arabic studies prelim 2011

8/7/2019 ARABIC STUDIES prelim 2011

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Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih 1


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Arabic : is a Central Semitic language

Pronunciation : al-arabiyah

Spoken in : Primarily in the Arab states of the

Middle East and North Africa;its language of Islam.

Total speakers : by more than 280

million people as a first language ,

and by 250 million more as a second

language after English and/or French.


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Arab World


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Arabic Family:

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

West Semitic Central Semitic

Arabic


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Arabic usually designates one ofthree main variants:

Classical Arabic.

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

Colloquial or dialectal Arabic.


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1. Classical Arabic:

is the language found in the Qur'an andused from the period of Pre-Islamic Arabiato that of the Abbasid Caliphate.


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is the literary language used in most current,printed Arabic publications, spoken by theArabic media across North Africa and theMiddle East, and understood by most

educated Arabic speakers.

Literary Arabic is the standard

and literary variety of Arabic used

in writing and in formal speech.It is part of the :

Arabic macro language.

2. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) :


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refers to the many national or regionalvarieties which constitute the everydayspoken language .

For Example : Egypt

Egyptian dialect

Cairene dialect Alexandrian dialect

3. Colloquial ordialectal Arabic :


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Q1 : Arabic language spoken in.

Q2: From what family the Arabic language is ?

Q3: What are the three main variants of Arabic?

Q4: What is the dialects Arabic language ofMorocco?

Moroccan Arabic ,Maghrebi


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Find the colloquial or dialects Arabic

language for any three chosen countriesfrom the Arab world.


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An Arab (Arabic: , Arabi) is a person whoidentifies as such on ethnic, linguistic orculturalgrounds.

The plural form, Arabs ( Al-Arab), refers to theethnocultural group as a whole; a Semiticpeoplehistorically residing predominantly in Arabiabut

today spread across most of the Middle East andmany other parts of the world.


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There are over 200 million Arabs worldwide. To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or

lineage. To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather

than racial. The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews. Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically

called an Arab.

Arabic is the official and the original language of theQuran, the Islamic holy book.


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It must be emphasized that there is no one Arabculture or society.

The Arab world is full of rich and diversecommunities, groups and cultures.

Differences exist not only among countries, but

within countries as well.


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An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, andbehavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolicthought and social learning.

The set of shared attitudes, values,

goals, and practices that characterizes

an institution, organization or group.


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Arab culture:

is an inclusive term that draws togetherthe common themes and overtones

found in the Arabic-speaking cultures,especially those of the Middle-Easterncountries. This region's distinctReligion, Art, and Food are some ofthe fundamental features that defineArab culture.


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Examples of Headdress :

Red and /or white Ghetrah.( Middle East)

Historically of Palestinian origin. Black and greyrepresent Presidential rule and completion of theHajj.



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ARAB DRESS ( WOMEN ) Adherence to traditional dress varies across societies. (More

traditionalSaudi Arabia Less traditional Egypt) .

Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover(Abayah, Jilbab, or Chador) and Veil (Hijab).

Some women cover their faces as well.

( In class assignment : list down other different dresses

for Arab women )

Example:

Rural women, who

typically work in thefields, may wear lessrestrictive garmentslighter in color andweight.


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Arab women are typically subordinate to men in their

societies. The extent varies by country. The most restrictive conditions

exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxedconditions exist in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria andLebanon.

Answer with (Do / Don't ) : Respect the privacy of women in Arab societies. ( ) Men stand when women enter a room. ( ) Shake hands with an Arab woman . ( )

Shake hands with an Arab woman when she offers her handfirst.( )

Stare at women or maintain eye contact. ( ) Ask Arabian male questions about his wife or other female

members of his family. ( )

WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETIES


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FAMILY

The family is the key social unit to an Arab.

This loyalty influences all aspects of an Arabs life.

Arabs honor and respect their family.

They highly value friendships.

Fathers are the authority figure. Mothers have

power over the house and the children.

Larger the better: Large families provide for possible economic benefits,

particularly for the possibility that a son will care for his parents in their

elderly years.

Children: Male are favored, since a son is expected to care for his parents

in their advanced age, whereas a daughter becomes part of the son-in-

laws family.


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ARAB CHILDREN

Young children are treasured, adored and indulged.

Arabs tend to have a preference for male. Older boys are allowed to attend the gatherings of men. Older girls are carefully protected. Children are taught to conform to norms and conventional Arab

society.

Children are not encouraged to seek individuality as much asthey are in the West. Children seldom leave home until they marry. It is expected

that everyone will marry. When girls married they dont take their husbands name.

