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Arcane aspects of EHR Raymond Simkus MD, CM, Brookswood Family Practice

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Page 1: Arcane aspects of EHR - ehcca.com › presentations › ehrsummit1 › simkus_ms5.pdf · 10 Commandments of CDS • 1. Speed is everything • 2. Anticipate needs and deliver in real‐time

Arcane aspects of EHR

Raymond Simkus MD, CM,  Brookswood Family Practice

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Who am I?

• Raymond Simkus, MD, CM

• Practicing GP in Langley, BC, just outside of Vancouver• Pilot site for primary care reform for 10 years

• Part of a group that created an EMR in 1979

• Became involved with medical informatics in 1983

• Involved with AMIA, HL7, SNOMED, IHTSDO, Wonca  International Classification Committee, Canada Health 

Infoway and Canadian Institute for Health Information  (CIHI)

October 6, 2010 EHR Summit                                               San Francisco 

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Larry Weed ‐

the father of the  Problem Oriented Medical Record

“If we accept the limits of discipline and form as we  keep data in the medical record the physician’s 

task will be better defined…and the art of  medicine will gain freedom at the level of  interpretation and be released from the 

constraints that disorder and confusion always  impose.”

Weed,1968

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The Function of the Medical Record

• to communicate with yourself

• to communicate with others

• quality assurance• research• for the patient• legal document

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Themes of this presentation

• Will focus on the user interface and the  infrastructure that helps to facilitate efficient 

and accurate data input.

• Will mention how different parts of the EMR  could interact.

• User frustrations that users have with the  products they have to use.

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Merck Manual 100th

Anniversary

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Office Records

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Exam Room

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Starting Computerization

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Knocking on Doors

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EMR Requirements are Not New

• Clem McDonald. The barriers to electronic  medical record systems and how to overcome 

them.    1997 JAMIA May‐Jun;4(3):213‐21• To solve their record movement problems• To improve the quality and coherence of the 

care process• To automate guidelines and care pathways to 

assist clinical research, outcomes  management, and process improvement. 

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Octo Barnett 10 Commandments

• There is no such thing as ‘free text’• ‘‘I’m just a country doctor.’’

• Work started in 1964

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Octo Barnett 10 Commandments in  Clinical Data Management

1)

“Thou shall know what you want to do.”2)

“Thou shall construct modular systems.”3)

“Thou shall build a system that can evolve in a graceful fashion.”4)

“Thou shall build a system that allows easy and rapid programming

development and 

programming modification.”

5)

“Thou shall build a system that has a consistently rapid time response and is easy for the non‐

computernik to use.”

6)

“Thou shall have duplicate hardware systems.”7)

“Thou shall build and implement your system as a joint effort with

real users in a real situation 

with real problems.”

8)

“Thou shall be concerned with realities of the cost and projected

benefit of the computer 

system.”

9)

“Innovation in computer technology is not enough; there must be an

equal commitment to the 

potentials of radical change in other aspects of health care delivery, particularly those having to 

do with organization and manpower utilization. “

10)

“Be optimistic about the future, supportive of good work that is being done, passionate in your 

commitment, but always be guided by a fundamental skepticism.”

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10 Commandments of CDS

• 1.

Speed is everything

• 2.

Anticipate needs and deliver in real‐time

• 3.

Fit into the User’s workflow

• 4.

Little things make a big difference –test for usability

• 5.

Recognize that physicians will strongly resist stopping

• 6.

Changing direction is easier than stopping

• 7.

Simple interventions work best

• 8.

Ask for additional information only when you really need it

• 9.

Monitor impact, get feedback and respond

• 10.  Manage and maintain your knowledge‐based systems

David Bates 2003

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Electronic medical records not seen as a  cure‐all 

• "Health IT can be beneficial, but many current  systems are clunky, counterintuitive and in some 

cases dangerous," said Ross Koppel

• Faulty software that miscalculated intracranial  pressures and mixed up kilograms and pounds.

• A computer system that systematically gave adult  doses of medications to children.

• Washington Post Article Oct. 25, 2009

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Think Speed

• Repeated interruptions and pauses are very  disruptive to the train of thought

• When you are in the process of dealing with a  patient at 60 miles per hour having to pause for 

3‐4 seconds is very disturbing• For physicians that use the system in an 

interactive manner it is very disruptive• For physicians that use the EHR as a static tool 

this is not much of a problem (still in the paper  paradigm)

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Listening device

How users feel about using current EMRs

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Physician ResistanceThis is the main reason given for slow adoption of computers into medical practice

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What Physicians Want

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Vendors View of the Issues

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What Physicians Need

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US Pioneers in Medical Informatics

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Tipping Point

• The technology adoption curve is moving 

from incremental to exponential change

• There is growing pressure from the public– Concerns regarding safety– The public is using computers ‐

why are their 

medical records on paper?

