. Relying on computer models and historical data,the report describes drastic climatic changes likely to occur in theUnited States due to global warming. These include potentially se-vere droughts, increased risk offlood and substantial shifts in agri-culture. Yet, the report concludes "for the nation as a whole, directeconomic impacts are likely to be modest," and "American societywould likely be able to adapt to most ofthe impacts," although"particular strategies and costs [are] not known." The report isavailable for review at http://www.usgcrp.gov

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National Water Quality InventoryCommissioned by Congress, this Environmental ProtectionAgency report evaluates the progress the United States has made inprotecting its waters since the implementation of the Clean WaterAct over 30 years ago. Based on a 1998 assessment ofthe nations'swaterways, the report serves as a snapshot ofU.S. water quality con-ditions. Among its findings the inventory reports that about 40percent of the nations's monitored waterways remain too pollutedfor fishing and swimming. For further information and a copy ofthe inventory visit www.epa.gov. or call the EPA's National ServiceCenter for Environmental Publications at 800-490-9128.

ADWR Verde River Watershed StudyThe Arizona Department ofWater Resources has issued a compre-hensive study ofthe Verde River Basin, available in book form andCD-ROM. The study includes water budgets for five regions, asummary ofthe natural resources ofthe 5,000 square mile area anddocumentation ofcurrent and historical surface and groundwatersupplies, with a final chapter with conclusions and recommenda-tions about the region's water supplies. The 500-page book ($35)and the CD-ROM ($10) can be ordered from the ADWR website,(water.az.gov) or by calling the agency bookstore at 602-417-2485.


.. . . ,. .

NAU Education and Research Program Focues on Verde WatershedINorthern Arizona University's new Verde Water Research andEducation program is concerned with water quantity issues in theVerde watershed. A rapidly growing population in the area is caus-ing an unprecedented increase in water demand, and the new NAUprogram will assist stakeholders and local communities cope withthe situation.

The Salt River Project gave a $250,000 gift to the newly estab-lished NAU Center for Sustainable Environments to support theproject for five years. (See sidebar for information on the NAUcenter.) The project is expected to be self-sustaining after five yearsof SRP funding. Program strategies include establishing a clearing-house or repository for Verde watershed information and conduct-ing research on water suppiy issues of concern to the area.

Varied and extensive information exists pertaining to theVerde watershed, including historical photos and documents, stud-ies and research results. No central location presently exists, how-ever, for storing and accessing this valuable information for under-standing past and present conditions of the watershed. To meetthis need, the project will establish a data and information storageand exchange facility devoted to the Verde watershed, to be locatedon the NAU campus. A bibliography published by the Verde Wa-tershed Association is a prime resource for identifying informa-tion and materials.

Information within this clearinghouse will include not justbooks and other printed resources, but also non-traditional materi-als such as GIS and other types of digital information. Much ofthe materials, including photos, will be digitized for distributionvia the Web. Project plans include establishing the first ongoingdatabase about the Verde watershed. The project also is planning aVerde watershed conference, possibly in the spring 2001, and thecreation of a website.

Results from previous research will be included within the re-source center, to help establish an information base and to guidefuture research efforts. The Arizona Department of Water Re-sources, the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Forest Service and the SaltRiver Project all have conducted research in the Verde watershed,with varying objectives. Results from these previous studies will beavailable to integrate into new research planned as part of the NAUresearch and education project.

Integrating new and previously done research is part of theproject strategy. For example, project researchers intend to inte-grate a new study with work from the Beaver Creek study, doneduring the 1950s into the 1980s. The Beaver Creek project studiedforest management to increase water yield through vegetation man-agement. This has since become a discredited concept, and the newresearch will be concerned with ecological restoration to improveconditions in the ecosystem. As part of this approach, researcherswill reevaluate work from the Beaver Creek project to determine itspotential to support the health of ecosystem.

Research also will examine reduced stream flow in the area.

Studies are being considered to establish a base flow analysis overtime of some gauged streams in the Verde watershed. Since someof the gauging records do not go back very far, researchers mayhave to rely on indirect techniques, e.g., aerial photo analysis orvegetation analysis, to determine historical flow conditions. Otherresearch topics include studying the relationship of climate tolong-term water supplies. Another project likely to be undertaken isa comprehensive study of springs in the Verde watershed. Four tosix NAU undergraduate and graduate students will conduct re-search as part of the project, under faculty supervision.

