arid region farming primer

8/12/2019 Arid Region Farming Primer

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ARID REGION FARMING PRIMER

CONTENTS

Introduction

Principal Problems of Agriculture in Arid Regions

Agricultural Techniques for Arid Lands

Crop Plants for Tropical Arid Regions

Animals for Dry Regions of the Tropics

Useful Publications and Additional Resources (prepared by C!" staff#

In e$ery region of the %orld it is necessary to find or de$elop appropriate techniquesfor agriculture& A large part of the surface of the %orld is arid' characteried as too dryfor con$entional rain fed agriculture& )et' millions of people li$e in such regions' andif current trends in population increase continue' there %ill soon be millions more&These people must eat' and the %isest course for them is to produce their o%n food&)et' the techniques are so $aried that only a $ery large $olume %ould co$er the entiresub*ect& This publication is only a primer' an introduction to appropriate techniques&+ore e,tensi$e treatments are mentioned in the bibliography& In many cases the mostsuitable techniques for a particular region may be those already de$eloped by thelocal inhabitants& In some cases it %ill be difficult to impro$e on local techniques' butat times e$en simple and ine,pensi$e inno$ations may be almost re$olutionary& This

bulletin suggests that one must begin to impro$e local agriculture in arid ones bylearning %hat is already there& Then both techniques and plants that may be useful inspecific situations are suggested&

Definitions and degrees of aridity.-Arid- implies prolonged dryness' and is used%ith respect to the climate and the land belo% it& In such regions the ability to produceagricultural crops is restricted& Usually on arid lands the potential e$aporation of%ater from the land e,ceeds the rainfall& The land may be characteried according tothe degree of aridity as dry forest' chaparral or brushland' grassland or sa$annah' ordesert& -Arid- does not adequately characterie the soils' ho%e$er' for they may $aryin many %ays& "ften they are al.aline or saline&

/e$eral degrees of dryness must be recognied& The first is %here the dry climate ismodified by seasonal rainy seasons& In such a region it might be possible to produce a%ide range of annual crops during the short rainy season' enough to sustain animalsand feed man.ind' although fe% food or feed trees might be feasible %ithout specialtechniques& The second situation is a year round aridity' sometimes modified by lightor irregular rains' %hich might ma.e production of crops impossible& The thirdsituation is %here %ater is brought in by %ells' canals' or other means so that normalagriculture can e,ist' in spite of the aridity of the climate& This primer concerns thefirst t%o situations' but not the third& There are techniques suitable for all arid regions&
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Principal arid regions of te !orld.Arid regions are often e,tensi$e' but in thetropics it is common' e$en on a small island' to find arid regions near regions ofabundant rainfall& The large arid regions are0

North America Africa

Much of Western USA The Sahara Desert The Sonoran Desert The Sahel

The Kalahari Desert

Central America East Africa

The Pacific Coast

South America Asia

The Atacama Desert The Middle East

The Serrano of Brazil The Indian or Thar Desert

The Namu Desert

Australia The Kara!um Desert

The Central Deserts The "oi Desert

!o%e$er' %hile the abo$e mentioned regions may constitute the most arid regions'ne$ertheless' there are many more areas' large and small' %here aridity is a problem&Return to C"1T1T/&

PRINCIPA" PRO#"EMS OF AGRIC$"T$RE IN ARID REGIONS

%ater.2ater is absolutely necessary for all plant and animal life& Plants ha$ee$ol$ed that are capable of li$ing and reproducing in semi3arid' arid' and e$en desertregions& !o%e$er' as aridity increases' fe%er and fe%er species are adapted' and the

potential biomass is reduced&

Plants are adapted to aridity by se$eral mechanisms& There are plants %ith a short lifecycle that can germinate' gro%' and produce during a $ery short period of a$ailablemoisture& There are plants %ith deep or e,tensi$e root systems %hich ha$e the abilityto gather %ater o$er a %ide area& There are plants %hich store up %ater in their tissuesand release it $ery slo%ly& There are plants that are protected from %ater loss by %a,or other impediments& There are plants %ith $ery small or narro% lea$es' thusreducing %ater loss& There are plants in %hich the tissues themsel$es can %ithstandmuchdesiccation %ithout dying& Crop plants in arid regions may ha$e any or acombination of such mechanisms&

