phylogeny of spiralia - fayetteville state universityfaculty.uncfsu.edu/ssalek/zool110/finished...
TRANSCRIPT
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Phylogeny of Spiralia
AnnelidaMollusca
Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Pogonophora
Eutrochozoa Lophophorata
Spiralia
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Practice Exam Essay
• Pretend that I am cookie monster and I ask you to explain the animal kingdom to me. In a 2-3 page essay describe the nature of the animal kingdom. Select 4 of the following themes and describe variations, patterns, similarities and differences across ALL of the phyla we have learned.
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Protostome Phylogeny
sk. Eumetazoa
shed skin don’tshed skin
Ecydsozoa Locotrophozoa
Deuterostomeembryology
Protostome embryology
Etc. Rotifera, etc. Eutrochozoa
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Lophophoratespgs. 451-457
especially Ectoprocta(also called Bryozoa)
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Phylogeny of Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes AnnelidaMolluscaRotifera Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Pogonophora
Eutrochozoa Lophophorata
Spiralia
Phoronida
Branchiopoda
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LophophoreHickman Fig. 22-1, 22-2
feeding(a different species)
arc of ciliated tentacles for
feeding, respiration, and excretion
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phylum Ectoproctacompare Hickman Fig. 22-4
• eucoelomate• lophophorates• Sessile, marine or freshwater• colonial,individuals microscopic• > 4,000 species, abundant
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Ectoprocta Anatomyfig 22-2
lophophore
mouth
esophagus
coelom
intestineanus
zooid
zoecium
colony
retracted
extended
plant stem
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21. Spiralia
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Spiralia• “Spiralia” - all protostomes with spiral
clevage at the third division• Includes Lophotrochozoa, and
(separately) Rotifera and Platyhelminthes
• Lophotrochozoa should be a subdivision of Spiralia, which should be parallel to Ecdysozoa
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Phylogeny of Spiralia
Platyhelminthes AnnelidaMolluscaRotifera Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Pogonophora
Eutrochozoa Lophophorata
Spiralia
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Branching of Protostomes
• 3rd cleavage division– lophotrochozoans, rotifers, and flatworms
spiral– ecdysozoans superficial or other
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3rd CleavageDivisioncompare
Campbell p. 163
basic deuterostome pattern
Spiralia pattern
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Phylogeny of Spiralia
Platyhelminthes AnnelidaMolluscaRotifera Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Pogonophora
Eutrochozoa Lophophorata
Spiralia
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“Water Bears”compare Hickman Fig. 21-13
phylumTardigrada
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Tardigrade Characteristics
metameric appendages with clawschitinous cuticle, shed to growtiny, no respiratory or circulatory organsdieciousremarkable ability to dry out, freeze, etc.
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Tardigrade Biology
eat cell contents of mosses or algae, or prey on small animals, using stylet~ 800 species in moss, soil, and pond and ocean sediments
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Tardigrade Anatomy(fig 21-14)
hemocoel
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Diecious Sexual Reproduction
shed skin holds fertilized eggs
previous cuticle of female
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Cryptobiosiscompare p. 447
• adults live in suspended animation for years – lose most of their water– thicken the cuticle– protect cells with special proteins
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Velvet Walking WormHickman Fig. 21-11
phylumOnychophora
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• shed chitinous cuticle to grow, diecious• main body cavity is an unlined hemocoel• breathe by tracheal system• appendages are unjointed and have claws• metameric excretory sacs and pores• flexible antennae
Onychophora Biology
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• carnivorous - entangle prey with slime • ~ 100 species in moist tropical forest litter• similar to Cambrian marine fossils
Onychophora Biology
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Ecdysozoan Phyla for ZO 110• Nematoda• Tardigrada• Onychophora• Arthropoda
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Ecdysozoa . . .
• have a non-living cuticle, shed to grow• have an unlined main body cavity
– pseudocoelom or hemocoel• lack cilia• are mostly diecious
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Tardigrada vs. Nematoda ... 1
similarities– have pumping pharynx with stylets– produce resting eggs– adults capable of cryptobiosis
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Tardigrades vs. Nematodes 2
differences– tardigrades have metameric nerves and
appendages • not reliant on pressurized body cavity
for locomotion– tardigrade gonads and excretory organ
(Malpighian tubules) attach to gut
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Tardigrades and Onychophora
Similarities – chitinous cuticle– metameric appendages with claws– ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia
Differences– tardigrades lack antennae, jaws and a
respiratory system– excretory systems are different
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Relationships among Ecdysozoa
Tardigrada
OnychophoraNematoda
Arthropoda
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Review!1. List two ecdysozoan phyla with
appendages that are not jointed.2. List two eutrochozoan phyla.3. List a phylum that is in the group
Spiralia but not in the subgroup Lophotrochozoa.
