APUSH Unit 4 SOL NOTES

BASIC INFO

Review Political Developments• After George Washington’s presidency ended

in the late 1790s, the first political parties emerged:

• The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong national government and industrial economy and were supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast.

• The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.

Review Political Developments• The election of 1800, won by Thomas

Jefferson, was the first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one party to another.

• Key decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”—Marbury v. Madison) and prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”—McCulloch v. Maryland).

Federalist Judge John Marshall• NATIONAL Laws (FEDERAL) are more

important and take precedence over state laws–Marbury v. Madison (judicial review)–Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (SC = final appeal)–McCulloch v. Md = (“implied powers” exist; states

can’t mess with a federal agency in their state)– Gibbons v. Ogden = Congress has right to regulate

interstate commerce– See complete list AM VIS p. 242

Review War of 1812 and results• Causes: – problems at sea,

maritime– Prevention of free

trade– Offending our national

pride– British plotting with

the Indians– Impressment of sailors

• Results:1. Treaty of Ghent =

“status quo ante bellum”

– **During times of crisis, increased passion and emotion, leaders use powers to increase federal powers

More results after Treaty of Ghent in 1814

• 2. Industry increases (we were not trading with enemies)

• 3. Isolationism• 4. Power of the Federalist Party goes down after

the Hartford Convention• 5. Westward Migration begins• 6. War hero, General Andrew Jackson becomes

popular

“Era of Good Feelings”• James Monroe is elected (another Virginian,

Democratic-Republican) in 1812-1825• The Federalist party is pretty much done, except

with Supreme Court Chief Justice JOHN MARSHALL still on the bench

• Domestic politics are fairly “tranquil”…that’s the only reason it was called the Era of “good feelings” in history…..life still sucked for plenty of people in America:

Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”:

• 1. Slaves: more needed in South for agriculture, esp. cotton (Eli Whitney)– Slave codes: entrench

the system of slavery and reinforced oppression and racism

– Slave issue will deepen regional division and westward expansion

Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”:

2. Women: became more active in the SECOND Great Awakening, earned more respect and worked as teachers– Still pressing for a

political voice (suffrage)

Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”:

• 3. Indians: public opinion was pretty much one of two attitudes:– A. “Get rid of them”

– B. “Get them the be more like US”: Christianize, civilize, and assimilate

Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”:

• 4. Poor, landless white men: many states were slowly beginning to extend suffrage by lowering property requirements

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

• A series of revolutions against colonial rule in Central and South America led Sec. of State John Q. Adams to recognize the new nations

• MONROE DOCTRINE President James Monroe announced that:– the American continents

“were closed” colonization by Europe

– America would also stay out of European affairs

Expansion Of Suffrage • Electoral College:

electors were chosen by caucus

• Caucus system (small meetings of powerful political members of a certain party)

• 1824, electors would be chosen by popular vote

– Suffrage expanded between 1800 and 1830 to all white men who paid taxes

The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824

• William Crawford– Treasury Sec.– From Georgia

The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824• Andrew Jackson–Military hero from

Battle of New Orleans – Indian fighter– Very popular** esp. – From TN

The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824• John Quincy Adams– Son of former

president John Adams– Sec. of State under

Monroe– From MA

The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824• John C. Calhoun– Sec. of War under

Monroe– Strong advocate of

War 1812– From South Carolina

The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824• Henry Clay– Speaker of the House– Created much of the

Missouri Compromise– From Kentucky

Results of Election 1824• Popular Vote = Andrew Jackson with 99

Electoral Votes• John Q. Adams = 84 Electoral Votes• Crawford = 41 Electoral Votes• Clay = 37 Electoral votes• Calhoun* saw election as “unwinnable” and

ran for VP instead

House of Reps had to decide the election results

• Clay did NOT want Jackson to win and supported Adams– Adams was a Federalist and had little support in

Congress or in the public• Adams then named Clay Sec. of State• Jackson’s people were outraged, called the

whole thing a “CORRUPT BARGAIN”– AJ’s supporters start campaigning for 1828

Ideological Differences

• “Jackson’s people” like……– “common man”–War hero status– Indian fighter– No-low educated– Hard working

• “Adams’ People” are more…– “old fart” Federalists– Aristocratic, northern

and snobby– Disliked by many– $$$$ types

End of an Era….1826

Former presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson BOTH die on July 4, 1826

America in Transition during John Quincy Adams’ administration

• Changes are CULTURAL more than Political1. Religion: Second Great Awakening sparks a

revival of religious fervor, lots of NEW churches are established• Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian• Popularity grew from enthusiastic, evangelical preaching

and big tent type spectacles…lots of conversions• More religious enthusiasm required lots of organizational

work….taken on by WOMEN– Educators/teachers– Social work before it was called “social work”– These activities raised their status in society

America in Transition during John Quincy Adams’ administration

• 2. Industrial Revolution takes off : – Boycotts during War of 1812 sparked domestic

manufacturing– Rise of the factory system (LOWELL Massachusetts..places

near water)– Increase in standard of living– Urbanization (both good and bad come with that)

Industrial Development

– Concentrated in the North for manufacturing (Where $$$$$ are)

– South remains largely agricultural

– Infrastructure: roads, canals, railroads expand trade and connect the country

Other Developments• Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to the spread of the

slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South…….WHY??