2ater that falls in arid regions may be of little use for crop plants because the amountis too small to penetrate the soil sufficiently' or it may run through a porous soil tooquic.ly' or it may run off too quic.ly& 4urthermore' %eedy species may be so adept atutiliing scarce %ater that they rob the %ater from crops& "n the other hand' somesoils store %ater so efficiently that it is possible to gro% crops o$er an e,tensi$e

period of drought&

2ater from ri$ers' la.es and %ells in arid regions may ha$e problems of quality'especially the presence of e,cess minerals& The use of irrigation %ater might lead tothe accumulation of salts in the soil resulting in al.alinity or salinity' %hich mightthen limit crop production& The remo$al of salt from the soil is $ery difficult&
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In all arid regions a ma*or challenge is to manage %ater appropriately& The purpose ofsuch management is to obtain %ater' to conser$e it' to use it efficiently' and to a$oiddamage to the soil&

&eat and %ind.The ma*or effects of heat and %ind are to increase the rate of

e$aporation' and thus to increase the effects of aridity& 2ind may also causemechanical damage to crops& 5oth are combatted by changing the microclimate& Theeffects of %inds can be reduced by %indbrea.s (lines of trees perpendicular to thedirection of pre$ailing %inds#& /ome useful tall species are tamaris.' casuarina' andeucalyptus& A %indbrea. can consist of trees and other plants of $arying height& As ageneral rule' a %indbrea. is effecti$e o$er an area 6&7 times the height of the tree& "nemust remember' ho%e$er' that a %indbrea. may also rob crops of light' %ater andnutrients& Thus' the ad$antages of a %indbrea. must be %eighed against thedisad$antages in any particular en$ironment& 2indbrea.s can also be constructed ofnon3li$ing materials' %hich are li.ely to be e,pensi$e&

!eat is recei$ed principally from the sun and can be reduced by shading& 5ut' shadingalso reduces the yields of plants& A light shade such as that belo% a coconut plantingor a protecti$e screen or lath%or. can be useful in reducing heat and retainingmoisture' %ith only a minimum loss of yield&

Soils./oils of the arid tropics are highly $ariable' as they are in any climate&1e$ertheless' it is possible to ma.e some generaliations about such soils& 5ecause ofthe lo% rainfall and consequently reduced plant gro%th' organic material is producedslo%ly& )et' again because of lo% rainfall' it may be bro.en do%n slo%ly as %ell& Theamount of organic material in the soil' and thus the potential fertility' is li.ely to behigh in semi3arid ones' lo% in deserts&

5ecause of lo% rainfall in desert soils' minerals deri$ed from brea.do%n of roc.s arenot leached from the soil& In some cases %here the soil is periodically flooded orirrigated the soil might be saline as %ell& /uch soils support fe% crops& /oils of thesemi3arid and arid ones might support fe% plants on the surface' but a good part ofthe biomass might be in the soil itself as roots& /hrubby desert plants often ha$e $eryhard %oody roots that may be a physical barrier to agriculture&

Disease and Pest Problems& Arid regions ha$e their fair share of disease and pestproblems& !o%e$er' these may often be quite different from those of %etter regions&

1ematodes are often a se$ere problem in sandy soils& 1o general rules are useful' andindeed' agriculture anticipates diseases and pests' and their parasites as %ell&Return toC"1T1T/&

AGRIC$"T$RA" TEC&NI'$ES FOR ARID "ANDS

+any of the techniques for agriculture in arid lands are not $ery different from thosein other climatic ones& The unique problems of arid lands are almost entirely relatedto %ater or its effects o$er long or short times& Therefore' the discussion here re$ol$esaround t%o questions0 -!o% to capture e,isting %ater'- and -!o% to use %ater%isely&-