The project plans an interdisciplinary approach, to include re-searchers from the school of forestry, college of engineering, col-lege of arts and sciences and possibly the college of social and be-havioral sciences. The program itself is not a degree granting pro-gram. Students will conduct research through existing degree pro-grams at the university

Those benefitting from the project and its research will mainlyinclude stakeholders within the watershed. Two organizations thatinclude wide representation of area stakeholders are the Verde Wa-tershed Association and the Yavapai County Water Advisory Com-mittee. Among state watershed organizations, the Verde WatershedAssociation is considered an achiever, with a demonstrated trackrecord of successful cooperative efforts in watershed affairs.Yavapai County's Water Advisory Committee includes representa-tives from the communities within the Verde watershed.

Abe Springer, (520-523-7198; abe.springernau.edu) associateprofessor of geology, and Charles Schlinger, (520-523-0652;charles.schlingernau.edu) assistant professor of civil engineering,are co-directors of the project.

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Tn-State Seminar on the River

The 16th annual Tn-State Seminar on the River will be conductedSeptember 28 - 30 in Laughlin, Nevada. The tn-state area is Ari-zona, California and Nevada, and the seminar is billed as a trainingopportunity for water and wastewater industry professionals. Theseminar includes training sessions in wastewater treatment, wastewa-ter collection and industrial and hazardous waste. For more infor-mation about the conference contact seminar chairperson RandyHines, phone: 760-337-1522; fax: 760-337-4563; For registration in-formation contact, Annette Duarte, phone: 520-740-6539; fax 520-620-0135.

Willow Flycatcher Conference

A conference titled, the "Ecology and Conservation ofthe WillowFlycatcher," will be conducted in Tempe, October 24-26. The con-ference will focus on research relating to willow flycatcher biology,management, and conserva-tion. In addition to servingas a forum for presentationof recent research, the con-ference will highlight ex-amples ofsuccessful habitatrestoration or other conser-vation, management, or re-covery actions, with a fieldtrip scheduled to willow fly-catcher breeding habitats atRoosevelt Lake. The confer-ence is sponsored by theU.S. Geological Survey, U.S.Bureau ofReclamation andU.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice, and hosted by Arizona State University. Information is avail-able at http://www.usgs.nau.edu/wifl_conf. For additional informa-tion contact Mark Sogge, phone: 520-556-7311, ext. 232; email:Mark.Soggenau.edu.

AHS Annual Symposium

The Arizona Hydrological Society's 13th annual symposium will beheld September 20-23 in Phoenix. Titled "Environment Technolo-gies for the 2l Century," the conference will address such topics asgroundwater cleanup, geophysical methods in hydrology, water re-charge/reuse methods and strategies, and GIS applications in hy-drologic modeling. Field trips also are planned to various sitesalong the Salt River and to Tempe Town Lake. For additional in-formation about the symposium, as well to register for the event,visit the Arizona Hydrological Society's website:www.azhydrosoc.org

Willow Flycatcher. (Photo: George

Andrejko, Arizona Game Fish

Department

Nominations for Most Endangered Rivers

American Rivers is now accepting nominations for the Most En-dangered Rivers Report of200l, which will be released in April2001. Nomination forms are available on American Rivers' Webpage at www.americanrivers.org/template4.asp?cat2&page2&id2153&filtero All nominationsmust be submitted by October 1, 2000 to be considered.

U.S./Mexico Colorado River Symposium

The University ofArizona's Udall Center and the University ofCalifornia Institute for Mexico and the United States (UCMEXUS), in conjunction with the Ford Foundation and severalgovernment agencies and organizations, will host a binational pub-lic symposium on September 29 to address questions about man-agement and policy in the Lower Colorado River Delta and theUpper GulfofCalifornia. Questions to be addressed include: Whatare the major environmental and water-related issues in the region?What is the history ofenvironmental policy regarding these issuesbetween Mexico and the United States? The day-long, public eventwill be held in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Persons inter-ested in attending the conference should contact Andrea Kaus atUC MEXUS; email: akausucracl.ucr.edu; phone: 909-787-3586.