Issue over Expansion of Slavery will continue…….

Election 1828 reveals new “democratic spirit”

“The common man”

“The aristocrat”

Jackson’s Democratic supporters• Westerners who

support expansion• Southern farmers who

want HIGH TARIFFS• Slave Holders and

States Rights advocates• Indian haters• Northerners who want

rich industrialists held in check

John Quincy Adams’ Supporters

• Old aristocratic Federalist types

• Educated Elites• Bankers and Super

Rich industrialists• ???• ???• ???• ???

Andrew Jackson becomes POTUS #7

Jacksonian Era • Presidential veto: Power

granted to the President to prevent passage of legislation

• “Spoils System”: A practice of using public offices to benefit members of the victorious party

“Jacksonian Democracy”

• Bank of the United States (B.U.S.)– AJ saw it as

UNDEMOCRATIC– “tool of the rich,

Eastern, elites”– Vetoed it in 1832– BANK becomes key

issue in that election

VETOED

Jacksonian Era Bank of the United States

• .• Jackson’s re-

election brought an end to the bank– Pulled government $$$

$$ from it and put them in state banks

–…and caused a MAJOR economic depression, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

Nullification Crisis 1832

• Nullification : idea that states have the right to reject federal laws they consider to be unjust/unconstitutional (states’ rights issue)

• **Issue is over a TARIFF (that seemed to only benefit the rich, industrial NORTH and hurt the poor, agricultural SOUTH***Slavery issue : 56% of South Carolina’s population

were slaves

• SC passes “nullification resolution”

• Calhoun resigns as VP• Jackson sends Federal

troops to force SC into compliance and puts navy vessels in Charleston harbor

• “FEDERAL power is asserted over State power”

Manifest Destiny• The belief that it was America’s

“Manifest Destiny” to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific provided political support for territorial expansion.

• Indian Removal Act (1830) Under Jackson, made $$$ available to relocate Indians and made room for western settlement west of the Mississippi River– Results:

• Removed Indian protection with federal troops

• No reaction from Pres/gov’t when states did bad things to Indians

• **IGNORED Supreme Court rulings that favored Indian tribes

• Allowed the infamous Trail of Tears to happen

Trail of Tears, 1838

• Thousands of Cherokee Indians were put on a forced march to Oklahoma– 2,000 died in camps– Another 2,000 died along the way of starvation, disease & exposure

Manifest Destiny and the American West

• Territorial Expansion– Considered a

“divine” mission– Spread democracy

and “CHRISTIAN VALUES”

– Cultural superiority?

What made westward movement POSSIBLE?

• Transportation advancements: canals, roads, railroads

• Cotton Gin– Need for arable land– Need for slaves– Political divide over

slavery

“The American West”

• Trails West were led by “Mountain Men”, – Hard life– Rendezvous– Frequent

disasters ( Donner Party,

Indian attacks)

Texas/Mexico/California

Texas/Mexico/California

• Mexico wins independence and land from Spain

• Can’t get Mexicans to move to California• Invites Americans to move to Texas area• Generous Land Grants to EMPRESARIOS

attract settlers and lead to war

Texas/Mexico/California• EMPRESARIOS: people

who got land grants and promised to populate that land with settlers who would agree to:– Become citizens of Mexico– Adopt Mexican lifestyle• Become Catholic• Speak Spanish• Appreciate culture, food,

attitudes, etc.

Texas/Mexico/California

• Settlers meet and choose STEVE AUSTIN as main negotiator

• President Santa Anna declares himself dictator of Mexico– Austin prepares for war…SAM HOUSTON takes

command of untrained troops – At the Spanish Mission called The Alamo….

The “Alamo”

The Alamo and Goliad 1836• About 180 rebels under

Lt. Col. Wm Travis• 13 day standoff • March 6, 1836 Santa

Anna’s forced stormed the Alamo and killed all the rebels

• At Goliad, over 300 men were executed after surrendering

• Sam Houston makes a surprise afternoon attack on napping soldiers

Texas Wins Independence!• Texas wins and becomes

a republic• Texans elect Sam

Houston as first president• Also vote for

ANNEXATION to join the United States

• Jackson is worried about slave issue and waits until his last day in office to recognize TX as an independent nation

War with Mexico

• Causes: border of Texas– USA says “Rio

Grande River”–Mexico says “Nueces

River”– USA also wants to

“Buy California”……

California…The Bear Flag Republic

California…The Bear Flag Republic

Mexican-American War Treaty

54 °40´ or FIGHT!

What issues divided America in the first half of the nineteenth century?

• ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES:

– Northern states developed an industrial economy based on manufacturing.• favored high protective tariffs to protect

Northern manufacturers from foreign competition.

– Southern states developed an agricultural economy • slavery-based system of plantations (Atlantic

and in the Deep South), and small subsistence farmers( Appalachian Mts.)