&o! to Capt(re E)isting %ater
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+uch of the %ater that falls on arid lands is lost by runoff' deep penetration intosands' or by e$aporation& Runoff can be captured for later use in natural or nature3li.e%ays' or in manmade structures& These include the follo%ing0

8& 4urro%s' and di.ing of furro%s' ditches' and pits follo%ing contours to slo% the

runoff of %ater and permit deeper penetration&

6& /imilar structures reinforced by bench terraces' $egetati$e strips' or trees for alleycropping&

9& Crescent3shaped basins arranged to gather %ater for one or more trees&

:& Reser$oirs of %ater' such as natural or constructed shallo% basins along roads%hich capture runoff' earth structures that lead %ater into aquifers (undergroundstreams#' roc. or clay3lined underground basins&

7& "ther man3made structures& These include cisterns (household or community siedclay' stone' or concrete tan.s' chec. dams (small structures that impede %atermo$ement in a stream#' and con$entional dams&

&o! to O*tain Ne! %ater

In many arid regions %ater can be obtained from %ells& The depth of the %ellnecessary to obtain %ater may $ary a fe% to thousands of feet& 2ater in %ells is eitherfossil (stored o$er impermeable layers for thousands of years#' or from %ater that hasentered the soil from rain' and is therefore stored rain%ater& 5oth sources of %ater are

limited and can be e,hausted&

1e% %ater is also obtained by condensation from the air' either onto metal screens orplastic (the principle of the solar still# or onto foliage& Ingenious systems can bede$eloped to capture this condensation& This source of %ater depends on nighttimetemperatures that lo%er to the point of condensation&

&o! to Conser+e E)isting %ater

2ater that is conser$ed is *ust as $aluable as %ater that is obtained' and conser$ationis one of the best strategies for arid ones& There are many techniques' here presented

only as lists&

At the le$el of the home0 Reduce %ater use in the home& Capture gray %ater (from.itchen and bath# for later use in the garden& Use o$erflo% from septic tan.s toirrigate trees&

On te far, or garden0 Red(ce e+aporation !it !ind*rea-s and ligt sade.Plant in te *est soil and lead r(noff !ater to it. Plant in f(rro!s pits or s!ales.

Esta*lis plants in a n(rsery in pots !en feasi*le for later transplanting. /eep

te soil ric in organic ,aterial. $se dro(gt resistant crops or +arieties !en

possi*le. Ma)i,i0e (se of trees tat prod(ce food in arid regions. Plant d(ring

appropriate seasons. $se ,(lc *(t not in e)cess. Irrigate efficiently 1(s(ally te


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,ost efficient syste, is drip irrigation2. /eep !eeds do!n. Eli,inate crop plants

as soon as tey finis prod(cing&

Oter tecni3(es

&illside far,ing.The special aspect of hillside farming that merits attention here isthat %ater rapidly runs off and often causes erosion& Thus' hillsides can be arid e$enin an other%ise %etter climate& The techniques required for successful hillside farmingare those that capture %ater' minimie runoff and erosion' and help build soil fertility&/ome techniques are $ery simple' such as plo%ing along the contour and lea$ing$egetati$e strips bet%een planting& /ome are more comple, and e,pensi$e' and mayrequire engineering' such as building bench terraces' correcting gullies' and building

ponds and dams&

Te ,ost elegant tecni3(es and pro*a*ly te ,ost satisfactory are associated

!it te (se of ,(ltiple p(rpose leg(,es in syste,s of alley cropping. Trees

along te conto(rs are (sed to grad(ally de+elop terraces and ,ean!ile enricsoil *y capt(ring nitrogen and *ringing (p deeply *(ried n(trients ,a-ing te,

a+aila*le in foliage (sed as fertili0er. In addition s(c trees ,ay f(rnis

fire!ood feed or occasionally food.

The crops for hillsides should be those with very deep roots or that can take

advantage of short times of availability of water.

