architectural pattern of an animalfaculty.uncfsu.edu/ssalek/zool110/finished lectures pdf/02 chap...
TRANSCRIPT
Architectural Pattern of an animal
Chapter 9
What is an animal?
Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• 5 major levels of complexity
• Unicellular• Metazoan?• Tissue• Organ• Organ systems
Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Protoplasmic– Found in unicellular
organisms– Life functions are
confined to a single cell
– Contains organelles with specific functions
• Cellular– Cell aggregations with
functional differentiations
– Division of labor; nutrition, reproduction
– Not yet tissues!– Ex. volvox
Protoplasmic
• Euglena• Paramecium
Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Cell-tissue – Similar cells are found
in layers– sponges/ jellyfish– Contains organelles
with specific functions– Ex. Cnidarian nerve
net ( functions in coordination)
• Tissue-organ– More than one tissue
type working together to have a more specialized function
– Flatworms– Ex. Eyespots/
reproductive system
Cell-tissue
Sponges
Jelly fish
Tissue-organ
gutendodermpharynx
parenchymamesoderm
ciliated epidermisectoderm
nerve cordectoderm
muscle layersmesoderm
Three Basic Tissuesectodermmesodermendoderm
epidermisectoderm
Levels of organization and organismal complexity
• Organ-system– Organs work together
to perform some function
– Organ systems– Ex circulation,
respiration– Most animal phyla
Organ Systems of an Earthworm
Organ system
Organ system
pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs
Animal tissue types
• What is a tissue?• A cooperative unit of many very similar
cells that perform a specific function.• Examples
– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
Epithelial tissue
• Covers and lines the body and its parts• One surface free, the other bound to
basement membrane• Tissues are named by
– Shape of cells– Number of layers of cells
Epithelial tissue
• Simple= single layer• Stratified = multiple layers• Squamous = flat (tiles)• Cuboudal = like dice• Columnar = like bricks
HickmanFig 9.3
Simple SquamousSimple Cuboidal
Lines the lungsIn the kidney tubules
HickmanFig 9.4
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Lines the esophagus
HickmanFig 9.4
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Lines the air ways in the respiratory system
HickmanFig 9.5
Connective tissue• Binds other tissues an provides support
matrices• Few cells in a nonliving matrix (ground
substance)• Three fiber types
– Collagen fibers– Elastic fibers– Reticular fibers
• Fibroblasts - cells that produce connective tissue
Loose connective tissue(Areolar)
Holds other tissue in placeA “binding” material
CampbellFig 20.5A
Other Connective tissues
Loose
Adipose
Blood
Fibrous connective
Cartilage
Bone
HickmanFig 9.6
Bone Tissue
• Osteocytes• Haversian canal• Lamelle (matrix)
CampbellFig 20.5D
Bone Development
Muscle tissue• Functions in movement• Bundles of long cells ( muscle fiber= muscle cell)
• Skeletal muscle– Attached to bones by tendons, produces voluntary
movement– Striated unbranched
• Smooth muscle– Found in walls of digestive tract, produces involuntary
movements– Unstriated, spindle shaped
• Cardiac Muscle– Striated , branched, produces heartbeat
Muscle tissueCampbell 20.6
Smoothmuscle
Skeletalmuscle
Cardiacmuscle
Nervous Tissue• Responsible for coordinating body activties• Neurons are nerve cells• Motor neurons are nerves that activate
muscles• Compsed of cell body and dendrites• Supported by glial cells
HickmanFig 9.8
Nervous TissueHickmanFig 9.8
Types of animal symmetry
• Radial• Bilateral• Apparent bilateral
Apparent Radial Symmetrycompare Hickman Fig. 9-10
like spokes of a wheel
sea star
Bilateral symmetry
• cephalized– sensory organs concentrated in head
• body directions:
Radial symmetry
• Radial symmetry-– Mirror images around
a central axis– Figure 9.10
Body Cavities
• Groupings according to presence or type of body cavity
• Coelom - major innovation in bilaterally symmetric animals
• Tube within a tube arrangement
Body Cavities
• Advantages• Flexibility for crawling and burrowing• Independent growth of organs from the
body wall• Cushioning• Skeletal function• Circulation of nutrients and wastes
EucoelomateBody Designcompare HickmanFig. 9.12 and 9.13
Coelom: fluid-filled cavity between gut and body wall that is lined with mesodermal cells (peritoneum).
acoelomate
pseudocoelomate
eucoelomateendodermmesodermectoderm
(muscles, not peritoneum)
peritoneum
Most animals have a body cavity• Solid, no body cavity
except for gastro vascular cavity flatworms, cnidaria
• Pseudocoelomate- internal space in contact with digestive tract, roundworms
• True coelom - internal space lined by tissue - all other animals
Metamerism/Segmentation
Hickman Fig 9.14
Metamerism/Segmentation• Serial repetition of similar
body segments• Each segment is called a
metamere or somite• True metamerism is found in
Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata
Metameres in Polychaeta
metamere = segment, or repeating body unit
Arthropod Tagmata
tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is “tagma”
3 basic tagmata in all arthropods:• head, thorax, abdomen
– head + thorax = cephalothorax– thorax + abdomen = trunk
Segmentation and Anatomy
Metameres of an insect9 - 12 3
6
Summary
Pop quiz
• What are the 3 types of body cavity organization mentioned in chapter 9?
• List the 4 basic animal tissue types.