Honor and dignity are tied to the good repute of ones family. Children belong to their fathers family, and in the case of

divorce the father is automatically awarded custody of boys atleast 9 years old and girls at least 12 years old. Youngerchildren remain with their mother.



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ARAB :

Family : Center of everything. (Father has first and last word.)

Friends : Periphery, but courteous to all.

Honor : Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be protected anddefended at all costs.

Shame (especially against family) : avoided at all costs, insults andcriticism taken very seriously.

Time : less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and slower thanthat in Western cultures.

Religion : Central to all things.

Society : Family / tribe is most important.

Government : Most governments are secular, but still emphasizereligion.

Age and Wisdom honored.

(Wealth honored in both cultures).

ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective


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ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

WESTERN :

Family Important but not as central to individual.

Friends Core to some, important to most.

Honor Typically not as important.

Shame Typically not as important.

Time- Very structured, deadlines must be met. Religion Varies by individual, very personal, not discussed in polite

conversation.

Society Individual rights.

Government Purpose is to protect rights and improve standard of

living. Youth and Beauty praised.

(Wealth honored in both cultures).



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FOOD1. Introduction: The Qur'an and the sayings of the Prophet

Muhammad imposed upon the Muslims certain restrictions on

what they ate and drank.

Certain foods and products are forbidden (haram) to Muslim

according to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet

Muhammad).

"Allah, the Almighty is pure and accepts only that which is pure.

The Almighty has said, Eat of the pure things, and do righteous

actions. Oh, you who believe! Eat of the pure things that Allah has

given you." [Hadith quoted by Abu Huraira.]

"Haram" is Arabic for "Forbidden" and "Unlawful".

( Hallal = permitted).


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FOOD

A. Forbidden Foods According to the Qur'an:

1. Alcohol or liquor Alcoholic drinks "confuse the mind and lead oneastray".

2. Pork- In the Qur'an (and in the Old Testament of the Bible) there is astory that God cast (threw) the devil into a pig. Therefore, pork and any

pork products (some types of gelatin, and lard) and even leather goodsfrom the pig are forbidden to Muslims. This is also true of Jewishtraditions. [NOTE: The disease of trichinosis is caused by worms thatlive in pigs and can be passed on to humans who eat unclean pork. Thisrestriction was very important to people's health.]

3. Carnivorous (meat eating) animals and birds, e.g. lions, tigers,vultures, eagles, etc. are forbidden.

4. Other animals are also excluded: donkeys, monkeys, elephants.



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5. Any animal that has died due to natural causes, killed by some wild

animal, by a fall or blow are also forbidden. Of course there are goodhealth reason for not eating animals that may be sick or diseased. Fleshthat had been sacrificed for some God or Goddess by pagans was alsoforbidden.

6. Blood is forbidden.

7. Drugs are also forbidden (except as medical drugs).

FOOD

NEVER



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B. Ways to Slaughter Animals

In addition, there are also ways to slaughter an animal according toIslamic rules. Otherwise their meat will be considered "haram".Generally, the animal must have its throat slit by a sharp knife anddie quickly with little pain. This is done with a prayer of thanks toGod. Slaughtering rules are humane (kind-hearted) and don't allow

the animal to suffer.


FOOD


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Originally Arab food was the foodof the desert nomads. Therefore itwas simple and portable. Nomadsstopped in oases and in settled

farming areas to get some of theirfood, such as flour for bread, fruitsand vegetables, and spices. Theybrought animals with them toprovide meat and milk.

(They cooked over campfires )

During the early Middle Ages,Islamic empires spread from theAtlantic Ocean to India. TheWorld of Islam (Dar al-Islam)

would continue to expand to otherareas of the world in latercenturies. An exchange of foodsfrom these vast territories waspossible. And most Muslims nowdwelt (lived) in villages, towns,

and large cities. No longer was"Arab" food only that of the desertnomads.

( Now they use ovens )


Arab Food

BEFORE AFTER


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Foods of the Desert Nomads Nomadic tribes could use only foods that could be carried with them,

such as rice and dates, or animals that could travel, like goats, sheep,

and camels. As the caravans journeyed throughout the Middle East, newseasonings and vegetables were discovered and added to the existing

diets.

Below are some of the foods eaten by the Arab nomads during the

Middle Ages.


Flat bread (Pita bread)Dates

Flat Bread was made along the caravanroutes and in the nomads' camps. It is madefrom wheat flour, water, and a little salt.The dough can be flattened and shaped byhand like a tortilla and put on a flat panover a fire.