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Phylogeny of Spiralia
Platyhelminthes AnnelidaMolluscaRotifera Ectoprocta
Lophotrochozoa
Pogonophora
Eutrochozoa Lophophorata
Spiralia
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Arthropoda
The Most Successful Phylum
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Diversity of Arthropoda
• > 2,000,000 species (estimated)– our worst pests and valuable helpers
• Three subphyla and numerous classes, many of which are very diverse
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Arthropod Characteristics
• chitinous cuticle thickened to exoskeleton
• metameric, jointed appendages – two or more adapted as mouthparts
• hemocoel as main body cavity– dorsal heart with open circulatory system
– coelom remnant in gonads
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Cuticle
• mainly chitin– tough, flexible, glucose-amine polymer– stiffened with calcium carbonate in
crustaceans– permeable but resists chemicals– waterproofed with waxes in insects
• protection, support, muscle attachment
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Exoskeleton Structurecompare Hickman 19-10
cuticle
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Arthropod Tagmata
tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is “tagma”
3 basic tagmata in all arthropods:• head, thorax, abdomen
– head + thorax = cephalothorax– thorax + abdomen = trunk
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Segmentation and Anatomy
Metameres of an insect9 - 12 3
6
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Mouthparts (Head Appendages)
• Modified legs• Uniramia and Crustacea
– antennae for sensing sound, touch, smell– mandibles for chewing– maxillae for tasting and handling food
• Chelicerata– Pedipalps and chelicera for tasting and
handling food
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Arthropoda Classification• Subphyla:
– Chelicerata spiders, scorpions– Uniramia centipedes, millipedes,
insects– Crustacea shrimp, crayfish(a fourth, Trilobitomorpha, is
extinct)
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Arthropoda Types
Trilobitomorphafossil
Crustacea
Chelicerata
Uniramia
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Subphylum Chelicerata
Arthropods with Chelicera
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Chelicerate Classes
• Merostomata horseshoe crabs– marine, only 4 species, benthic predators
• Pycnogonida (sea spiders) not required• Arachnida spiders, mites, etc.
– > 73,000 species– terrestrial and freshwater– many feeding types
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Chelicerate Characteristics
• cephalothorax– mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps– 4 pairs of walking legs– coxal glands for excretion (like
Onychophora)• abdomen
– ovipositors or spinnerets in some
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MerostomataFig. 18.2
horseshoe crabs
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Merostomate Anatomycompare Hickman Fig. 18-2
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• Aranea– spiders
• Acari– ticks and mites
• Opiliones– daddy longlegs
• Scorpionida– scorpions
Class Arachnida
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Aranea AnatomyFig. 18.6
pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs
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Dangerous SpidersHickman Fig. 18-10
brown recluse
black widow
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AcariAnatomy
parasites, detritivores, herbivores, predators
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Acari Diversitycompare Hickman Fig. 18-16, 18-17
litter mites
mange, follicle, and dust mites
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Dangerous Ticks
dog ticks deer ticks
after blood meal
Carry diseases:
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Lyme disease
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Scorpionida Anatomycarnivores (eat pieces of prey)
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Opiliones Anatomy
carnivores and omnivores, eat particulate food
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subphylum Crustacea
Arthropods with Crusty Exoskeletons - General
Characteristics
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Chelicerate Characteristics
• cephalothorax– mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps– 4 pairs of walking legs– coxal glands for excretion (like
Onychophora)• abdomen
– ovipositors or spinnerets in some
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Crustacea(subphylum)
• about 40,000 species• mostly marine, but many freshwater
– terrestrial roly-poly “bug,” too• may be carnivores, herbivores,
detritivores, or parasites • widely variable in size and shape
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General Crustacean Features• arthropods with biramous appendages• tagmata are (usually) cephalothorax
and abdomen• two pairs of antennae• mouthparts:
– mandibles– 1st and 2nd pairs of maxillae (marine,
benthic cephalo-carid)
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External Crustacean Anatomy
compare Hickman Fig. 19-3
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Internal Crustacean Anatomy
Hickman Fig. 19-5
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• Biramous• Head: antennae (2 pr.),
mandible, maxillae (2 pr.)• Thorax: maxillipeds (3 pr.),
walking legs (5 pr.)• Abdomen: pleopods, uropod
Crayfish Appendages
gill
Exopod
Endopod
19-3
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Crayfish Head
Appendages
19-4
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Crayfish Thoracic
Appendages
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Crayfish Abdominal
Appendages
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Crustacean LarvaeLarva (definition): immature life stage
differing from adult in form and habits
• marine, benthic, decapod crustaceans have planktonic larvae
• entirely planktonic, copepod crustaceans have nauplius larvae
• however, amphipod and isopod crustaceans have direct development inside a marsupium– including marine species
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Crustacean Larvae
19-9
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Crustacea in Mixed Plankton Sample
(Chesapeake Bay)
barnacle larva
crab larva
copepod
copepod
ostracod
cladoceran
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Crustacean Diversity