• opposed high tariffs, which made the price of imported manufactured goods much more expensive.

Division over slavery:

• The abolitionist movement grew in the North, led by William Lloyd Garrison– Publisher of The Liberator

• an antislavery newspaper

• Many Northerners (and some Southerners) believed that slavery was “UN-Christian”

Harriet Beecher Stowe• Harriet Beecher Stowe,

wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin • a best-selling novel

brought horrors of slavery to wider audience

• Southerners were frightened by the growing strength of Northern abolitionism

The growing division over slavery and states’ rights continued

• Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser, fed white Southern fears about slave rebellions and led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves. Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence.

Division over the addition of new states and “states’ rights” in general…

• The Missouri Compromise (1820) drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north of the line.

Hayne-Webster Debate, 1830

• congressional arguments between two senators over the issues of states’ rights and nullification of federal laws. The arguments highlighted the growing gap between the North and the South.

States’ Rights

Federal Power

Compromises were struck

• In the Compromise of 1850, California entered as a free state, while the new Southwestern territories acquired from Mexico would decide on their own.

Compromises were struck• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

repealed the Missouri Compromise line by giving people in Kansas and Nebraska the choice whether to allow slavery in their states (“popular sovereignty”). This law produced bloody fighting in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces battled each other. It also led to the birth of the Republican Party that same year to oppose the spread of slavery.

• Southerners argued that individual states could nullify laws passed by the Congress. They also began to insist that states had entered the Union freely and could leave (“secede”) freely if they chose.

“Bleeding Kansas”

Division over the addition of new states and “states’ rights” in general…

• The admission of new states continually led to conflicts over whether the new states would allow or prohibit slavery

Compromises were struck• Abraham Lincoln and Stephen

Douglas, conducted numerous debates when running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858. Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into new states; Douglas stood for “popular sovereignty.”

• The Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court overturned efforts to limit the spread of slavery and outraged Northerners, as did enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act, which required slaves who escaped to free states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South.

Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The nation could not continue half-

free, half-slave. The issue must be resolved.

The Women’s Suffrage Movement• At the same time the

abolitionist movement grew, another reform movement took root, to give equal rights to women.

• Seneca Falls Declaration• Roles of Elizabeth Cady

Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who became involved in women’s suffrage before the Civil War, but continued with the movement after the war

The Civil War• Election of Lincoln (1860),

followed by the secession of several Southern states who feared that Lincoln would try to abolish slavery

• Ft. Sumter: Opening confrontation of the Civil War

• Emancipation Proclamation issued after Battle of Antietam

• Gettysburg: Turning point of the Civil War

• Appomattox: Site of Lee’s surrender to Grant

Key leaders and their roles• Abraham Lincoln: President of the

United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary

• Ulysses S. Grant: Union military commander

• Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox

• Frederick Douglass: Former slave who became prominent black abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union army

Emancipation Proclamation

• Freed those slaves located in “rebelling” states (seceded Southern states)

• Made the destruction of slavery a Northern war aim

• Discouraged any interference of foreign governments

Gettysburg Address• Lincoln described the Civil War

as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

• Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign states. Southerners believed that states had freely joined the union and could freely leave.

Political effects• Lincoln’s view that the United States was one nation indivisible

had prevailed.• Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, Confederate

governments in the Southern states were illegitimate and the states had never really left the Union. He believed that Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring legitimate state governments that were loyal to the Union in the Southern states.

• Lincoln also believed that once the war was over, to reunify the nation the federal government should not punish the South but act “with malice towards none, with charity for all… to bind up the nation’s wounds….”

The Civil War

• The assassination of Lincoln enabled Radical Republicans to influence the process of Reconstruction in a manner much more punitive towards the former Confederate states.

• The states that seceded were not allowed back into the Union immediately, but were put under military occupation.

Reconstruction• Radical Republicans also

believed in aggressively guaranteeing voting and other civil rights to African Americans. They clashed repeatedly with Lincoln’s successor as President, Andrew Johnson, over the issue of civil rights for freed slaves, eventually impeaching him, but failing to remove him from office.

The three “Civil War Amendments”• 13th Amendment: Slavery

was abolished permanently in the United States.

• 14th Amendment: States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American.

• 15th Amendment: Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves).

Reconstruction• The Reconstruction period ended

following the extremely close presidential election of 1876.

• In return for support in the electoral college vote from Southern Democrats, the Republicans agreed to end the military occupation of the South. Known as the Compromise of 1877, this enabled former Confederates who controlled the Democratic Party to regain power.

• It opened the door to the “Jim Crow Era” and began a long period in which African Americans in the South were denied the full rights of American citizenship.

Economic and Social Impact

• The Southern states were left embittered and devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed throughout the South, and the cities of Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins.

• The North and Midwest emerged with strong and growing industrial economies, laying the foundation for the sweeping industrialization of the nation (other than the South) in the next half-century and the emergence of the United States as a global economic power by the beginning of the 20th century.

• The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad soon after the war ended intensified the westward movement of settlers into the states between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.