Dates are one of the most importantfoods of the Middle East. These fruitscome from the date palm tree whichgrows in the hottest deserts nearoases.


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Sheep and Goats

Sheep were the mostimportant source of milkand meat for the nomads.Lamb is perhaps the most

popular meat in Arabiccuisine (style of cooking).Goats were also raised formeat and milk.

The nomads traded for thesebeans and grains to add totheir diet. Chickpeas (alsocalled garbanzo beans), faba

beans, and lentils were dried

and carried on the nomads'trips.

Feta Cheese is made fromgoat milk. The nomads alsogot milk from camels andmade "camel" cheese.Yogurt is also made from

milk. It originated (firststarted) with the Turkishand Mongol peoples.

Foods of the Desert Nomads

Cheese and YogurtBeans and Grains


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Dried Fruits, Nuts, and Olives

Dried Fruits (such as raisinsfrom grapes, dried apricots, figs,

etc.) and nuts were brought on

trips. Olives were also eaten.

Camel Meat and Milk

The nomads also atecamel meat and drankcamel milk.

Foods of the Desert Nomads


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Other Foods from Arab Lands

Drinks:

Arabic Coffee was discovered about400 B.C., probably in Ethiopia andspread rapidly to the Arabianpeninsula. Coffee has a mildstimulant (a light drug-like"buzz") and is enjoyed in Arab lands.Offering a cup of coffee to a guest ispart of Middle Eastern hospitality.



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Arab Customs about Eating and

EtiquetteArab Customs include:

Eat with your right hand:

When eating with Arabs, especially when taking food from

communal dishes, the left hand must never be used, it is

considered unclean. And take food only from the nearest dishes.

When served a beverage, accept with the RIGHT HAND ONLY!When eating, drinking, offering, or passing use right hand only!

Always offer snack foods to visitors and accept what is offered to youas a guest, but only after modestly refusing the first offer.

It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity of drink(Tea usually or sometimes Arabic Coffee) offered as an expression offriendship or esteem.

It is considered rude to decline the offer of drink.



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The Quran, Zaboor, Torah and The Bible

are the four (4) holy books.

Islam: The Qur'an.

Most of the Arabs are Muslims ,

and this religion affects the culture

of the Arab , so its important to

know about this religion. ( Islam )

Religion


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ISLAMIslam. means submission', or specifically, submission to the Allahs will andobedience to His law.

One God. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion.

God is Allah. Allah is immortal, omniscient, omnipresent, and genderless.

Islam is the final word of God. Although Judaism and Christianity precededIslam and worships the same God as Islam, Islam claims to be more refinedthan them in that it built upon both.

Muhammad is Gods Prophet. Muhammad is not to be worshiped but is tobe respected and revered. Muhammads life and teachings provide the

examples of how one is to live his life.


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ISLAM

MUSLIMS :

Followers of Islam are called Muslims. There are 1.3 billion Muslimsworldwide.

Muslims are not to be confused with Arabs. Muslims may be Arabs, Turks,Persians, Indians, Pakistanis, Malaysians, Indonesians, Europeans, Africans,

Americans, Chinese, or other nationalities.


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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS

QURAN: Islamic Holy Book, given by Allah to the Prophet

Mohammad.

SHARIA: Islamic Law.

QADI: Judge of the Sharia Islamic law.

SUNNI and SHIA: Two main branches of Islam.

FATWAH: A legal pronouncement in Islam usually issued at therequest of a judge or individual to settle a question when Islamic law isunclear on the subject.

MUFTI: A Islamic law scholar who is an interpreter of Islamic Law (Sharia)and capable of issuing a fatwah.

KHALIFA: Political leader chosen by elders.


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MULLAH: Local religious leader/clergy (minister).

SHEIK: Leader of a family/village/tribe or mosque.

MADRASSAH: A school. Normally secular with some integratedIslamic subjects, sometimes purely Islam oriented.

MOSQUE: Muslim place of worship similar to a church or temple.

IMAM: Community religious leader/clergy (bishop). In somecontexts, Imam merely refers to the prayer leader.

MUEZZIN: Person who calls faithful to prayer.

COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS


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Islamic calendar is based on the lunar calendar or cycle, consisting of

twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days.

Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon.

Actual dates may differ from dates provided.

The holy day of the Muslims is FRIDAY. It is considered to be sacred

and the Day of Judgment will take place on Friday. In the Friday sermon theImam (prayer leader) gives the sermon (Khutba) and leads prayer.