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Crustacea Taxa to Learnselected classes:• Branchiopodafairy shrimp, "water fleas"• Copepoda copepods• Cirripedia barnacles• Malacostraca large crustaceans
plus selected malacostracan orders:– Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda
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Branchiopoda
fairy shrimp(Anostraca)
Cladocera(“water fleas”)
Daphnia
19-16
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Japanesespider crab
Mantis shrimp
Strange Crustacean Wonders
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DaphniaHickman Fig. 19-16c
1 mm
parthenogeneticeggs
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CladoceranParthenogenesis
Daphniaadult female
diploid egg
haploid egg
haploidadult male
diploidresting egg
spermparthenogenesis
sexual reproduction
meiosis
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Copepodacompare Hickman Fig. 19-19
female copepod with eggs
1 mm
freshwater planktonic copepods
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Copepod nauplius
larvaFig. 19-23
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Cirripediacompare Hickman
Fig. 19-22
acorn barnacle anatomy
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Barnacle Reproduction
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Class Malacostracathe larger Crustacea
orders:– Decapoda: crayfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters
– Amphipoda: sideswimmers or scuds– Isopoda: “roly-poly bugs,” sea lice
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• Start here
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MalacostracaAmphipoda
Decapoda
Decapoda
Isopoda
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Some More Malacostraca
giant, deepwater amphipod cleaner shrimp
euphausiid
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Economic Value of Decapods
• important seafoods– marine lobsters, crabs, and shrimp– freshwater prawns and crayfish
• major part of marine food webs– including baleen whales’
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Whale Food Chain
diatoms
euphausiids
baleen whale
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Parasitic Crustacea
copepods
isopod
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Arthropods on Land
Subphylum UniramiaClasses Chilopoda and
Diplopoda
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Uniramian Adaptations for Land
• cuticle waxed to hold water better• tracheal system to respire in air• excrete urea or uric acid
– Both are less toxic than ammonia, may be voided with less water loss
• insects evolved wings from dorso-lateral, thoracic ridges
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Insect Tracheal System
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Invasion of Land by Arthropods
• Cambrian invertebrates were all marine• Land arthropods first fossilized in Silurian
Period (Campbell Table 25.1)– About same time as plants, well before
chordates– Primitive spiders, then millipedes and insects– 3rd Period of Paleozoic Era, about 430
million years ago
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plants
amphibians
arthropods
exclusivelymarine animals
compare Campbell Fig. 25.5
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subphylum Uniramia• Class Chilopoda -
centipedes
• Class Diplopoda -millipedes
• “Class” Insecta
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Centipedes are Carnivores
poison fangs
Head appendages:
* antennae
* (epistome)
* mandible
* 1st maxilla
* 2nd maxilla
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Centipede Diversity
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Head appendages:
* antennae
* labrum
* mandibles
* maxillae (1 pr.)
Millipedes are Detritivores
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Millipede Diversity
(order namesnot required)
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Millipedes Must Stay Moist
egg mound
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Primitive InsectaResemble the Many-Legged
Uniramia
Wingless insects- microscopic, live in leaf litter and soil
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Insect Mouth Partsmillipedescentipedes
(as secondmaxillae)
insects
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Pop Quiz 7
1. What is the term for the fundamental pattern of Crustacea appendages?
2. List two, general ways that larvae differ from adults of the same species.
3. What is the most posterior mouthpart of Crustacea?
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Insects
The Most Diverse Animals
Hickman Pg 411
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Categories of Insects
phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Uniramia• “class” Insecta
– Wingless insects (several orders)– Winged insects:
• Incomplete metamorphosis (several orders)• Gradual metamorphosis (several orders)• Complete metamorphosis (several orders)
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Wingless Insects
springtails
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Wingpads visible in larvaedamselfly
mayfly
wing pads
wing pads
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Gradual Metamorphosis
• larvae resemble adults without wings
cockroach
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adult
Complete Metamorphosis
ant
larva pupaadult
adult
eggs
beetle
larvae pupa adultegg
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Reproduction
• Diecious, usually sexual • Sometimes parthenogenetic
– e.g., some flies, wasps, and aphids– but does NOT produce resting eggs
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Wings
• Usually, 2 pairs– 2nd & 3rd
thoracic segments
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Unusual Wings1st pair forms wing covers
2nd pair converted to halteres
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Abdominal Appendagescompare Hickman Fig. 20-13
• male claspers• female ovipositors
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Flowering-Plant-Insect Coevolution
Most insects are phytophagous(= herbivorous)
Many insects are pollinators
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Parasitoids
• biocontrol of pests• host-species-specific
Fig. 20-17
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Insect Pests
• wood-eaters
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More Insect Pests
• Blood-suckers
crab louse
mosquito
Hickman Fig. 20-18
Also:fleas, blackflies, horseflies, buffalo gnats, punkies, bedbugs
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Social InsectsHickman Fig. 20-32
termites
honeybees and ants