$se of trees.Trees %ill often be the most useful crop plants in arid regions' for %ithdeep roots they can ma.e ma,imum use of %ater& Trees %ill need special protection%hen they are planted' including irrigation in time of need& A good tree crop ought tofill many purposes&

Resid(al ,oist(re.In some soils in arid regions %ith short rainy seasons' crops areplanted near the end of the rainy season and e$en after rains ha$e ceased in order tota.e ad$antage of moisture stored in the soil& Tepary beans are produced using this

principle& +elons are often used as such crops in Central America&

Alternate years.A common practice in arid regions is to plant only e$ery other year&During the year %hen the ground is left fallo%' %eeds' %hich use up the %ater in thesoil' are controlled& This type of planting is suitable only for soils %ith a large

capacity to store %ater& This %ill be e$ident %hen the crops or %eeds on a soil remaingreen for a long period after rains ha$e ceased&

Feeding of ani,als.Crop residues' both har$ested and those left in the fields' may beused as feed during dry seasons& Animals such as cattle' goats' sheep' hogs' chic.ens'and duc.s clean up the field and can help eliminate %eed seeds' and' of course' theyalso lea$e their manure&Return to C"1T1T/&

CROP P"ANTS FOR TROPICA" ARID REGIONS

Crop plants for arid regions are tose tat s(r+i+e and prod(ce in spite of

aridity& !o%e$er' in almost all of these crops, seeds must be germinated or cuttingsmust be rooted under conditions of almost normal water availability& Therefore'
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%hen one spea.s of tolerance of dry conditions one is tal.ing mostly about thedro(gt tolerance of te gro!ing or ,at(re plant. In the following tables, plants

that are useful in arid regions are considered.These plants $ary in ability to toleratearidity and in yields under arid conditions& Choosing the right crops for arid regionsmight in$ol$e considerable e,perimentation in a particular region' and' in fact' the

de$elopment of suitable production systems might require years& This should come asno surprise& 1ati$e systems' as crude as they may appear' usually represent theaccumulated %isdom of centuries of e,perimentation& If this is so' ho% can one hopeto ma.e an impro$ement; The ans%er is often in the introduction of species or$arieties un.no%n in the region& In other cases it is the introduction of technologiesde$eloped in other regions (see Useful Publications and Additional Resources#&Return to C"1T1T/&

TA#"E 4. FOOD P"ANTS FOR DR5 REGIONS OF T&E TROPICS

#############################$#####################$#################

########Scientific name | Common name | Degree of

Tolerance

$ $ %&'none to

('hi)h*

#############################$#####################$#################

########

CEREAL GRAINS: $ $

Zea mays $ Corn $ +

Sorghum bicolor $ Sor)hum $ +,-

Pennisetum americanum $ Pearl Millet $ .,-

$ $

GRAIN LEGUMES: $ $

Phaseolus vulgaris $ Common Bean $ + Vigna unguiculata $ Co/0ea $ +,-

Cajanus cajan $ Pi)eon Pea $ .

Dolichos lablab $ 1ala Bean $ .

Vigna radiata $ Mun) Bean $ .

Phaseolus acutifolius $ Te0ar2 Bean $ .,-

Vigna aconitifolia $ Mat Bean $ .,-

Tylosema esculentum $ Marama Bean $ (

$ $

LEAFY VEGETALES: $ $

Symphytum officinale $ Comfre2 $ +

Manihot esculenta $ Cassa3a $ +

Cnidoscolus chayamansa $ Cha2a $ .

Moringa oleifera $ Morin)a $ . Leucaena leucocephala $ 1eucaena $ .,-

$ $

R!!T CR!"S: $ $

Dioscorea rotundata $ White 4am $ +

Manihot esculenta $ Cassa3a $ .

Sphenostylis stenocarpa $ African 4am Bean $ .

$ $

VEGETALES: $ $

Citrullus lanatus $ Watermelon $ +

Cucurbita mita $ Mi5ta S6uash $ +,-

Cynara scolymus $ "loe Articho!e $ +

!belmoschus esculentus $ 7!ra $ +,-

$ $FRUIT TREES: $ $

Carica papaya $ Pa0a2a $ +
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Pouteria campechiana $ Canistel $ +

Psidium guajava $ "ua3a $ +

Spondias cytherea $ "olden A00le $ +

"lea europaea $ 7li3e $ +,-

Tamarindus indica $ Tamarind $ +,-

Zi#yphus jujuba $ 8u9ue $ +,-

Carissa carandus $ Karanda $ . Dovyalis abyssinica $ Do3e Plum $ .