1. Ashura

2. Prophet Mohammads Birthday

3. Ramadan

4. Layla tul-Qadr5. Eid al-Fitr

6. Hajj

7. Arafah Day

8. Eid al-Adha

9. Islamic New Year

ARABIC CALENDAR/HOLIDAYS


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ARABIC LEAGUE

Name: Arab League (Arabic: al-Jmiaal-Arabiyya), officially called the League of Arab

States (Arabic: Jmiat ad-Duwal al-Arabiyya).

DR. MOHAMMAD GABER


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DR. MOHAMMAD GABER 45

It is a regional organization of Arab states in

North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia.

It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six

members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed

Jordan after 1946), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and

Syria.


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Mauritania 26 November, 1973 Nouakchott

Morocco 1 October, 1958 Rabat

Oman 29 September, 1971 Muscat

State of Palestine 9 September, 1976

Qatar 11 September, 1971 Doha

Somalia 14 February, 1974 Mogadishu

Sudan 19 January, 1956 Khartoum

Syria 22 March, 1945 Damascus

DR

. MOHAMMAD

GABER


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Current members of ArabLeague

Egypt 22 March, 1945 Cairo

Lebanon 22 March, 1945 Beirut

Algeria 16 August, 1962 Algiers

Bahrain 11 September, 1971 Manama

Comoros 20 November, 1993 Moroni

Djibouti 4 September, 1977 Djibouti

Iraq 22 March, 1945 Baghdad

Jordan 22 March, 1945 Amman

Kuwait 20 July, 1961 Kuwait city

Libya 28 March, 1956 Tripoli


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Islamic calendar is based on the lunar calendar or cycle, consisting of

twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days.

Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon.

Actual dates may differ from dates provided.

The holy day of the Muslims is FRIDAY. It is considered to be sacred

and the Day of Judgment will take place on Friday. In the Friday sermon theImam (prayer leader) gives the sermon (Khutba) and leads prayer.

1. Ashura

2. Prophet Mohammads Birthday

3. Ramadan

4. Layla tul-Quar5. Eid al-Fitr

6. Hajj

7. Arafah Day

8. Eid al-Adha

9. Islamic New Year


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Tunisia 1 October, 1958 Tunis

United Arab Emirates 6 December, 1971 Abu

Dhabi

Yemen 5 May, 1945 Sana'a


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Goals of the league

1. To keep the relationship among the member

States.

2. Co-ordinate collaboration between them.

3. Safeguard their independence and sovereignty.

4. Find a general way to deal with the affairs and

interests of the Arab countries."


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Seretary-General

Amr Mohammad Moussa

Egyptian (born in 1936)


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ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH


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ISLAM S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH

1. SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith

2. SALAH Prayer3. ZAKAH Alms

4. SAWM Fasting

5. HAJJ Pilgrimage

SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith

This declaration of faith is called theShahadah. The significance of thisdeclaration is the belief that the only purposeof life is to serve and obey God, and this isachieved through the teachings and practicesof Prophet Muhammad.



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SALAH Prayer

It means = CALLTO PRAYERTIMES Salah is the name for the obligatory prayers that are

performed Five times a day, and are a direct link between theworshipper and God.

There is a proper way to wash before prayer.

These are ritualistic washings which symbolize purification.




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SAWM Fasting Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast

from sunrise to sunset . Abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with

their spouses.

There are some Muslims who are not required to fast.

They are: pregnant women, nursing mothers, travelers,young children and others are excluded from the fast.

However Muslims can eat and drink during thenighttime hours till before the morning prayer time(Azan Al-Fajer ), then the fasting starts, until the

sunset with the coming of the evening prayer time

( Azan Al-Maghrib ).

One of the Important feast days for Muslims is

(Eid Al-Fitr ) following the long fast of Ramadan.





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HAJJ Pilgrimage The Fifth and Final Pillar is the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Macca

required of every Muslim. if feasible) at least once in his or herlife time.

The Hajj takes place annually during the first 10 days of the

( Dhu al-Hijja ), the twelfth month of the Islamic year.

During the Hajj, pilgrims must be in a state of(ihram)

(consecration or blessing). Men typically wear two pieces ofwhite unstitched cloth covering the waist and legs, the otheraround the shoulders covering the upper body.

The Hajj culminates, on the second festival day for Muslimsknow as Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice), which is

celebrated by Muslims around the world with prayer, andexchange of gifts.

Eid Al-Adha is a four day celebration when Muslims from allover the world offer a sacrifice by slaughtering a sheep, cow,

or goat following the traditional Islamic customs .

ISLAM S FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH



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P f Sh th Ab Al F tih 58

arabic studies prelim 2011

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