Transboundary Groundwater Conference

The Association ofGround Water Scientists and Engineers annualconference - "Ground Water: A Transboundary, Strategic and Geo-political Resource" - will be conducted December 13-14, in Las Ve-gas, Nevada. This conference will explore the technical, cultural, le-gal, economic, military, social, and political facets ofground wateras a transboundary, strategic, and geopolitical resource, with"transboundary ground water" broadly defined as ground watermoving across the boundary between any two or more political ju-risdictions. For additional conference information contact BobMasters, conference coordinator, e-mail: rmastengwa.org; phone:l-800-551-7379, ext. 527 or 1-614-898-7791, ext. 527 or check theNGWA's website, http://www.ngwa.org/education/agwse2.htm1

Arizona Water Protection Fund PublicCommen t

Public comment is invited on the 19 proposals submitted for 2000Arizona Water Protection Fund grants. A copy ofeach proposalcan be reviewed at any Arizona Department ofWater Resourcesoffice. Those interested in submitting comments should mail thembefore September 30 to the Arizona Department of WaterResources, Arizona Water Protection Fund, 500 N. Third St.,Phoenix, AZ 85004. For more information contact Ruben Teranat 602-417-2400 ext. 7016.

lo Arizona Water Resource July-August 2000

July-August 2000

RECURRING

Arizona Hydrological Society (Flagstaff). 2nd Tuesday of themonth (during the school year). Meeting times and locations mayvary, NAU, Southwest Forest and Science Complex, 2500 5. PineKnoll Dr., Room 136, Flagstaff. Contact: Abe Springer 520-523-7198, email: [email protected]

Arizona Hydrological Society (Phoenix). Usually 2nd Tuesday ofthe month, locations vary. Contact: Christie O'Day 602-379-3087,ext 224. cmodayusgs.gov or beth proffitte.proffittworldnet.att.net

Arizona Hydrological Society (Tucson). Usually 2nd Tuesday ofthe month. Contact: Mike Block 520-575-8100 ormblockmetrowater.com

Arizona Water Banking Authority (Phoenix). Next quarterlymeeting will be held on Sept. 13 at the ADWR in Phoenix. Con-tact: Nan Flores 602-417-2418.

Arizona Water for People Committee. Phoenix, meets on the2nd Thursday ofeven-numbered months at City ofPhoenix SquawPeak Facilities, 6202 N. 24th St., Phoenix at 6 p.m. Contact DaveChristiana 602-417-2400, ext 7339; Tucson, meets the 3rd Thursdayofeven-numbered months. Time and place varies. Contact SheilaBowen, 520-625-8409 or sbowencommunitywater.com

Arizona Water Protection Fund Commission. Contact: IrmaLisa Horton 602-417-2400 ext. 7016.

Arizona Water Resources Advisory Board. Phoenix, meets at theADWR lOam to 12 noon. quatterly meetings aug 4 and nov 3.Contact: Bobbie Wood 602-417-2410. bjwoodadwr.state.az.us

Central Arizona Water Conservation District. Usually ist and3rd Thursdays of the month, time to be determined one week inadvance. CAP Board Room, 23636 N. 7th St., Phoenix. Contact:Ardis Mcßee 623-869-2210. amcbeecap-az.com

City ofTucson Citizens Water Advisory Committee. Usually istTuesday ofthe month, 7:00-9:00 a.m., 310 W. Alameda, Tucson.Contact:John O'Hara 520-791-5080 ext. 1446.

Maricopa Association of Governments/Water Quality AdvisoryCommittee. Contact: Lindy Bauer 602-254-6300.

Maricopa County Flood Control Advisory Board. Usually 4thWednesday ofthe month, 2:00 p.m., 2801 W. Durango, Phoenix.Contact: Kathy Smith 602-506-1501 or kksmail.maricopa.gov

Phoenix AMA, GUAC. Scheduled monthly, please call. Confer-ence Room A, 500 N. 3rd St. Phoenix. Contact: Mark Frank 602-417-2465.

Arizona Water Resource i i

Pima Assoc. ofGovernments Environmental Planning AdvisoryCommittee meets first Friday ofevery month at 9:30am 1:30pm.,177 N. Church St., Suite 405, Tucson. Contact: Claire Zucker 792-1903 czuckerpagnet.org.

Pima Assoc. ofGovernments Water Quality Subcommittee.Usually 3rd Thursday ofthe month, 1:30pm., 177 N. Church St.,Suite 405, Tucson. Contact: Claire Zucker 792-1903czuckerpagnet.org.

Pinal AMA, GUAC. Usually 3rd Thursday of the month, 2:00pm. Pinal AMA Conference Room, i000 E. Racine, Casa Grande.Contact: Randy Edmond 520-836-4857.

