architectural pattern of an animalfaculty.uncfsu.edu/ssalek/zool110/finished lectures pdf/02 chap...
TRANSCRIPT
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Architectural Pattern of an animal
Chapter 9
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What is an animal?
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Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• 5 major levels of complexity
• Unicellular• Metazoan?• Tissue• Organ• Organ systems
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Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Protoplasmic– Found in unicellular
organisms– Life functions are
confined to a single cell
– Contains organelles with specific functions
• Cellular– Cell aggregations with
functional differentiations
– Division of labor; nutrition, reproduction
– Not yet tissues!– Ex. volvox
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Protoplasmic
• Euglena• Paramecium
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Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Cell-tissue – Similar cells are found
in layers– sponges/ jellyfish– Contains organelles
with specific functions– Ex. Cnidarian nerve
net ( functions in coordination)
• Tissue-organ– More than one tissue
type working together to have a more specialized function
– Flatworms– Ex. Eyespots/
reproductive system
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Cell-tissue
Sponges
Jelly fish
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Tissue-organ
gutendodermpharynx
parenchymamesoderm
ciliated epidermisectoderm
nerve cordectoderm
muscle layersmesoderm
Three Basic Tissuesectodermmesodermendoderm
epidermisectoderm
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Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Organ-system– Organs work together
to perform some function
– Organ systems– Ex circulation,
respiration– Most animal phyla
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Organ Systems of an Earthworm
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Organ system
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Organ system
pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs
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Animal tissue types
• What is a tissue?• A cooperative unit of many very similar
cells that perform a specific function.• Examples
– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
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Epithelial tissue
• Covers and lines the body and its parts• One surface free, the other bound to
basement membrane• Tissues are named by
– Shape of cells– Number of layers of cells
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Epithelial tissue
• Simple= single layer• Stratified = multiple layers• Squamous = flat (tiles)• Cuboudal = like dice• Columnar = like bricks
HickmanFig 9.3
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Simple SquamousSimple Cuboidal
Lines the lungsIn the kidney tubules
HickmanFig 9.4
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Lines the esophagus
HickmanFig 9.4
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Ciliated columnar epithelium
Lines the air ways in the respiratory system
HickmanFig 9.5
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Connective tissue• Binds other tissues an provides support
matrices• Few cells in a nonliving matrix (ground
substance)• Three fiber types
– Collagen fibers– Elastic fibers– Reticular fibers
• Fibroblasts - cells that produce connective tissue
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Loose connective tissue(Areolar)
Holds other tissue in placeA “binding” material
CampbellFig 20.5A
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Other Connective tissues
Loose
Adipose
Blood
Fibrous connective
Cartilage
Bone
HickmanFig 9.6
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Bone Tissue
• Osteocytes• Haversian canal• Lamelle (matrix)
CampbellFig 20.5D
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Bone Development
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Muscle tissue• Functions in movement• Bundles of long cells ( muscle fiber= muscle cell)
• Skeletal muscle– Attached to bones by tendons, produces voluntary
movement– Striated unbranched
• Smooth muscle– Found in walls of digestive tract, produces involuntary
movements– Unstriated, spindle shaped
• Cardiac Muscle– Striated , branched, produces heartbeat
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Muscle tissueCampbell 20.6
Smoothmuscle
Skeletalmuscle
Cardiacmuscle
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Nervous Tissue• Responsible for coordinating body activties• Neurons are nerve cells• Motor neurons are nerves that activate
muscles• Compsed of cell body and dendrites• Supported by glial cells
HickmanFig 9.8
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Nervous TissueHickmanFig 9.8
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Types of animal symmetry
• Radial• Bilateral• Apparent bilateral
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Apparent Radial Symmetrycompare Hickman Fig. 9-10
like spokes of a wheel
sea star
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Bilateral symmetry
• cephalized– sensory organs concentrated in head
• body directions:
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Radial symmetry
• Radial symmetry-– Mirror images around
a central axis– Figure 9.10
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Body Cavities
• Groupings according to presence or type of body cavity
• Coelom - major innovation in bilaterally symmetric animals
• Tube within a tube arrangement
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Body Cavities
• Advantages• Flexibility for crawling and burrowing• Independent growth of organs from the
body wall• Cushioning• Skeletal function• Circulation of nutrients and wastes
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EucoelomateBody Designcompare HickmanFig. 9.12 and 9.13
Coelom: fluid-filled cavity between gut and body wall that is lined with mesodermal cells (peritoneum).
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
eucoelomateendodermmesodermectoderm
(muscles, not peritoneum)
peritoneum
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Most animals have a body cavity• Solid, no body cavity
except for gastro vascular cavity flatworms, cnidaria
• Pseudocoelomate- internal space in contact with digestive tract, roundworms
• True coelom - internal space lined by tissue - all other animals
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Metamerism/Segmentation
Hickman Fig 9.14
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Metamerism/Segmentation• Serial repetition of similar
body segments• Each segment is called a
metamere or somite• True metamerism is found in
Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata
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Metameres in Polychaeta
metamere = segment, or repeating body unit
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Arthropod Tagmata
tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is “tagma”
3 basic tagmata in all arthropods:• head, thorax, abdomen
– head + thorax = cephalothorax– thorax + abdomen = trunk
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Segmentation and Anatomy
Metameres of an insect9 - 12 3
6
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Summary
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Pop quiz
• What are the 3 types of body cavity organization mentioned in chapter 9?
• List the 4 basic animal tissue types.