Punica granatum $ Pome)ranate $ .

!nacardium occidentale $ Cashe/ $ .,-

"puntias00, $ Pric!l2 Pear Cactus $ .,-

Phoeni dactylifera $ Date $ (

$ $

!IL "LANTS: $ $

Pentaclethra macrophylla $ 7/ala 7il $ +

$elianthus annuus $ Sunflo/er $ +

%utyrospermum paradoum $ Shea Butter $ .

$ $

MISCELLANE!US: $ $

Catha edulis $ Khat $ .#############################$#####################$#################

########

TA#"E 6. NON7FOOD P"ANTS FOR ARID REGIONS

#############################$#####################$#################

########

Scientific name | Common name | Degree of

Tolerance

$ $ %&'none to

('hi)h*

#############################$#####################$#################

########

FEED LEGUMES: $ $

&liricidia sepium $ Mother of Cacao $ +,-

Ceratonia sili'ua $ St, 8ohn:s Bread $ +,-

Prosopiss00, $ Mes6uite $ .

Leucaena leucocephala $ 1eucaena $ .,-

!cacia albida $ A00le ;in) Acacia $ .,-

!cacia tortilis $ Umrella thorn $ .,-

Par(insonia aculeata $ 8erusalem Thorn $ (

$ $

FEED GRASSES: $ $

Cynodon dactylon $ Bermuda "rass $ +

Digitaria decumbens $ Pan)ola "rass $ +

Sorghum sudanense $ Sudan $ +

$ $

FIER "LANTS: $ $

&ossypium barbadense $ Sea Island Cotton $ +

!gave fourcroydes $


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$ $

GR!UND C!VER: $ $

Dolichos lablab $ 1ala Bean $ .

Canavalia ensiformis $ 8ac! Bean $ +,-

$ $

#INDREA$: $ $

Casuarinas00, $ Casuarina $ . *ucalyptuss00, $ Eucal20tus $ +,-

Tamaris(s00, $ Tamaris! $ .,-

$ $

LIVING FENCE: $ $

&liricidia sepium $ Mother of Cacao $ +,-

%ursera simaruba $ "umo 1imo $ +,-

!cacia nilotica $ Baul Acacia $ .,-

*uphorbia tirucali $ Pencil Eu0horia $ (

#############################$#####################$#################

########

ANIMA"S FOR DR5 REGIONS OF T&E TROPICS

%y Ani,als8

In dry regions of the tropics %here agriculture is al%ays difficult' animals arefrequently more capable of utiliing the often abundant plants that are a$ailable' andmany times can be fed %ith crop residues& 2hile some feed crops are gi$en in Table6' the most important feeds in many regions %ill be those %hich gro% by themsel$es'naturally and untended& /ometimes impro$ement of this natural fodder by fertiliing'%atering' or selected %eeding may be the best solution to increasing the yield ofanimal feed& In addition' appropriate care of animals is necessary' and e$en poor

herdsmen are often $ery s.illed in raising animals&

Animals on the farm can be used for a %ide $ariety of purposes& In addition toe,cellent food in the form of eggs' mil. and meat' animals ser$e as beasts of burden'and can be trained to handle difficult *obs on the farm& The dung is a useful resourcefor crop production but is also used in plastering %alls and floors' and %hen dry' asfuel& Animal %ool' hair' or fur can be used in bedding and clothing&

Principal Ani,als and Teir Caracteristics

Cattle.In many arid regions the production of cattle might be the best %ay to ma.e

use of land& Cattle feed principally on grasses' but also benefit from legumes& Theyare much less apt to grae or bro%se on shrubs than goats& They are $ery adept atfinding something useful to eat on grasslands' e$en during the dry season& Cattle may

be used for mil.' for meat' for farm labor' and for their hides and other by3products&There are many breeds of cattle' often used for a single purpose' or at times ser$ingfor t%o or more main purposes' and some of these %ill be much more adapted to agi$en situation than others& Choosing the appropriate breed or strain of cattle %illal%ays be important&