• Don Berwick – patience has run out

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Blois “Information and Medicine”

• Marsden Blois 1984

• Provides a description of  the structure of medical 

information

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“An Essential Technology for Health Care”

Provides a roadmap to the 

getting healthcare 

computerized

1st

edition: 1987‐1991

2nd

edition: 1997

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Principles of Health Interoperability  HL7 and SNOMED

• Tim Benson

• GP from the UK

• Provides a general  background on 

interoperability 

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Standards for the Foundation of the EHR

• ISO 10781  Electronic health record system functional model

• ISO 13606  Electronic health record communication

• ISO 18308  Requirements for an EHR architecture

• HL7, SNOMED, LOINC, ICD

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User or EMR Responsibility ?

Sometimes multiple steps 

may be required before 

approaching completion of 

the task and forward in the 

task to another person.

Often there is no needed 

action before the task is 

completed and the Complete 

button can be clicked.

The cognitive state is that the 

task has been completed but 

while the Save button should 

have been clicked the 

Complete button is clicked.  

Then task is marked as 

completed and no follow up 

is done.

This has happened 

multiple times with 

multiple users in multiple 

offices.

Who is liable if a report 

on a cancer is simply filed 

away?

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D I Y

• The do it yourself approach is very common

• Quote from an EMR programmer “I am too busy 

programming to read journals”

– Even when understanding of the issues is lacking• Quote from several EMR vendors “We have lots of input from 

our users”

– Advice that is often contradictory– Developers listen to the wrong users

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Back Button

• Other doctors spoke of cluttered screens,  unresponsive vendors and illogical displays. "It's a 

huge safety issue," said Christine Sinsky, an internist  in Dubuque, Iowa, whose practice implemented 

electronic records six years ago. "I can't tell from the  medical display whether a patient is receiving 4mg or  8mg of a certain drug. It took us two years to get a 

back‐button on our browser."

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Twelve Attributes of the Computer‐ based Patient Record

• The CPR supports data collection & storage  with a defined vocabulary

• The CPR helps manage quality & cost of care

• The CPR is flexible & expandable to meet  needs over time

Detmer & Simborg

CPR   Computerized Patient Record

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Twelve Attributes of the Computer‐ based Patient Record

• The CPR has a problem list with status of each  problem

• The CPR encourages health status &  functional level measurement to promote 

outcomes assessment

• The CPR documents clinical rationale

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Twelve Attributes of the Computer‐ based Patient Record

• The CPR can link to other clinical records over  time

• The CPR system protects confidentiality  comprehensively

• The CPR is accessible on a timely basis to  authorized individuals

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Twelve Attributes of the Computer‐ based Patient Record

• The CPR system allows selective retrieval and  formatting

• The CPR system links to local & remote  knowledge, literature, data‐bases, & systems 

to aid decision making

• The CPR assists & guides clinical problem  solving

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Clinical Document Architecture ‐

Levels

“…

the concept of "levels" applied to CDA 

means the degree to which a receiver can 

expect to drive automated processes. A Level 

One CDA sets no expectations beyond the 

standard header metadata and human‐

readability for the body. A Level Two CDA 

means that the body is in XML and that the 

sections and sub‐sections are coded. A Level 

Three CDA contains the same expectations as 

Levels One and Two, plus it contains some 

coded information within the sections.”

Source: http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/faq/cda.cfm#_Toc104090430

Header

Metadata

Body

Narrative

Clinical 

Statements

Level 1Level 2

Level 3  

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CCD Template Model for Problems  Section

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Templates

• Templates are use‐case, region‐, provider‐

or enterprise‐ specific. 

• They almost always comprise multiple archetypes. • The beauty of templates is that they are flexible

it is a 

key feature. • Combine the stable archetypes in ways that achieve 

various purposes. Constrain the stable archetypes down  to make them more practical and usable for the local 

clinicians, including making optional data points  mandatory and binding data points to terminology 

subsets appropriate for that given clinical setting.