Prescott AMA, GUAC. 2200 E. Hilisdale Rd., Prescott. Contact:Phil Foster 520-778-7202.

Santa Cruz AMA, GUAC. Usually 3rd Wednesday ofthe month,9:00 am, Santa Cruz AMA Conference Room, 857 W. Bell Rd, Suite3, Nogales. Contact: Kay Garrett 520-761-1814.

Tucson AMA, GUAC. Usually 3rd or 4th Friday of the month,9:00 a.m., Tucson AMA Conference Room, 400 W. Congress, Suite518, Tucson. Contact: Kathyjacobs 520-770-3800.

Tucson AMA, Safe Yield Task Force. Every Wednesday. ContactKathyjacobs 520-770-3800.

Verde Watershed Association. Contact: John Parsons and TomBonomo, VWA Newsletter Editors, Verde Watershed Association,P.O. Box 4595, Camp Verde, AZ, 86322. 520-567-2496. Messagephone: 520-649-9978, email: verdewatershedyahoo.com; websitehttp://vwa.southwest-water.org

Water Users Association ofArizona. 2nd Friday ofthe month atnoon (except in September). Call for reservations and exact loca-tion. Contact: Paul Gardner, 480-987-3240.

Yavapai County Flood Control District Board of Directors.Contact: Ken Spedding, 520-771-3197.

UPCOMING

Groundwater Education Conference"Asking the Right Questions," a conference to evaluate the impactofgroundwater education, will be held in Nebraska City, NebraskaNovember 13-15. The premise ofthe conference is that evaluatingthe impact ofgroundwater education and other natural resourceprograms will result in programming with a positive public im-pact. Sponsored by the Groundwater Foundation, the conferencewill help participants to understand the best use ofevaluation toeffectively build support of environmental education. For more in-formation contact Cindy Kreifels at The Groundwater Foundation,phone: 1-800-858-4844, 402-434-2740; email: cindygroundwaer.org


Pharmaceutiails... continuedfrom page 2

Stream sites were chosen that were expected to be highly sus-ceptible to contamination by targeted compounds. Testing the siteswill provide an initial indication of the potential for these com-pounds to enter the environment, as well provide an opportunityfor developing suitable laboratory methods for measuring com-pounds in environmental samples at very low (sub-ppb) levels.

Detected contaminants include caffeine, which was the highest-volume pollutant, codeine, cholesterol-lowering agents, anti-depres-sants, and Premarin, an estrogen replacement drug taken by about9 million women. Also chemotherapy agents were found down-stream from hospitals treating cancer patients. Final results fromthe study are expected to be released in the fall. For additional in-formation about the U.S.G.S. study check the website:toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html

What risk does chronic exposure to trace concentrations ofpharmaceuticals pose to humans or wildlife? Some scientists believepharmaceuticals do not pose problems to humans since they occurat low concentrations in water. Other scientists say long-term andsynergistic effects ofpharmaceuticals and similar chemicals on hu-mans are not known and advise caution. They are concerned thatmany of these drugs have the potential of interfering with hor-mone production. Chemicals with this effect are called endocrinedisrupters and are attracting the attention ofwater quality experts.

To some scientists the release ofantibiotics into waterways is

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particularly worrisome. They fear the release may result in disease-causing bacteria to become immune to treatment and that drug-re-sistant diseases will develop.

Scientists generally agree that aquatic life is most at risk, its lifecycle, from birth to death, occurring within potentially drug-con-taminated waters. For example, anti-depressants have been blamedfor altering sperm levels and spawning patterns in marine life. Moststudies ofpharmaceutical and pharmaceutically active chemicals inwater have mostly focused on aquatic animals.

For example, recent British research suggest that estrogen, thefemale sex hormone, is primarily responsible for deforming repro-ductive systems offish, noting that blood plasma from male troutliving below sewage treatment plants had the female egg proteinvitellogenin. This finding would seem to be consistent with whatU.S. researchers suspect has occurred downstream from treatmentplants in Las Vegas and Minneapolis. Carp in these areas show thesame effects as the British fish.

Some scientists believe arid regions of the West are especiallyvulnerable to the effects ofdrug-contaminated effluent. These areasare more likely to have streams that rely almost entirely on effluentfor flow, especially during dry months. Further, effluent is exten-sively used in irrigation and even for recharging drinking wateraquifers. Also, areas of the West have attracted large number of re-tired people who are likely to use more pharmaceuticals than otherpopulation segments; thus more pharmaceuticals in wastewater.

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