The carrying capacity of land' the number of cattle (or' other animals that can beraised on it#' %ill $ary %idely' and can determine the success or failure of a gi$en

$enture& Cattle may grae in open range or fenced pastures' but in either case' rotationis necessary in order to not destroy the future potential of the graing area&


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Impro$ement of the graing area can be achie$ed by the introduction of ne% grassesor legumes' by fertiliation' occasionally by fire (a ris.y process#' by .illing

poisonous plants' and by eliminating brush and some trees& /ome breeds %ill gainmore on a gi$en pasture than others&

/ince cattle raising is a capital3intensi$e effort (e$en the cattle represent considerablecapital#' a great deal of in$estigation and local .no%ledge is desirable beforeembar.ing on such an enterprise& "n the other hand' raising the family co% is possiblealmost e$ery%here and can be the foundation of success on the small farm&

Goats.


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seed' in the case of grain crops= culti$ation of feed crops adapted to arid ones= andmigration to more producti$e areas&

"ne of the most useful possibilities for increasing dry season feed is the use of cropresidues& The $alue of such residues as feed $aries' and sometimes other substances

are added to enhance palatability or nutriti$e $alue& In a %ell3managed agriculturalenterprise of any .ind' it %ill be useful to loo. for such potential uses of residues&

Another solution to the problem of dry season feed shortage is to reduce the sie ofthe herd as the dry season approaches& The frequent practice of letting animals gohungry cannot be recommended as good husbandry& Return to C"1T1T/&

$SEF$" P$#"ICATIONS AND ADDITIONA" RESO$RCES

(prepared by C!" staff#

Agroforestry Tecnology Infor,ation /itby The International Institute of RuralReconstruction (:>7 Ri$erside Dri$e' Room 8?97' 1e% )or.' 1) 8?887' U/A# cost0@6>& its are also a$ailable as %ell from their headquarters in the Philippines0 IIRR'/ilang' Ca$ite :88B' P!ILIPPI1/&

Agroforestry in Dryland Africaby Roc.eleau' D&' 2eber' 4& and 4ield3uma' A&8BB' ICRA4 (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry' P&"& 5o, 9?E>>'

1airobi' 1)A#& 988 pp& cost0 @98&??&

Crops of te Drier Regions of te Tropicsby D& 7E3>8>>&

Te Callenge of te Nege+by Dr& $enari (5en3?8' U/A#& Acomprehensi$e handboo.&
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Practical 763>??&

Seed So(rces for Arid "and Gardeners

/ee the chapter on /eeds and ?8' U/A#&

Maricopa Agric(lt(ral Center(9>BE? 2& /mith3n.e Rd&' +aricopa' AG B769'U/A#&

Int9l Crops Researc Instit(te for te Se,i7Arid Tropics(Patancheru' P&"&Andhra Pradesh 7?6396:' I1DIA#&

International Center for Agric(lt(ral Researc in te Dry Areas(P&"& 5o, 7:EE'

Aleppo' /)RIA#&

Dro(gt Defenders Pro=ect(!enry Doubleday Research Assn&' Ryton3on3Dunsmore' Co$entry' CB 9LDG' U#&Publish -5aobab'- a net%or.ing publication for those %or.ing in arid lands&

International Instit(te for En+iron,ent and De+elop,ent(9 ndsleigh /t&'London' 2C8! "DD' U= phone K:: >839BB3688>= fa, K:: >839BB36B6E= e3mailiieddrylandsgn&apc&org#& Publish the quarterly -!ARA+ATA' 5ulletin of the

Drylands&-

SEPASA"(/ur$ey of conomic Plants for Arid and /emiarid Lands' Centre forconomic 5otany' Royal 5otanic B#& Plant information database&

;ideo

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arid region farming primer

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