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Ordersets

• To be linked to clinical practice guidelines– ISO 18308, CEN 13940

• To be linked to reference sources– InfoButton

• InfoButton Access™• InfoButton Manager

• Orderset Schemas– Partners Healthcare– HL7 Ordersets– Structuring Order Sets for Interoperable Distribution

• Web‐based order entry– Trillium Ordersets

in Ontario   Open Source Order Sets  OSOS

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Order Sets and Evidence Based Medicine   Vanderbilt

• Order sets have been used to make evidence‐based guidelines actionable 

at the point of care with evidence of improved outcomes. In order to 

understand the impact evidence‐based order sets might have on patients 

and providers at Vanderbilt, it is important to understand current and 

past use of order sets. This study examined ordering patterns over a 6‐

year period and results are reported. 

• AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006 ; :1108

• Vanderbilt University, Eskind Biomedical Library, Room 432, Nashville, TN 

37232‐8340, USA.

• John Starmer, Lemuel R Waitman 

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CPOE & Ordersets

• HL7 Ordersets• HL7 Templates

• openEHR archetypes• Link reference information to Orderset

• User interface issues• Link to local practice patterns• Display of previous results

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Population Health

• System use of data– CIHI Primary Health Care 

Indicators• Population Based Funding• Chronic Disease Management

• GPHIN

International multilingual 

surveillance of newspapers and radio• Vaccinations

• Broadcast messages to  target populations

• Feedback to Providers– Local bacterial resistance 

patterns– Success in achieving 

treatment targets– Frequency of orders & 

referrals

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User Interface

• The interface capabilities depend on the underlying  database 

• Appropriate defaults and value sets to speed data entry• Summarization of Records• Graphs of data• Make it easy to do the right thing

– And hard to do the wrong thing• Linkages between different parts of the application

– This has been neglected in EMR related standards but is 

vital to a high performance EMR• CUI Common User Interface in UK

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Retention of Records

• This is a data preservation issue for:– Patients changing to a different provider– Doctors changing clinics– Clinics changing EMR vendors

• Original records may need to be kept up to 25 years after 

the last visit– Does anyone have a computer that can read 8 inch floppy discs?

• Are the records transferred from one EMR to a different 

one considered to be the legal record?– The courts usually want to see the records in the original form.– With an interactive record how do you recreate what was seen 

five years earlier?

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Content vs. Structure

Adapted from ©Mayo Clinic College of 

Medicine 200744

Family History of Breast CancerFamily History of Heart DiseaseFamily History of Stroke

Terminological Model

Information Model

Equivalent Content

[adapted from Rossi‐Mori]

Breast CancerHeart DiseaseStroke

Family HistoryFamily History

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What is the “fundus”?

• To an obstetrician –

• To an ophthalmologist –

• To a gastrointestinal endoscopist –

• To a surgeon doing a lap. cholecystectomy –Kent Spackman, Chief Terminologist IHTSDO

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William Cole

On the surface this is a naming problem. A great deal of what goes on in the field of medical informatics is addressed to developing tools for dealing with various naming problems. Coding systems are tools for dealing with naming problems.Naming problems are often problems of communication between two concept systems. Before I know how to designate a concept I have to have some notion of what your conceptual space is.Hybrid expressive/selective interface

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47

Donkey cart

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48Some things never change

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Provider’s View of Healthcare

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Administrator’s View of Healthcare

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Data Summarization

• Information Density• CLEF & Lifeline• Telemetry• Visual data analysis• CareComposition

– Problem list– Episode of care

• Different providers in different situations will  want a different summary

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Lifeline

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The End Goal of Coding

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3D Avatar for EMR

• 3D visualization  linked to SNOMED 

terminology

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Terminologies

SNOMED

GP Term Lists

Reporting 

Terminology

Reference 

Terminology

Clinical 

Interface

terminology

Natural 

Language

ICPCICD

Acute onset of SOB last night, bloody sputum, admit to hospital

DRG

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Words and groups

SOB

SNOMED

GP Term Lists

Reporting 

Terminology

Reference 

Terminology

Clinical 

Interface 

terminology

Natural 

Language

ICPCICD

Acute onset of SOB last night, bloody sputum, admit to hospital

DRG

Breathlessness Hemoptysis

Dyspnea

Respiratory Signs 

& Symptoms

Respiratory 

Symptom

Bloody 

Sputum

Pulmonary Edema

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Problem List

“The ‘problem list’

then is not static in its  composition, but is a dynamic ‘table of  contents’

of the patient’s chart, which can be 

updated at any time.”

Weed 1968

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Problem List Issues

• master problem list vs. working problem  list

• inactive, resolved or temporary problems

• exhaustive vs. selective• “lumpers”

vs “splitters”

• procedures included or not• To be called Problem, Issue, Concern ?

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EMR designed to Corrupt the Database

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Physician Resistance 

• Systems need to be reliable

• The system must not distract the physician  from their prime function

• Collected data should not be lost when you  switch to a different system

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Reliability of the System

• Mission Critical

• Needs to work every day all day• Scheduler is most critical for office to 

function

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Expectation of Finding what you want

• Frustration of going through a series of menus  to find that there is no data there

– “I just wasted another 20 seconds!”• Going around in circles looking for what you 

want

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Problem of distractions and  interruptions

• Need to keep the user oriented– Clear indication of who the patient is on the 

screen

– Clear indication of when actions are completed

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Prescriptions 

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Where is Waldo for Prescriptions

Medication errors are 3 times higher with computers than paper

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eGFR Table

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eGFR Drop 

1

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eGFR Drop 

2

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Dramatic Decline or Not?

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Lab & Med Graph

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Hemoglobin

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Lab display Comparison

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User Interface

• Critical to manage workflow• Should be a step ahead of the user• Should minimize cognitive load• Should bring in data from other parts of the 

EMR without the user having to ask for it• CUI UK & Microsoft

– http://www.cui.nhs.uk/Pages/NHSCommonUserIn terface.aspx

Requires Silverlight

– http://www.mscui.net/

Requires Silverlight

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Prescribing by Indication

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Search for med by part of name

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CUI Prescribing

• Place to see the indication• Brilliant use of “Group by”

and “Level of 

detail”

• Would question the wide separation of the  start and end dates

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CUI Graphs

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CUI Graphing Controls

1 Allow the user to 

change the size of the 

vertical axis 

2 Horizontal Slider for 

Period (time window)

3 Have side panel to 

show visit note or 

reports as the date 

cursor goes by.

1

23

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CUI Graphs Video

• Multiple user  selectable options

• Use of ‘sliders’• Could be improved by 

having resizable sliders• Filters to select 

multiple patients• Select an event and 

center on the event for  the time scale

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Graphing

• <

and >

effect how EMRs handle lab results– The result instead of being read as a number is 

treated as text. The result might not be graphed.– TSH <0.01   Platelets <1   INR >10– EMR vendors do not feel that they can alter a 

reported result – Could drop the < and >, do that and lower or raise 

the resulting number– Could change or label the display as being altered

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SNOMED Working Group

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SNOMED Primary Care WG

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Canada Health Infoway iEHR Team

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Wonca International Classification  Committee

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Small group 

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AMIA

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Non Computer Related Healthcare  Problems

• Hundreds of deaths due to connecting wrong  tubes

– feeding tubes mixed up with IV tubes, …

• 10% of temperatures recorded in hospital are  wrong

• Chemotherapy meant for IV injected into  epidural

• Wrong side surgery 

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How Would Natural Language Processing deal  with these entries found in a paper chart.

• Patient has chest pain if she lies on her left side for  over a year

• The skin was moist and dry

• Patient was alert and unresponsive• Patient refused autopsy• Patient has 2 teenage children, but no other 

abnormalities

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Need for Executive support

• Need executive leadership, commitment and protection of 

human resources

• A Medical Association exec said that working on standards is 

of lesser interest than working on hospital bylaws.

• It is not so much ‘physicians’

resistance’

but rather fear of 

changing legacy systems

– On the verge of rolling out a province wide ePrescribing  application the government decided to put it off for 

another 3 years. 

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Foundation of the EHR

• Terminology  ‐‐‐

SNOMED

• User Interface  ‐‐‐

CUI, direct user manipulation

• Lab results  ‐‐‐

delivered electronically using LOINC  which is being harmonized with SNOMED

• Drug reference using SNOMED for clinical concepts

• Templates for data entry and display

• Data tables rather than free text

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Suggestions for Accelerating  EMR/EHR  Development

• Have collaborative and cooperative meetings with the 

membership of the group sustained over time• Include providers

– Need to have naïve users as well as power users– Naïve users may be less tolerant of poorly designed applications– Power users understand the nuances and requirements for high 

performance applications

• Include developers– Developers need to understand the requirements– Developers need to know what is idiosyncratic and what is good 

practice

• Include payers

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End

• You cross the river by feeling the rocks

• Thank you for the platform to share my views  of where we have been and where we are 

going

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